Climate change impact on Coffee in Ethiopia CTDMA 2018.ppt
- 1. 0 July, 2018 Shashemene, Ethiopia Climate change; Some of its Impacts on Coffee Production of Ethiopia and Mitigation: Ashenafi Ayano* and Demelash Teferi * Center Director & Coffee Breeder EIAR/Jimma Research Center, P. O. Box 192, Jimma, Ethiopia E-mail: [email protected]
- 2. Doc ID 1 Presentation outline 1. Introduction (brief) 2. What are indicators for Climate Change 3. Some Visible Changes 3.1. Prolonged drought and Land degradation 3.2. Emerging Diseases 3.3. Emerging Insects 3.4. Frost Damage 4. Mitigation/ Adaptation 4.1. Growing Coffee under shed trees 4.2. Conservation Agriculture 4.3. Integrated disease and pest management 4.4. Good agronomic practices 5. Summary and Remarks 6. Future line of work
- 3. Doc ID 2 • Agriculture in Ethiopia is the foundation of the country's economy, • accounting for half of gross domestic product (GDP), 83.9% of exports, and 80% of total employment. • Large parts of commodity exports are provided by the small agricultural cash-crop sector; principal crops being coffee. • The current productivity per hectare of coffee is about 748 kg (CSA 2015). which is lower than many growing countries. 2 1. INTRODUCTION
- 4. Doc ID 3 About 20-25 million people (25%) for livelihood. 4.7million farmers 55 % consumed locally A leading export crop 29%
- 5. Doc ID 4 Ethiopia is the mother land of arabica coffee Has different production systems • Forest (8-10%) • Semi-forest (30-35%) • Garden (50-55%) • Plantation estimate (~8%) Small-holdings = 92- 95% Traditional system Introduction ….cont
- 6. Doc ID 5 Introduction ….cont • Estimated total coffee land = 562,000 ha (where majority of the farms needs rehabilitation) • Annual production is about= 420,000 tons/year 5
- 7. Doc ID 6 2. What are indicators for Climate Change • Direct and indirect effects of extreme or unusual weather events on Coffee Arabica 6 Climate hazard Direct impact on the tree Indirect impact High temperature • >23°C: Fruit ripening accelerates, (leading to progressive quality loss) • > 25°C: Photosynthetic rate is reduced • Above 30°C: Tree growth is depressed • High temperatures can cause (leaf, stem and flower abnormalities and Abortion Pests and diseases may increase Heavy rain, hail, strong winds Tree damage, increased fruit fall, especially near harvest • Soil erosion, landslides, wash- away of agrochemical applications • Damage to roads and other infrastructure
- 8. Doc ID 7 Cont…. 7 Climate hazard Direct impact on the tree Indirect impact Intermittent and unseasonal rain • Greater flowering frequency • Possible increase of some diseases • Post-harvest drying difficulties Prolonged rain • May reduce flowering, • Affect fruit set, • lower photosynthesis because of continual cloudiness • Increased humidity may favor some fungal diseases; • may increase some insect pests Prolonged drought • Weaker trees, • wilting, • increased mortality of young trees • Stressed trees more predispose to some pests
- 9. Doc ID 8 • Agriculture in general and coffee production in particular likely to be negatively influenced to some extent, • Across Ethiopia, the most climatically suitable part of the overall niche could be reduced in the long-term,
- 10. Doc ID 9 3. Some Visible Changes 3.1. Prolonged drought and Land degradation 9
- 11. Doc ID 10 Forest degradation 10 Forest coffee
- 13. Doc ID 12 Forest degradation cont…… 12 Visible degradation
- 15. Doc ID 14 3.2 Coffee diseases (major & emerging) limiting coffee production CBD CLR CWD BBC Tread Blight Costa Rca (2013)
- 16. Doc ID 15 BBC on matured coffee trees BBC on stumped coffee trees Bacterial Blight coffee
- 17. Doc ID 16 Bacterial Blight of coffee
- 18. Doc ID 17 BBC incidence in affected areas 14.98 27.55 22.99 21.84 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 Dara Aleta Wondo Aleta Chuko Mean Incidece (%) Source: BBC Task force 2o10
- 19. Doc ID 18 Source: Demelash T and Ashenafi A, 2017
- 20. Doc ID 19 Demelash T and Ashenafi A, 2017
- 21. Doc ID 20 Demelash T and Ashenafi A, 2017
- 22. Doc ID 21 Coffee Thread Blight (Corticium koleroga): • Thread blight diseases was observed for first time at Gera and Metu agricultural research sub-stations in 1978 • Thread blight of coffee outbreak was observed in different coffee plantations like at Limmu in 2008, at Bebeka in 2012 and at Limu horizon and Ethioagriceft in 2014. • Currently thread blight disease becoming important disease in coffee growing areas of Ethiopia.
- 23. Doc ID 22 Thread blight percent incidence and severity at Limu Coffee Plantation of Gumer farm, Horizen PLC, in 2008.
- 24. Doc ID 23 Thread blight percent incidence and severity at Duwina Coffee Plantation, Agriceft Ethiopia, 2014 (V-stands for variety) Kifle B, Demelash T and Legesse H., 2015.
- 25. Doc ID 24 3.3 Emerging Coffee Insect Pests • Insect pests are one of the biotic factors that affect yield and quality of coffee. • Over 47 species of insect pests are known to attack coffee in Ethiopia. • Antestia bug,, coffee blotch miner, are the major insect pests of coffee, • Coffee berry borer, coffee thrips,, green scale, and coffee cushion scale, are potentially important pests which need research attention.
- 26. Doc ID 25 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 Mean (No) Locations Source: Tamiru et al, 2017. infestation level of antestia bug at different surveyed localities.
- 27. Doc ID 26 Source: Tamiru et al, 2017. Mean infestation of blotch miner.
- 29. Doc ID 28 Source: Tamiru et al, 2017. Mean infestation of Coffee thrips Location Planting year Percent damage Shade level Shade types Goma II 2012 100% Open 2012 60% IntermediatePermanent 2013 85% Heavy Permanent 2013 95% IntermediatePermanent 2014 100% Open 2015 15% IntermediateTemporary permanent Mean 76% Agaro 2014 77.27% Open 2016 45% IntermediateTemporary 2016 38.36% Intermediate 2016 50.01% Open Mean 52.66%
- 30. Doc ID 29 Thrips
- 31. Doc ID 30 3.4 Frost damage Frost Damage
- 32. Doc ID 31 Frost damage cont… Frost injury
- 33. Doc ID 32 4. Adaptation / Mitigation • Growing Coffee shed trees with coffee is a sustainable future for Ethiopian coffee. • It is the best adaptation system to minimize the negative impacts of the rising temperature. 4.1. Growing Coffee shed trees
- 34. Doc ID 33 Shed tree versus frost
- 35. Doc ID 34 4.2. Adaptation of coffee types to highland coffee growing areas/ shift to highlands Collaboration With different actors • Western Shewa /Collaboration with Ambo university, Oromiya Research Institute • Amahara area/Adet Collaboration with Amara Research Institute • Kemba highland /Arbaminch University • Extension • Gurage highlands • Sw sewa • North sewa/ Selale 34
- 36. Doc ID 35 Adaptation cont…. 4.3. Conservation Agriculture and soil fertility management Vetivar grass production and utilization in coffee based farming system Mugi Haru Gera
- 37. Doc ID 36 36
- 38. Doc ID 37 Effect of vetivar on soil erosion (Somodo watershed) Location Depth of soil accumulated above the hedge(cm) 1 33 2 45 3 35 4 33 Mean 36 37
- 39. Doc ID 38 Effect of vetivar hedge on slop (Somodo watershed) Slop change (%) Location Before intervention After intervention 1 17 14 2 17 14 3 13 11 4 18 16 Mean 16.25 13.75 38
- 40. Doc ID 39 Adaptation cont…. 4.4. Integrated disease and pest management; Utilization of disease resistant/tolerant varieties Implementing good agri practice Maintain natural enemy/ reduced use of chemicals 4.5. Good agronomic practices apply good agricultural practices such as: coffee pruning, Shed tree management, Soil and water conservation / Irrigation 39
- 41. Doc ID 40 Nursery management /for healthy seedling development 40 Bare root seedlings Well managed seedlings
- 42. Doc ID 41 Straight and well developed root Bend and forked root Nursery management ………
- 43. Doc ID 42 Mulching and Cover crop 42 Mulch Cover crops: Desmodium, haricot bean, nough and soybean Coffee husk, grasses (vetivar and elephant), leaves (Banan or enset), stalk (maize or sorghum) and straws (tef..)
- 44. Doc ID 43 Supplimantary irrigation on coffee 43 Drip irrigation Melko/ on station Raya Azebo/ Adaptation trial 2 yrs old young coffee
- 45. Doc ID 44 Adaptation cont…. Hazard Potential adaptation options Increasing temperature • Mulch • Cover crops • Agroforestry Prolonged drought • Mulch • Cover crops • Agroforestry • Water harvest and irrigation/ rain water harvesting • soil management (conservation farming) Heavy rain • Cover crops • Living barriers • Agroforestry Frost damage • Appropriate coffee shed Emerging disease and pests • Pest monitoring • Training on integrated disease and pest management • Maintain natural enemy/ reduced use of chemicals • Promote resistant varieties • apply good agricultural practices such as coffee pruning, shade management,
- 46. Doc ID 45 • The impacts of global warming are already being seen as temperature rising steadily in the World and likely to affect our coffee growing areas • In Ethiopia also Farmers observing a longer, more extreme dry season and more intense rain as a result yield reduced • Climate change can significantly affect the genetic diversity of coffee gene pool 5. Summary and remarks
- 47. Doc ID 46 Summary cont… • Initiated conservation efforts need to be scaled to capture all variability and future risks of climate change • Supporting innovation and implementation of climate-resilient technologies is critical • to support and enhancing the awareness and capabilities of coffee-farmers to deal with climate change is still critical • appropriately and fairly valuing climate-smart solutions for commodity production and sustainable land use needed as coffee is one of the crop useful for conservation agriculture
- 48. Doc ID 47 Summary cont… • Use of coffee and its environments need to be optimized to maximize economic and environmental benefits • Development has to pro-actively respond to risk of climate change • If appropriate measures are taken to use coffee genetic resources and the environment, Ethiopia has best resilience to produce coffee because majority of our coffee is grown under shade tree
- 49. Doc ID 48 Future Line of work • Establishing modern and automated climatic stations in representative agro ecologies of Ethiopia to facilitate weather forecast • Updating information's on the status of coffee disease and pests /National disease and pest survey periodically • Establishing viable extension system which is applicable at farm level
- 50. Doc ID 49 Ethiopia it is a new dawn for the birth place of coffee Thank you !!!