Code Contracts
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Design By Contract with Code Contracts by Microsoft is a great technique allowing to push quality of the software we build to a next level.
![Justification :)
WATCH OUT
CODE SNIPPET
Unit tests
Are limited and time
consuming to
support
[Test]
public void PressEquals_AddingTwoPlusTwo_ReturnsFour()
{
// Arrange
decimal value1 = 2m;
decimal value2 = 2m;
decimal expected = 4m;
var calculator = new Calculator();
// Act
calculator.Enter(value1);
calculator.PressPlus();
calculator.Enter(value2);
calculator.PressEquals();
decimal actual = calculator.Display;
// Assert
Assert.AreEqual(expected, actual,
"When adding {0} + {1}, expected {2} but found
{3}.", value1, value2, expected, actual);
}](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/designbycontract-140114170802-phpapp01/85/Code-Contracts-9-320.jpg)
![Code Contracts
WHAT IS IT?
CODE SNIPPET
Pre-conditions
class WebService
{
private IWarehouse store;
public WebService(IWarehouse store)
{
Contract.Requires(store != null);
Contract.Ensures(this.store != null);
Post-conditions
this.store = store;
}
[ContractInvariantMethod]
private void ObjectInvariant()
{
Contract.Invariant(this.store != null);
}
Invariants
}](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/designbycontract-140114170802-phpapp01/85/Code-Contracts-21-320.jpg)
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Code Contracts
- 1. DESIGN BY CONTRACT WITH CODE CONTRACTS
- 3. Confession :( “How many of you do write unit tests?”
- 4. Confession :( “How many of you do write documentation?”
- 5. Confession :( “How many of you do write asserts?”
- 7. Justification :) THE GOOD PART “At some extent all of these tools don`t work in a real life.” - me
- 8. Justification :) WATCH OUT Documentation No documentation is better than bad documentation CODE SNIPPET //declare variable foo as an integer and //set it to three. private int foo = 3;
- 9. Justification :) WATCH OUT CODE SNIPPET Unit tests Are limited and time consuming to support [Test] public void PressEquals_AddingTwoPlusTwo_ReturnsFour() { // Arrange decimal value1 = 2m; decimal value2 = 2m; decimal expected = 4m; var calculator = new Calculator(); // Act calculator.Enter(value1); calculator.PressPlus(); calculator.Enter(value2); calculator.PressEquals(); decimal actual = calculator.Display; // Assert Assert.AreEqual(expected, actual, "When adding {0} + {1}, expected {2} but found {3}.", value1, value2, expected, actual); }
- 10. Justification :) WATCH OUT CODE SNIPPET public string Substring(int startIndex, int length) Asserts Make little use for calling code CODE SNIPPET public string Substring(int startIndex, int length) { if (startIndex < 0) throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException("startIndex"); if (startIndex > this.Length) throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException("startIndex"); if (length < 0) throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException("length"); if (startIndex > this.Length - length) throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException("length"); if (length == 0) return string.Empty; else return this.InternalSubStringWithChecks(startIndex, length, false); }
- 11. Consequences ABANDONING “If so, why wouldn`t I abandon all this crap?”
- 12. Consequences PROGRAMMING BY COINCIDENCE “We should avoid programming by coincidence - relying on luck and accidental successes - in favor of programming deliberately.” - Dave Thomas
- 13. Design by Contract WHAT IS IT? “A way of designing software, which implies formal and precise specifications for software components with pre-conditions, post-conditions and invariants in source code itself.” Bertrand Meyer EIFFEL PL, 1986
- 14. Design by Contract EIFFEL CODE SNIPPET Pre-conditions Post-conditions connect_to_server (server: SOCKET) -- Connect to a server. require server /= Void and then server.address /= Void do server.connect ensure connected: server.is_connected end CODE SNIPPET class Invariants DATE invariant valid_day: 1 <= day and day <= 31 valid_hour: 0 <= hour and hour <= 23 end
- 15. Design by Contract RULES Metaphor : Client, Supplier agree on a Contract 1 2 3 The supplier must provide a certain product (obligation) and is entitled to expect that the client has paid its fee (benefit). The client must pay the fee (obligation) and is entitled to get the product (benefit). Both parties must satisfy certain obligations, such as laws and regulations, applying to all contracts.
- 16. Design by Contract WHY? “What are the benefits?” Discoverability of your API Improved testability Runtime & Static Checking Automatic generation of documentation
- 17. Design by Contract IMPLEMENTATIONS FOR .NET “Do we have similar concept in modern programming languages? Lets ask Microsoft.”
- 20. Code Contracts WHAT IS IT? “Microsoft`s implementation of Design by Contract for .NET. Proposed back in 2008.”
- 21. Code Contracts WHAT IS IT? CODE SNIPPET Pre-conditions class WebService { private IWarehouse store; public WebService(IWarehouse store) { Contract.Requires(store != null); Contract.Ensures(this.store != null); Post-conditions this.store = store; } [ContractInvariantMethod] private void ObjectInvariant() { Contract.Invariant(this.store != null); } Invariants }
- 22. Code Contracts COMPLETE API “Mostly it is nice and easy, but occasionally it can be mind blowing.”
- 23. Code Contracts COMPONENTS CCRewrite CCCheck CCDocGen Binary Rewriter Static Checker XML Doc Extender
- 24. Code Contracts RUNTIME CHECKING WebService.cs public WebService(IWarehouse store) { Contract.Requires(store != null); Contract.Ensures(this.store != null); this.store = store; WebService.dll IL from requires } csc/vbc/… + ccrewrite IL from body IL from ensures
- 25. Code Contracts RUNTIME CHECKING (GENERAL CLIENTS) WebService.cs public WebService(IWarehouse store) { Contract.Requires(store != null); Contract.Ensures(this.store != null); this.store = store; } WebService.dll IL from requires csc/vbc/… + ccrewrite IL from body
- 26. Code Contracts RUNTIME CHECKING (TRUSTED CLIENTS) WebService.cs public WebService(IWarehouse store) { Contract.Requires(store != null); Contract.Ensures(this.store != null); this.store = store; } WebService.dll csc/vbc/… IL from body
- 27. Code Contracts DOCUMENTATION GENERATION WebService.xml <member name="M:PDC.WebService.#ctor(PDC. IWarehouse)"> <summary>Constructs a new instance for processing orders against the specified warehouse.</summary> <param name="store">The warehouse this instance is to use. </param> </member> WebService.xml ccdocgen WebService.Contracts.dll IL from requires IL from ensures <member name="M:PDC.WebService.#ctor(PDC.IWarehouse)"> <summary>Constructs a new instance for processing orders against the specified warehouse.</summary> <param name="store">The warehouse this instance is to use. </param> <requires> store != null </requires> <ensures> this.store != null </ensures> </member>
- 28. Code Contracts CONTRACT REFERENCE ASSEMBLIES “Companion assemblies generated at compile time and contain only contract portion of types.”
- 29. Code Contracts ANNOYANCES 1 2 3 Static analysis is usually slow Tools are failing from time to time No way to execute post-conditions under lock statement
- 30. References Code Contracts http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/magazine/ee236408.aspx Code Contracts on Microsoft Research http://research.microsoft.com/en-us/projects/contracts/ Code Contracts on MSDN http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/dd264808.aspx Code Contracts in C# http://www.infoq.com/articles/code-contracts-csharp