Cloud concepts principles of cloud computing

Introduction
When you turn on a light, you simply want the light to work.
You know you need electricity for that to happen, but in that
moment, the details of how the electricity gets to the light bulb
aren't important. You might not think about electricity being
created in a power plant, traveling through a large network of
high-voltage transmission lines to your town, going through a
substation, and eventually making its way into your home.
The process of turning on a light is hidden behind the simple act
of flipping a switch. At this point, electricity becomes a utility,
which has many benefits. First, you only pay for what you need.
When you buy a light bulb, you don't pay your electricity
provider up front for how long you could possibly use it.
Instead, you pay for the amount of electricity that you actually
use. Second, you don't worry about how or when power plants
upgrade to the latest technology. Finally, you don't have to
manage scaling the electricity. For example, as people move to
your town, you can rest assured that your light will stay on.
As a technology professional, it would be nice to have these
same benefits when developing and deploying applications.
Storing data, streaming video, or even hosting a website all
require managing hardware and software. This management is
an unnecessary obstacle when delivering your application to

your users. Luckily there is a solution to this problem: cloud
computing.
Learning objectives
In this module, you will:
● Explore common cloud computing services
● Explore the benefits of cloud computing
● Decide which cloud deployment model is best for you
What is cloud computing?
Cloud computing is renting resources, like storage space or CPU
cycles, on another company's computers. You only pay for what
you use. The company providing these services is referred to as
a cloud provider. Some example providers are Microsoft,
Amazon, and Google.
The cloud provider is responsible for the physical hardware
required to execute your work, and for keeping it up-to-date.
The computing services offered tend to vary by cloud provider.
However, typically they include:
● Compute power - such as Linux servers or web
applications used for computation and processing tasks
● Storage - such as files and databases

● Networking - such as secure connections between the
cloud provider and your company
● Analytics - such as visualizing telemetry and
performance data
Cloud computing services
The goal of cloud computing is to make running a business
easier and more efficient, whether it's a small start-up or a large
enterprise. Every business is unique and has different needs. To
meet those needs, cloud computing providers offer a wide range
of services.
You need to have a basic understanding of some of the services
it provides. Let's briefly discuss the two most common services
that all cloud providers offer – compute power and storage.
Compute power
When you send an email, book a reservation on the Internet,
pay a bill online, or even take this Microsoft Learn module
you're interacting with cloud-based servers that are processing
each request and returning a response. As a consumer, we're all
dependent on the computing services provided by the various
cloud providers that make up the Internet.

When you build solutions using cloud computing, you can
choose how you want work to be done based on your resources
and needs. For example, if you want to have more control and
responsibility over maintenance, you could create a virtual
machine (VM). A VM is an emulation of a computer - just like
your desktop or laptop you're using now. Each VM includes an
operating system and hardware that appears to the user like a
physical computer running Windows or Linux. You can then
install whatever software you need to do the tasks you want to
run in the cloud.
The difference is that you don't have to buy any of the hardware
or install the OS. The cloud provider runs your virtual machine
on a physical server in one of their datacenters - often sharing
that server with other VMs (isolated and secure). With the cloud,

you can have a VM ready to go in minutes at less cost than a
physical computer.
VMs aren't the only computing choice - there are two other
popular options: containers and serverless computing.
What are containers?
Containers provide a consistent, isolated execution environment
for applications. They're similar to VMs except they don't
require a guest operating system. Instead, the application and all
its dependencies is packaged into a "container" and then a
standard runtime environment is used to execute the app. This
allows the container to start up in just a few seconds, because
there's no OS to boot and initialize. You only need the app to
launch.
The open-source project, Docker, is one of the leading platforms
for managing containers. Docker containers provide an efficient,
lightweight approach to application deployment because they
allow different components of the application to be deployed
independently into different containers. Multiple containers can
be run on a single machine, and containers can be moved
between machines. The portability of the container makes it easy
for applications to be deployed in multiple environments, either
on-premises or in the cloud, often with no changes to the
application.

What is serverless computing?
Serverless computing lets you run application code without
creating, configuring, or maintaining a server. The core idea is
that your application is broken into separate functions that run
when triggered by some action. This is ideal for automated tasks
- for example, you can build a serverless process that
automatically sends an email confirmation after a customer
makes an online purchase.
The serverless model differs from VMs and containers in that
you only pay for the processing time used by each function as it
executes. VMs and containers are charged while they're running
- even if the applications on them are idle. This architecture
doesn't work for every app - but when the app logic can be
separated to independent units, you can test them separately,
update them separately, and launch them in microseconds,
making this approach the fastest option for deployment.

Here's a diagram comparing the three compute approaches we've
covered.
Storage
Most devices and applications read and/or write data. Here are
some examples:
● Buying a movie ticket online
● Looking up the price of an online item
● Taking a picture
● Sending an email
● Leaving a voicemail
In all of these cases, data is either read (looking up a price) or
written (taking a picture). The type of data and how it's stored
can be different in each of these cases.
Cloud providers typically offer services that can handle all of
these types of data. For example, if you wanted to store text or a
movie clip, you could use a file on disk. If you had a set of
relationships such as an address book, you could take a more
structured approach like using a database.

The advantage to using cloud-based data storage is you can scale
to meet your needs. If you find that you need more space to store
your movie clips, you can pay a little more and add to your
available space. In some cases, the storage can even expand and
contract automatically - so you pay for exactly what you need at
any given point in time.
Summary
Every business has different needs and requirements. Cloud
computing is flexible and cost-efficient, which can be beneficial
to every business, whether it's a small start-up or a large
enterprise.
Benefits of cloud computing

Cloud computing isn't an all-or-nothing service approach.
Companies can choose to use the cloud to store their data and
execute logic as much, or as little, as necessary to fulfill their
business requirements. Existing businesses might choose a
gradual movement to save money on infrastructure and
administration costs (referred to as "lift and shift"), while a new
company might start in the cloud.
Let's learn some of the top benefits of cloud computing.
It's cost-effective
Cloud computing provides a pay-as-you-go or
consumption-based pricing model.
This consumption-based model brings with it many benefits,
including:
● No upfront infrastructure costs
● No need to purchase and manage costly infrastructure
that you may not use to its fullest
● The ability to pay for additional resources only when
they are needed
● The ability to stop paying for resources that are no
longer needed

This also allows for better cost prediction. Prices for individual
resources and services are provided so you can predict how
much you will spend in a given billing period based on your
expected usage. You can also perform analysis based on future
growth using historical usage data tracked by your cloud
provider.
It's scalable
You can increase or decrease the resources and services used
based on the demand or workload at any given time. Cloud
computing supports both vertical and horizontal scaling
depending on your needs.
Vertical scaling, also known as "scaling up", is the process of
adding resources to increase the power of an existing server.
Some examples of vertical scaling are: adding more CPUs, or
adding more memory.

Horizontal scaling, also known as "scaling out", is the process of
adding more servers that function together as one unit. For
example, you have more than one server processing incoming
requests.
Scaling can be done manually or automatically based on specific
triggers such as CPU utilization or the number of requests and
resources that can be allocated or de-allocated in minutes.
It's elastic
As your workload changes due to a spike or drop in demand, a
cloud computing system can compensate by automatically
adding or removing resources.
For example, imagine your website is featured in a news article,
leading to a spike in traffic overnight. Since the cloud is elastic,

it automatically allocates more computing resources to handle
the increased traffic. When the traffic begins to normalize, the
cloud automatically de-allocates the additional resources to
minimize cost.
Another example is if you are running an application used by
employees, you can have the cloud automatically add resources
for the peak operating hours during which most people access
the application, and remove the resources at the usual end of the
day.
It's current
When you use the cloud, you're able to focus on what matters:
building and deploying applications. Cloud usage eliminates the
burdens of maintaining software patches, hardware setup,
upgrades, and other IT management tasks. All of this is

automatically done for you to ensure you're using the latest and
greatest tools to run your business.
Additionally, the computer hardware is maintained and
upgraded by the cloud provider. For example, if a disk fails, the
disk will be replaced by the cloud provider. If a new hardware
update becomes available, you don't have to go through the
process of replacing your hardware. The cloud provider will
ensure that the hardware updates are made available to you
automatically.
It's reliable
When you're running a business, you want to be confident your
data is always going to be there. Cloud computing providers
offer data backup, disaster recovery, and data replication
services to make sure your data is always safe. In addition,
redundancy is often built into cloud services architecture so if

one component fails, a backup component takes its place. This is
referred to as fault tolerance and it ensures that your customers
aren't impacted when a disaster occurs.
It's global
Cloud providers have fully redundant datacenters located in
various regions all over the globe. This gives you a local
presence close to your customers to give them the best response
time possible no matter where in the world they are.
You can replicate your services into multiple regions for
redundancy and locality, or select a specific region to ensure you
meet data-residency and compliance laws for your customers.

It's secure
Think about how you secure your datacenter. You have physical
security – who can access the building, who can operate the
server racks, and so on. You also have digital security – who can
connect to your systems and data over the network.
Cloud providers offer a broad set of policies, technologies,
controls, and expert technical skills that can provide better
security than most organizations can otherwise achieve. The
result is strengthened security, which helps to protect data, apps,
and infrastructure from potential threats.

When it comes to physical security – threats to cloud
infrastructure, cloud providers invest heavily in walls, cameras,
gates, security personnel, and so on, to protect physical assets.
They also have strict procedures in place to ensure employees
have access only to those resources that they've been authorized
to manage.
Let us talk about digital security. You want only authorized
users to be able to log into virtual machines or storage systems
running in the cloud. Cloud providers offer tools that help you
mitigate security threats, and you must use these tools to protect
the resources you use.
Summary
Cloud computing makes running a business easier. It's
cost-effective, scalable, elastic, current, reliable, and secure.

This means you're able to spend more time on what matters and
less time managing the underlying details.
Compliance terms and requirements
When selecting a cloud provider to host your solutions, you
should understand how that provider can help you comply with
regulations and standards. Some questions to ask about a
potential provider include:
● How compliant is the cloud provider when it comes to
handling sensitive data?
● How compliant are the services offered by the cloud
provider?
● How can I deploy my own cloud-based solutions to
scenarios that have accreditation or compliance
requirements?
● What terms are part of the privacy statement for the
provider?
Compliance Offerings
The following list provides details about some of the compliance
offerings available.

● Criminal Justice Information Services (CJIS). Any US
state or local agency that wants to access the FBI's
CJIS database is required to adhere to the CJIS Security
Policy. Azure is the only major cloud provider that
contractually commits to conformance with the CJIS
Security Policy, which commits Microsoft to adhering
to the same requirements that law enforcement and
public safety entities must meet.
● Cloud Security Alliance (CSA) STAR Certification.
Azure, Intune, and Microsoft Power BI have obtained
STAR Certification, which involves a rigorous
independent third-party assessment of a cloud
provider's security posture. This STAR certification is
based on achieving ISO/IEC 27001 certification and
meeting criteria specified in the Cloud Controls Matrix
(CCM). This certification demonstrates that a cloud
service provider:
○ Conforms to the applicable requirements of
ISO/IEC 27001.
○ Has addressed issues critical to cloud security as
outlined in the CCM.
○ Has been assessed against the STAR Capability
Maturity Model for the management of
activities in CCM control areas.

● General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR). As of
May 25, 2018, a European privacy law — GDPR — is
in effect. GDPR imposes new rules on companies,
government agencies, non-profits, and other
organizations that offer goods and services to people in
the European Union (EU), or that collect and analyze
data tied to EU residents. The GDPR applies no matter
where you are located.
● EU Model Clauses. Microsoft offers customers EU
Standard Contractual Clauses that provide contractual
guarantees around transfers of personal data outside of
the EU. Microsoft is the first company to receive joint
approval from the EU's Article 29 Working Party that
the contractual privacy protections Azure delivers to its
enterprise cloud customers meet current EU standards
for international transfers of data. This ensures that
Azure customers can use Microsoft services to move
data freely through Microsoft's cloud from Europe to
the rest of the world.
● Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act
(HIPAA). HIPAA is a US federal law that regulates
patient Protected Health Information (PHI). Azure
offers customers a HIPAA Business Associate
Agreement (BAA), stipulating adherence to certain
security and privacy provisions in HIPAA and the
Health Information Technology for Economic and

Clinical Health (HITECH) Act. To assist customers in
their individual compliance efforts, Microsoft offers a
BAA to Azure customers as a contract addendum.
● International Organization for Standardization (ISO)
and the International Electrotechnical Commission
(IEC) 27018. Microsoft is the first cloud provider to
have adopted the ISO/IEC 27018 code of practice,
covering the processing of personal information by
cloud service providers.
● Multi-Tier Cloud Security (MTCS) Singapore. After
rigorous assessments conducted by the MTCS
Certification Body, Microsoft cloud services received
MTCS 584:2013 certification across all three service
classifications:
○ Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)
○ Platform as a Service (PaaS)
○ Software as a Service (SaaS)
● Microsoft was the first global cloud solution provider
(CSP) to receive this certification across all three
classifications.
● Service Organization Controls (SOC) 1, 2, and 3.
Microsoft-covered cloud services are audited at least
annually against the SOC report framework by
independent third-party auditors. The Microsoft cloud
services audit covers controls for data security,

availability, processing integrity, and confidentiality as
applicable to in-scope trust principles for each service.
● National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)
Cybersecurity Framework (CSF). NIST CSF is a
voluntary Framework that consists of standards,
guidelines, and best practices to manage
cybersecurity-related risks. Microsoft cloud services
have undergone independent, third-party Federal Risk
and Authorization Management Program (FedRAMP)
Moderate and High Baseline audits, and are certified
according to the FedRAMP standards. Additionally,
through a validated assessment performed by the
Health Information Trust Alliance (HITRUST), a
leading security and privacy standards development
and accreditation organization, Office 365 is certified
to the objectives specified in the NIST CSF.
● UK Government G-Cloud. The UK Government
G-Cloud is a cloud computing certification for services
used by government entities in the United Kingdom.
Azure has received official accreditation from the UK
Government Pan Government Accreditor.
Economies of scale

Economies of scale is the ability to do things more efficiently
or at a lower-cost per unit when operating at a larger scale.
This cost advantage is an important benefit in cloud computing.
Cloud providers such as Microsoft, Google, and Amazon are
large businesses leveraging the benefits of economies of scale.
These providers can then pass the savings on to their
customers.
These savings are apparent to end users in a number of ways,
one of which is the ability to acquire hardware at a lower cost.
Cloud providers can also make deals with local governments
and utilities to get tax savings, lowering the price of power,
cooling, and high-speed network connectivity between sites.
Cloud providers are then able to pass on these benefits to end
users in the form of lower prices than what you could achieve on
your own.

Capital expenditure (CapEx) versus operational expenditure
(OpEx)
In the past, companies needed to acquire physical premises and
infrastructure to start their business. There was a substantial
up-front cost in hardware and infrastructure to start or grow a
business. Cloud computing provides services to customers
without significant upfront costs or equipment setup time.
These two approaches to investment are referred to as:
● Capital Expenditure (CapEx): CapEx is the spending of
money on physical infrastructure up front, and then
deducting that expense from your tax bill over time.
CapEx is an upfront cost, which has a value that
reduces over time.
● Operational Expenditure (OpEx): OpEx is spending
money on services or products now and being billed for
them now. You can deduct this expense from your tax
bill in the same year. There's no upfront cost. You pay
for a service or product as you use it.
CapEx computing costs
A typical on-premises datacenter includes costs such as:

Server costs
This area includes all hardware components and the cost of
supporting them. When purchasing servers, make sure to design
fault tolerance and redundancy, such as server clustering,
redundant power supplies, and uninterruptible power supplies.
When a server needs to be replaced or added to a datacenter, you
need to pay for the computer. This can affect your immediate
cash flow because you must pay for the server up front.
Storage costs
This area includes all storage hardware components and the cost
of supporting it. Based on the application and level of fault
tolerance, centralized storage can be expensive. For larger
organizations, you can create tiers of storage where more
expensive fault-tolerant storage is used for critical applications
and lower expense storage is used for lower priority data.
Network costs
Networking costs include all on-premises hardware components,
including cabling, switches, access points, and routers. This also
includes wide area network (WAN) and Internet connections.

Backup and archive costs
This is the cost to back up, copy, or archive data. Options might
include setting up a backup to or from the cloud. There's an
upfront cost for the hardware and additional costs for backup
maintenance and consumables like tapes.
Organization continuity and disaster recovery costs
Along with server fault tolerance and redundancy, you need to
plan for how to recover from a disaster and continue operating.
Your plan should consist of creating a disaster recovery site. It
could also include backup generators. Most of these are upfront
costs, especially if you build a disaster recovery site, but there's
an additional ongoing cost for the infrastructure and its
maintenance.
Datacenter infrastructure costs
These are costs for construction and building equipment, as well
as future renovation and remodeling costs that may arise as
demands grow. Additionally, this infrastructure incurs
operational expenses for electricity, floor space, cooling, and
building maintenance.

Technical personnel
While not a capital expenditure, the personnel required to work
on your infrastructure are specific to on-premises data centers.
You will need the technical expertise and workforce to install,
deploy, and manage the systems in the datacenter and at the
disaster recovery site.
OpEx cloud computing costs
With cloud computing, many of the costs associated with an
on-premises datacenter are shifted to the service provider.
Instead of thinking about physical hardware and datacenter
costs, cloud computing has a different set of costs. For
accounting purposes, all these costs are operational expenses:
Leasing software and customized features
Using a pay-per-use model requires actively managing your
subscriptions to ensure users do not misuse the services, and that
provisioned accounts are being utilized and not wasted. As soon
as the provider provisions resources, billing starts. It is your
responsibility to de-provision the resources when they aren't in
use so that you can minimize costs.

Scaling charges based on usage/demand instead of fixed
hardware or capacity.
Cloud computing can bill in various ways, such as the number of
users or CPU usage time. However, billing categories can also
include allocated RAM, I/O operations per second (IOPS), and
storage space. Plan for backup traffic and disaster recovery
traffic to determine the bandwidth needed.
Billing at the user or organization level.
The subscription (pay-per-use) model is a computing billing
method that is designed for both organizations and users. The
organization or user is billed for the services used, typically on a
recurring basis. You can scale, customize, and provision
computing resources, including software, storage, and
development platforms. For example, when using a dedicated
cloud service, you could pay based on server hardware and
usage.
Benefits of CapEx
With capital expenditures, you plan your expenses at the start of
a project or budget period. Your costs are fixed, meaning you
know exactly how much is being spent. This is appealing when

you need to predict the expenses before a project starts due to a
limited budget.
Benefits of OpEx
Demand and growth can be unpredictable and can outpace
expectation, which is a challenge for the CapEx model as shown
in the following graph.
With the OpEx model, companies wanting to try a new product
or service don't need to invest in equipment. Instead, they pay as
much or as little for the infrastructure as required.
OpEx is particularly appealing if the demand fluctuates or is
unknown. Cloud services are often said to be agile. Cloud agility

is the ability to rapidly change an IT infrastructure to adapt to
the evolving needs of the business. For example, if your service
peaks one month, you can scale to demand and pay a larger bill
for the month. If the following month the demand drops, you
can reduce the used resources and be charged less. This agility
lets you manage your costs dynamically, optimizing spending as
requirements change.
Cloud deployment models
There are three different cloud deployment models. A cloud
deployment model defines where your data is stored and how
your customers interact with it – how do they get to it, and
where do the applications run? It also depends on how much of
your own infrastructure you want or need to manage.
Explore the three deployment methods of cloud computing
Public versus Private versus Hybrid
Public cloud
This is the most common deployment model. In this case, you
have no local hardware to manage or keep up-to-date –
everything runs on your cloud provider's hardware. In some

cases, you can save additional costs by sharing computing
resources with other cloud users.
Businesses can use multiple public cloud providers of varying
scale. Microsoft Azure is an example of a public cloud provider.
Advantages
● High scalability/agility – you don't have to buy a new
server in order to scale
● Pay-as-you-go pricing – you pay only for what you use,
no CapEx costs
● You're not responsible for maintenance or updates of
the hardware
● Minimal technical knowledge to set up and use - you
can leverage the skills and expertise of the cloud

provider to ensure workloads are secure, safe, and
highly available
A common use case scenario is deploying a web application or a
blog site on hardware and resources that are owned by a cloud
provider. Using a public cloud in this scenario allows cloud
users to get their website or blog up quickly, and then focus on
maintaining the site without having to worry about purchasing,
managing or maintaining the hardware on which it runs.
Disadvantages
Not all scenarios fit the public cloud. Here are some
disadvantages to think about:
● There may be specific security requirements that
cannot be met by using public cloud
● There may be government policies, industry standards,
or legal requirements which public clouds cannot meet
● You don't own the hardware or services and cannot
manage them as you may want to
● Unique business requirements, such as having to
maintain a legacy application might be hard to meet
Private cloud

In a private cloud, you create a cloud environment in your own
datacenter and provide self-service access to compute
resources to users in your organization. This offers a simulation
of a public cloud to your users, but you remain completely
responsible for the purchase and maintenance of the hardware
and software services you provide.
Advantages
This approach has several advantages:
● You can ensure the configuration can support any
scenario or legacy application
● You have control (and responsibility) over security
● Private clouds can meet strict security, compliance, or
legal requirements

Disadvantages
Some reasons teams move away from the private cloud are:
● You have some initial CapEx costs and must purchase
the hardware for startup and maintenance
● Owning the equipment limits the agility - to scale you
must buy, install, and setup new hardware
● Private clouds require IT skills and expertise that's hard
to come by
A use case scenario for a private cloud would be when an
organization has data that cannot be put in the public cloud,
perhaps for legal reasons. An example scenario may be where
government policy requires specific data to be kept in-country or
privately.
A private cloud can provide cloud functionality to external
customers as well, or to specific internal departments such as
Accounting or Human Resources.
Hybrid cloud
A hybrid cloud combines public and private clouds, allowing
you to run your applications in the most appropriate location.
For example, you could host a website in the public cloud and

link it to a highly secure database hosted in your private cloud
(or on-premises datacenter).
This is helpful when you have some things that cannot be put in
the cloud, maybe for legal reasons. For example, you may have
some specific pieces of data that cannot be exposed publicly
(such as medical data) which needs to be held in your private
datacenter. Another example is one or more applications that run
on old hardware that can't be updated. In this case, you can keep
the old system running locally, and connect it to the public cloud
for authorization or storage.
Advantages
Some advantages of a hybrid cloud are:

● You can keep any systems running and accessible that
use out-of-date hardware or an out-of-date operating
system
● You have flexibility with what you run locally versus
in the cloud
● You can take advantage of economies of scale from
public cloud providers for services and resources where
it's cheaper, and then supplement with your own
equipment when it's not
● You can use your own equipment to meet security,
compliance, or legacy scenarios where you need to
completely control the environment
Disadvantages
Some concerns you'll need to watch out for are:
● It can be more expensive than selecting one
deployment model since it involves some CapEx cost
up front
● It can be more complicated to set up and manage
Summary

Cloud computing is flexible and gives you the ability to choose
how you want to deploy it. The cloud deployment model you
choose depends on your budget, and on your security,
scalability, and maintenance needs.
Types of cloud services
When talking about cloud computing, there are three major
categories. It's important to understand them because they are
used in conversation, documentation, and training.
Explore the three categories of cloud computing
IaaS versus PaaS versus SaaS
Infrastructure as a service (IaaS)
Infrastructure as a Service is the most flexible category of cloud
services. It aims to give you the most control over the provided
hardware that runs your application (IT infrastructure servers
and virtual machines (VMs), storage, and operating systems).
Instead of buying hardware, with IaaS, you rent it. It's an instant
computing infrastructure, provisioned and managed over the
internet.

Note : When using IaaS, ensuring that a service is up and
running is a shared responsibility: the cloud provider is
responsible for ensuring the cloud infrastructure is functioning
correctly; the cloud customer is responsible for ensuring the
service they are using is configured correctly, is up to date, and
is available to their customers. This is referred to as the shared
responsibility model.
IaaS is commonly used in the following scenarios:
● Migrating workloads. Typically, IaaS facilities are
managed in a similar way as on-premises infrastructure
and provide an easy migration path for moving existing
applications to the cloud.
● Test and development. Teams can quickly set up and
dismantle test and development environments, bringing
new applications to market faster. IaaS makes scaling
development and testing environments, fast and
economical.
● Storage, backup, and recovery. Organizations avoid the
capital outlay and complexity of storage management,
which typically requires skilled staff to manage data
and meet legal and compliance requirements. IaaS is
useful for managing unpredictable demand and steadily

growing storage needs. IaaS can also simplify the
planning and management of backup and recovery
systems.
Platform as a service (PaaS)
PaaS provides an environment for building, testing, and
deploying software applications. The goal of PaaS is to help you
create an application quickly without managing the underlying
infrastructure. For example, when deploying a web application
using PaaS, you don't have to install an operating system, web
server, or even system updates.
PaaS is a complete development and deployment environment in
the cloud, with resources that enable organizations to deliver
everything from simple cloud-based apps to sophisticated
cloud-enabled enterprise applications. Resources are purchased
from a cloud service provider on a pay-as-you-go basis and
accessed over a secure Internet connection.
PaaS is commonly used in the following scenarios:
● Development framework. PaaS provides a framework
that developers can build upon to develop or customize
cloud-based applications. Just like Microsoft Excel
macro, PaaS lets developers create applications using

built-in software components. Cloud features such as
scalability, high-availability, and multi-tenant
capability are included, reducing the amount of coding
that developers must do.
● Analytics or business intelligence. Tools provided as a
service with PaaS allow organizations to analyze and
mine their data. They can find insights and patterns,
and predict outcomes to improve business decisions
such as forecasting, product design, and investment
returns.
Software as a service (SaaS)
SaaS is software that is centrally hosted and managed for the
end customer. It is usually based on an architecture where one
version of the application is used for all customers, and licensed
through a monthly or annual subscription. Office 365, Skype,
and Dynamics CRM Online are perfect examples of SaaS
software.
Cost and Ownership
IaaS PaaS SaaS

Upfront costs There are no
upfront costs. Users
pay only for what
they consume.
There are no
upfront costs. Users
pay only for what
they consume.
Users have no
upfront costs; they
pay a subscription,
typically on a
monthly or annual
basis.
User ownership The user is
responsible for the
purchase,
installation,
configuration, and
management of
their own software,
operating systems,
middleware, and
applications.
The user is
responsible for the
development of
their own
applications.
However, they are
not responsible for
managing the
server or
infrastructure. This
allows the user to
focus on the
application or
workload they want
to run.
Users just use the
application software;
they are not
responsible for any
maintenance or
management of that
software.

Cloud provider
ownership
The cloud provider
is responsible for
ensuring that the
underlying cloud
infrastructure (such
as virtual machines,
storage, and
networking) is
available for the
user.
The cloud provider
is responsible for
operating system
management,
network, and
service
configuration. Cloud
providers are
typically responsible
for everything apart
from the application
that a user wants to
run. They provide a
complete managed
platform on which to
run the application.
The cloud provider
is responsible for
the provision,
management, and
maintenance of the
application software.
Management responsibilities
One thing to understand is that these categories are layers on top
of each other. For example, PaaS adds a layer on top of IaaS by
providing a level of abstraction. The abstraction has the benefit
of hiding the details that you may not care about, so that you can
get to coding quicker. However, one aspect of the abstraction is
that you have less control over the underlying hardware. The
following illustration shows a list of resources that you manage

and that your service provider manages in each cloud service
category.
First column, on-premises, shows all elements managed by you.
Second, infrastructure as a service, moves virtualization, servers,
storage, and networking to the cloud provider. Third, platform as
a service, moves runtime, middleware, and OS to the cloud
provider. And fourth, software as a service, moves all elements
to the cloud provider, with applications and data being the last
elements moving.
● IaaS requires the most user management of all the
cloud services. The user is responsible for managing
the operating systems, data, and applications.

● PaaS requires less user management. The cloud
provider manages the operating systems, and the user is
responsible for the applications and data they run and
store.
● SaaS requires the least amount of management. The
cloud provider is responsible for managing everything,
and the end user just uses the software.
Combine cloud services to fit your needs
IaaS, PaaS, and SaaS each contain different levels of managed
services. You may easily use a combination of these types of
infrastructure. You could use Office 365 on your company's
computers (SaaS), and in Azure, you could host your VMs
(IaaS) and use Azure SQL Database (PaaS) to store your data.
With the cloud's flexibility, you can use any combination that
provides you with the maximum result.
Check your knowledge
1. Which term from the list below would be viewed as benefits
of using cloud services?
Unpredictable costs
Elasticity (Elasticity, Agility and Economies of scale are the
correct answers, and would be seen as benefits that you can gain
from using cloud services.)

Local reach only
2. Suppose you have two types of applications: legacy
applications that require specialized mainframe hardware and
newer applications that can run on commodity hardware. Which
cloud deployment model would be best for you?
Public cloud
Private cloud
Hybrid cloud (A hybrid cloud is a public and private cloud
combined. You can run your new applications on commodity
hardware you rent from the public cloud and maintain your
specialized mainframe hardware on-premises.)
3. You're developing an application and want to focus on
building, testing, and deploying. You don't want to worry about
managing the underlying hardware or software. Which cloud
service type is best for you?
Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)
Platform as a Service (PaaS) (Platform as a Service is the best
choice here because the PaaS services handle the IT
management tasks for you, so you can focus on writing code.)
Software as a Service (SaaS)

Summary
In this module, you've learned about cloud computing, what it is
and what its key characteristics are. Here are some of the things
you covered.
● Different types of cloud models that are available and
the considerations of using those different models.
● Some of the key terms and concepts such as high
availability, agility, elasticity, fault tolerance, and
CapEx vs. OpEx.
● The different cloud services available, the benefits of
using the different types, and the management
responsibilities under each service type.
● Cloud models such as public, private and hybrid, and
what the key characteristics of each model are.
● The different types of cloud service available: IaaS,
PaaS, and SaaS; what the key characteristics of each
service are and when you would choose one over the
other.

Microsoft Azure
Azure is Microsoft's cloud computing platform. Azure provides
over 100 services that enable you to do everything from running
your existing applications on virtual machines to exploring new
software paradigms such as intelligent bots and mixed reality.
Here are just a few kinds of services you'll find on Azure:
● Compute services such as VMs and containers that can
run your applications
● Database services that provide both relational and
NoSQL choices
● Identity services that help you authenticate and protect
your users
● Networking services that connect your datacenter to the
cloud, provide high availability or host your DNS
domain
● Storage solutions that can accommodate massive
amounts of both structured and unstructured data
● AI and machine-learning services can analyze data,
text, images, comprehend speech, and make predictions
using data — changing the world of agriculture,
healthcare, and much more.
● And many more!

Cloud concepts principles of cloud computing

Cloud concepts principles of cloud computing

More Related Content

What's hot (20)

Similar to Cloud concepts principles of cloud computing (20)

Recently uploaded (20)

Cloud concepts principles of cloud computing