1) Brown v. Board of Education was a landmark Supreme Court case that ruled racial segregation in public schools to be unconstitutional, overturning the precedent set in Plessy v. Ferguson.
2) Mapp v. Ohio established the exclusionary rule, which made evidence obtained through searches and seizures conducted in violation of the Fourth Amendment inadmissible in court.
3) The 14th Amendment guaranteed equal protection under the law and due process for all citizens, establishing civil rights protections.
4) The 15th Amendment guaranteed the right to vote for all citizens regardless of race or previous condition of servitude, an important advancement for civil rights after the 14th Amendment.