1) The document discusses key concepts in Java including classes, objects, instance variables, methods, constructors, method overloading, static members, and nested methods.
2) A class defines the state and behavior of objects by encapsulating data as instance variables and functions as methods. Objects are created from classes and use methods to communicate.
3) Instance variables store data within each object, while methods define operations or actions. Classes can contain constructors to initialize objects, overloaded methods with the same name but different parameters, and static members accessed without object creation.