Claves para el modelo de negocios del consumo colaborativo 2016.
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The article discusses the rise of the collaborative economy, exemplified by companies like Uber, Airbnb, and Zopa, highlighting both its advantages, such as improved access and lower costs for consumers, and its criticisms related to labor precariousness and monopolistic practices. It proposes a detailed analysis of key aspects of these business models, including market access, resource allocation, and governance, in order to differentiate between genuinely collaborative models and those which merely substitute existing market structures. The authors argue that a nuanced understanding is essential for academics, practitioners, and policymakers to navigate the complexities and implications of the collaborative economy.
Claves para el modelo de negocios del consumo colaborativo 2016.
- 1. https://dx.doi.org/10.15581/002.ART-2886 I s Uber the solution for cheaper, better qualitytaxiservices,orisitjustanewpri- vate operator squeezing cheaper salaries outofpart-timedrivers?ShouldAirbnbbe allowedtorentunusedroomsinprivatehomes, or should it be stopped for creating unfair, un- regulated competition with hotels? Is Zopa peer-to-peer lending the future of loan bank- ing, or will it collapse out of bad credit control? Call it the sharing, collaborative or peer-to- peer (P2P) economy, a new business paradigm isgraduallytakingshape.Followingthesuccess ofWikipedia,Uber,AirbnbandZopa,tonamea few of the most famous examples, we are cur- rently witnessing the rise of new business ven- turesineverythingfromtransportationandac- commodation to freelance work, food delivery andfinancialservices.Tosome,theseventures are,andwillcontinuetobe,themostdisruptive trendtohappeninthebusinessworldforyears. And as with any disruptive business paradigm, this one comes with controversy and debate. There is no doubt that the collaborative economy provides advantages for customers, but there are significant questions about their long-term efficiency and social sustainability. By ALEJANDRO LAGO and SANDRA SIEBER The Keys of the Collaborative Business Model THE MECHANISMS THAT MATTER DEEP insight 15ISSUE 30 THIRD QUARTER 2016IESEinsight Páginasdeusoexclusivopromocional.Puedeadquirirlaversióncompletaenwww.iesep.com
- 2. The Keys of the Collaborative Business Model Supporters say that people are able to avail themselves of more services at cheaper prices through improved access, democratized sup- ply and the efficient sharing of underutilized assets. This will have a positive impact on eco- nomic growth and welfare by stimulating con- sumption, raising productivity and catalyzing individual innovation and entrepreneurship. Critics, on the other hand, argue that the newparadigmmakeslaborarrangementsmore precarious. Fixed contracts are replaced with serial,part-timework.Andbytakingadvantage of weak regulation in this area, new breeds of tech giants are gaining monopoly power. For the purposes of this article, we want to re-examine the key levers of the new business models, in order to understand the good and bad effects of the sharing economy. In particu- lar, we will analyze the market-access mecha- nisms,theresource-allocationmodels,andthe approach to governance, monitoring and con- trol. In doing so, we will see that only a fraction of the sharing models out there are genuinely collaborative. By highlighting the differences, we may help academics, practitioners and policymakers better understand the potential advantages and shortcomings of the different modalities of the collaborative economy. Toward a Shared Definition Manyofthetoutedadvantages–valuecreation, lowerprices,efficientuseofresources,democ- ratization of supply and inclusive access to work–arenotuniquetothecollaborativeecon- omy. Indeed, under the term “collaborative,” many behaviors are lumped together that may have very different outcomes, leading many to search for a shared definition. Some seek to classify the main customer, supplier and environmental factors that favor the rise of the collaborative economy, while others, such as Jeremiah Owyang’s “collab- orative honeycomb,” use a taxonomy based on industries. Most focus on understanding the phenomenon purely from the value-offering side, but this fails to consider what these new modelsofferintermsofefficiencyandsustain- ability,bothofwhichareunderscrutinybyvari- ous stakeholders, including regulators. Tobridgethisgap,weproposeanalyzingthe sharing economy from a business-process per- spective. In this article, we detail three key as- pects of the collaborative business model that mark genuine changes in the mechanisms for (1) market access, (2) resource allocation and (3) governance. Using various collaboration scenarios,wewilltrytoidentifytheadvantages in terms of demand creation as well as efficien- cy gains (see Exhibit 1). 1 MARKET ACCESS: REINTERMEDIATION OR EXPANSION? The first advantage that commentators fre- quently highlight about the sharing economy is that it enhances access to the market by an extended network of customers and suppli- ers, thanks to a reduction in transaction costs afforded by new technologies. Efficient online communication, quick comparison and filter- ing tools reduce both search and information costs.Inaddition,improvedaccesstoreal-time information allows for a better matching of supply and demand. However, these oft-cited advantages do not always translate into market creation or expansion. What we definitely see is a market substitutionorreintermediationeffect.This wouldbethecasewiththeUberXlow-costride- hailing app. The supply options (taxi drivers or Uberfreelancerswithacar)arenotfundamen- tally different, and the demand segments af- fectedaresmall(acitycustomerhailingashort ride is a narrowly defined segment unlikely to change much because of Uber). Uber may po- tentially improve the way supply and demand are matched, but what it mainly does is substi- tute the supply options for an existing market. Contrast this with a market-expanding collaborative model like Elance (now part of Upwork). In this case, customers gain access to a global pool of freelance professionals over Call it the sharing, collabora- tive or peer-to-peer (P2P) economy, a new business paradigm is gradually tak- ing shape. And as with any disruptive business paradigm, this one comes with contro- versy and debate. This article examines the key levers of several well-known business models, in particular, the market-access mechanisms, the resource-allocation models, and the approach to governance, monitoring and control. Highlighting the differences may help academ- ics, practitioners and poli- cymakers better understand the potential advantages and shortcomings of the collab- orative economy. EXECUTIVESUMMARY 16 THIRD QUARTER 2016 ISSUE 30 IESEinsight Páginasdeusoexclusivopromocional.Puedeadquirirlaversióncompletaenwww.iesep.com
- 3. The Keys of the Collaborative Business Model MARKET ACCESS RESOURCE ALLOCATION GOVERNANCE Dimension Reinterme- diation Expansion Redistribu- tion Matching Real Sharing Collaborative Control Potential changes Substitution of the type of suppliers Increased accessibility and capillarity Local to global reach Redistribution of labor (from full-time to part-time workers) Better matching of supply and demand over time Access to underutilized physical assets Pooling of demand under same resource Tasks split across multi- ple resources (crowdsourc- ing) Distributed quality control and enforcement Efficient search of options Demand- side advantages Competitive pricing Reduced search costs Reduced access (distance) costs Reduced search and information costs Competitive pricing Better availability Market substitution Better level of service (availability) Reduced bargaining costs (price transparency) Better level of service (availability) Cheaper prices Improved com- petitive land- scape (incen- tives to compete in customer service) Reduced search and information costs Reduced bar- gaining costs (transparency) Supply- side advantages (drivers of efficiency) Reduced input unit cost Reduced access (dis- tance) costs Reduced search and information costs Increase in resource utilization Lower input unit cost (marginal cost allocation) Increase in resource utilization Labor productivity Increase in resource utilization Allocation to the most productive resources (real efficiency) Reduced policing and enforcing costs (regulation) Side effects and risks Market power of new entrant (two- sided network effect) Potential market power of new market maker (two- sided network effect) Transfer of activities to low-cost economies Guarantee sustainabil- ity (provi- sion based on marginal cost) Miscalcula- tion of long- term social insurance systems for part-time workers Efficient allocation vs. public service offering (core problem) Sustainability of incumbent (sunk costs of previous capacity investments) Market power of information consolidator (regulation of the new regulator) Information privacy Miscalcula- tion of social externalities in the normative control Cost of previ- ous regulation for incumbent (licenses) A Business Model Framework ANALYZING THE COLLABORATIVE DIMENSIONS AND THEIR IMPACT. EXHIBIT1 17ISSUE 30 THIRD QUARTER 2016IESEinsight Páginasdeusoexclusivopromocional.Puedeadquirirlaversióncompletaenwww.iesep.com