Cities 11 Urban Geography 111
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The document discusses the spatial development and history of urban areas. It covers topics like the earliest cities, urbanism, architecture styles through history in places like ancient Greece and Rome, medieval Europe, and more recent colonial, industrial, and modern cities. It also examines urban models and trends in global urbanization, including the growth of megacities in developing regions and concepts like primate and gateway cities.
Cities 11 Urban Geography 111
- 1. Urban Geography Spatial development of towns/cities Variations between cities Variations within cities
- 2. Urbanism Way of life Attitudes/values Patterns of behavior
- 3. “ Oldest” City: Jericho, Israel Dates back to 10,000 BC – or earlier! Went through several periods of destruction Many cities in Middle East, China, Andes, Mexico, also quite old—depends on latest findings
- 4. Oldest Continuously Inhabited City Damascus, Syria (8,000-10,000 BC)
- 6. European Urban History Greeks (750 – 490 BC) Romans (~100 BC – 600 AD) Medieval Cities (450 – 1300 AD) Mercantile Cities (1400 – present) Colonial Cities (1498-1850) Transportation Cities (1800 – present) Modernism (1950 – present)
- 7. Ancient Greece, 750 to 490 BC Athens
- 8. The Roman Empire (~100 BC to 600 AD)
- 9. Parthenon Oracle at Delphi Classical Architecture from the Greeks and Romans Arches And Columns
- 10. The Forum (Rome)
- 12. Roman Aqueduct (Segovia, Spain)
- 13. Roman Bridge (Salamanca, Spain)
- 14. The Medieval City in Europe (450 to 1300) Centered on Catholic Church Defensive /Control structures: walls, turrets Symbol of power Cities unable to grow (walled in)
- 15. Medieval City Layout Narrow, twisty streets Buildings close together Walled city (high pop density) Boulevard around wall Poor live outside city wall Located on water source Metes and Bounds Streets drawn from point to point Not continuous Vienna, Austria
- 16. Medieval Cities (Castles) Toledo, Spain
- 17. Tower of London
- 19. Quebec City? (only walled city in North America Very Old!)
- 20. Gothic Architecture (Began in 12 th Century) Often used for churches (Catholic) “ Flying Buttresses” Pointed Arches Huge Stained Glass Window(s) Cluster Columns “ Skeletal” looking Often in shape of cross from bird’s eye view
- 23. Mercantile ( Trade) Cities (1400’s-1600’s) Port cities / Major Route Cities (coastal / on river) Reflective of exploration interests Many medieval cities / city-states grew due to… TRADE! Venice, Genoa, Pisa Antwerp, Rotterdam, Amsterdam Marseilles, Paris, Seville London, Lisbon, Hamburg, Many others Development of centralized trade centers in city Radial street pattern Baroque Architecture
- 24. Radial Patterned Cities Paris Arc de Triomphe
- 25. Paris
- 26. Crazy! Obnoxious! Straight lines become curved HIGHLY ornamented Ornate carvings, sculptures, entryways Often c o l o r f u l Baroque Architecture Baroque church near Moscow Baroque Monastery in Ecuador
- 27. Venice, Italy
- 28. Seville, Spain
- 29. St. Peter’s Cathedral, Vatican City
- 30. Antwerp, Belgium
- 31. Colonial City A city founded / claimed beyond the existing borders of a colonial power for Three Reasons: Colonization = Land Commercial = Trade (often a port) Specific resource: coffee, gold, cacao, sugar, etc. Administrative = Political Americas, Asia, Africa—usually founded on coast (ocean)
- 32. Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic Oldest Colonial City in the Americas
- 33. Hong Kong Owned by the United Kingdom (now China) until 1997 New Flag Old Flag
- 34. Boston
- 35. Most Major American Cities Industrial Revolution: Steel Steam engine Canals Railroads (Power) Loom Cities all over the world evolved into transportation / industrial cities—even if they were established for other reasons Transportation City (later evolved into Industrial City: ~1800 on)
- 37. Erie Canal Illinois and Michigan Canal Canals acted like highways Created direct shipping routes with major cities - NYC with Great Lakes - Chicago with Gulf of Mexico
- 38. U.S. Railroads and Canals 1870
- 40. Grid Pattern Radial Pattern (U.S.) (Europe)
- 41. Washington D.C. Both Grid AND Radial Pattern!
- 42. Modernism Reflection of: Automobile-based society Industrialization Increased Urban / Suburban Population * Appears in all parts of the world
- 43. Modernist Architecture “ Function over Form” = Functionalism Simple, less adornment Rejection of past Local: Horizontal Orientation (more land, fewer people) Urban: Vertical Orientation (less land, more people) Tampa, FL
- 44. Cleveland, Ohio Modernist Not Modernist
- 45. Communist Architecture Square-shaped No adornments Functional Extremely modernist
- 46. Modernist Homes Horizontally Oriented Unadorned Squarish Frank Lloyd Wright-esque More suburban than urban
- 47. Suburbanization Modernist / Function over form City conveniences without the city Began after WWII (mass production, cars) Automobile dependent (shopping, banking, school, etc.) Led to the decline of the city Loss of “neighborhood” / community Loss of private ownership (i.e. “Mom and Pop shop”) to corporate chains
- 48. Conflict: Urban Sprawl vs. the Environment Encroachment into Wilderness - Animal conflicts Plants conflicts Environmental Impacts Water Pollution / Depletion Overwatering of land (Las Vegas grass ban) Golf courses: chemicals Depletion of aquifers Wetland / natural habitat destruction Smog / Pollutants from vehicle emissions Lack of exercise (car)
- 49. The American City (Models) Three Major Models Sector Model Concentric Ring Model Multiple Nuclei Model Three Major Districts in a City CBD (Central Business District) Warehouse (Industrial) District Residential Districts
- 50. Sector Model Sectors / population built along transportation lines (rail, river, road) Detroit: Population along railways CBD
- 51. Population “rings” expand throughout time (newest residential neighborhoods are furthest out) New neighborhoods may precede transportation routes Expands “equally” in all directions Concentric Ring Model Chicago CBD
- 52. Multiple Nuclei Model No CBD Many smaller business districts scattered throughout city Los Angeles Downtown
- 53. Cities of the World
- 54. Urban Growth Although Tokyo is the largest city in the world today, the fastest growing “megacities” in the world are in the periphery or semi-periphery Bombay, India Lagos, Nigeria Dubai Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Sao Paolo, Brazil Mexico City, Mexico Bombay, India
- 55. xxxxxx Number of Core Cities in Top 30 1950 21 1980 11 2010 5
- 57. Urban Percentage of Population
- 58. Urban Growth Rates 4/5 growth in Periphery; 50% under poverty line
- 59. Primate Cities Many of the world’s largest cities are Primate Cities Center of government (capital), culture, economy— EVERYTHING! MUCH larger than any other city within the country Primate City Pop #2 City Pop London 7.6 Birmingham 2.3 Paris 9.6 Marseilles .8 Vienna 2.0 Graz .3 Mexico City 18.1 Guadalajara 4.6 Jakarta 9.8 Surabaya 3.0 Tokyo 28.0 Yokohama 3.5
- 60. Gateway City El Paso (U.S-Mexico) Buffalo (U.S.-Canada) Hong Kong (China-World) Tangier (Africa-Europe) St. Petersburg (Russia-Rest of Europe) Link (door) to another country or region because of location
- 61. “ World” Cities Disproportionate share of global, cultural, and financial influence “ Where world’s business is done” Centers of world’s three largest economies: U.S., Europe, Asia
- 62. World Cities 3 Centers in Tripolar Economy: New York, London, Tokyo