![Treatment of Hypertension in Patients with Non
Diabetic Chronic Kidney Disease
Chronic kidney
disease and
proteinuria *
ACEI/ARB:
Bilateral renal
artery stenosis
ACEI or ARB (if ACEI intolerant)
Combination with other agents
Additive therapy: Thiazide diuretic.
Alternate: If volume overload: loop diuretic
Target BP: < 140/90 mmHg
* albumin:creatinine ratio [ACR] > 30 mg/mmol
or urinary protein > 500 mg/24hr
Monitor serum potassium and creatinine carefully in patients with CKD prescribed an ACEI or ARB
Combinations of a ACEI and a ARB are specifically not recommended in the absence of proteinuria
CHEP guidelines 2014](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/combinatintherapyhypertension-170821031927/85/Combination-Therapy-In-Hypertension-Dr-Vivek-Baliga-Presentation-28-320.jpg)
Combination Therapy In Hypertension - Dr Vivek Baliga Presentation
- 1. COMBINATION THERAPY IN HYPERTENSION Dr Vivek Baliga B Consultant Cardiologist and Physician Baliga Diagnostics, Bangalore
- 2. Hypertension global burden Globally prevalence in adults aged > 25 years : 40%. It is estimated to cause 7.5 million deaths;12.8% of the total deaths. Hypertension accounts for 57 million disability adjusted life years (DALYS) or 3.7% of total DALYS 62% of cerebrovascular diseases and 49% of ischemic heart diseases are attributable to suboptimal BP. One in three adults worldwide has high blood pressure. Tanu Midha etal, World J Meta-Anal 2013 August 26; 1(2): 83-8
- 3. BP Control Rates are Suboptimal Despite the clear benefits of reducing BP to target levels, rates of BP control are suboptimal in most countries BP control rates are particularly poor in low-income countries BP control rates are <30% in several Asia-Pacific countries 1. http://www.who.int/healthinfo/global_burden_disease/GlobalHealthRisks_r eport_part2.pdf 2. Peter L, Int. J. Epidemiol. (2014), 1- 13 3. C-E Chiang,,Journal of Human Hypertension (2008) 22, 441–443
- 4. Get The Pressure Down!! Awareness, Diagnosis & Best antihypertensive which prevent complications will save lives ! Of Deaths from Stroke51% Of Deaths from Coronary Heart Disease 45% Deaths due to HT7.5 million Total global deaths13% http://www.who.int/gho/ncd/risk_factors/blood_pressure_prevalence_text/en/
- 5. Diseases Attributable to Hypertension Hypertension Heart failure Stroke Coronary heart disease Myocardial infarction Left ventricular hypertrophy Aortic aneurysm Retinopathy Peripheral vascular disease Hypertensive encephalopathy Chronic kidney failure Cerebral hemorrhage http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/high-blood-pressure/in- depth/high-blood-pressure/art-20045868. All Vascular
- 6. CV mortality risk SBP/DBP (mm Hg) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 115/75 135/85 155/95 175/105 CV Mortality Risk Doubles With Each 20/10 mm Hg BP Increment* Assadi F. Prehypertension: Int J Prev Med. 2014 Mar;5(Suppl 1):S4-9.
- 7. Reasons for Not Achieving BP Control Poor adherence and persistence with therapy. Physicians’ reluctance to switch to an alternative treatment and/or increase doses if BP remains uncontrolled. Selected antihypertensive drug does not target the mechanism causing the patient’s hypertension. http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/high-blood- pressure/basics/treatment/con-20019580 accessed on 9-oct-2015
- 8. Need for Combination Therapy Clinical Evidences
- 9. Combination Therapy: A Practical Necessity Required in ~ 75% of hypertensives to achieve target BP Greater efficacy Faster achievement of target BP Higher response rates May make therapy effective in broader population Additive antihypertensive effects through complimentary pharmacologic mechanisms In some cases, improved side effect profile •Gradman AH, Basile JN, Carter BL, et al. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2011;13:146–154.
- 10. Combination Therapy is More Effective Than High Dose Monotherapy 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 Thiazide Beta-blocker ACEI CCB All classes Combination Double dose IncrementalSBPreductionratioof observedtoexpectedadditiveeffects Wald DS, et al. Am J Med 2009;122:290-300
- 11. Higher BP Control Rates Are Achieved With Single Pill Combinations 26 55 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 Freecombination Singlepill 11 Changeinproportionofpatientsachieving BPgoalsrelativetomonotherapy(%) Patients receiving a single pill combination are more likely to achieve BP goals than those receiving free combinations or monotherapy Gu Q, et al. Circulation 2012;126:2105-14 *p<0.05 vs monotherapy **p<0.01 vs. monotherapy Regional guidelines on combination therapy| March 2013
- 12. Single Pill Combinations are Recommended by Guidelines Single pill combinations (SPCs) or fixed-dose combinations have numerous advantages over multiple drug combination therapy Current hypertension guidelines generally recommend SPCs over multiple drug treatment with their individual components 1. Gupta AK, et al. Hypertension 2010;55:399-407 2. Bangalore S, et al. Am J Med 2007;120:713-9 3. Dusig R. VHRM 2010;6:321-5 4. Mancia G, et al. J Hypertens 2009;27:2121-58
- 13. Comparison of Monotherapy and Free and Single Pill Combinations Monotherapy Free combination Single pill combination Convenience ✔ ✗ ✔✔a Adherence − − ✔ Efficacy ✗ ✔ ✔ Tolerability ✗ ✔ ✔b Flexibility ✔✔ ✔✔ ✔c a Switching and dose titration less likely to be required than for monotherapy b Single pill may be better tolerated as doses tend to be lower than in free combinations c Flexibility with single pill combinations is increasing as the range of doses increases Xinhuan Wana et al., Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Volume 9, Issue 1, February 2014, 1–7
- 15. Right Combination for the Right Condition Combination Therapy
- 16. Combination 1 BETA.BLOCKERS CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKER (DHP) Decreased Cardiac Output, suppression of renin release. Decreased PR PREFERRED IN: 1. High coronary risk disease 2. Diabetes 3. Heart failure DON’T COMBINE B BLOCKERS & NON DHP CA BLOCKERS Jennifer F ,Am Fam Physician. 2008 May 1;77(9):1279-1286.
- 17. Combination 2 BETA BLOCKERS ANGIOTENSIN RECEPTOR INHIBITORS Decreased Cardiac Output Decreased Peripheral Resistance PREFERRED IN: 1. Chronic kidney disease 2. Diabetes 3. Heart failure Jennifer F ,Am Fam Physician. 2008 May 1;77(9):1279-1286.
- 18. Combination 3 DIURETIC CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKER (DHP) Decreased Cardiac Output Decreased Peripheral Resistance PREFERRED IN: 1.Diabetes 2.High coronary artery disease Jennifer F ,Am Fam Physician. 2008 May 1;77(9):1279-1286.
- 19. Combination 4 DIURETIC (Thiazide type) ACE I /ARBs Decreased Cardiac Output Decreased Peripheral Resistance PREFERRED IN: 1. Diabetes 2. Heart failure 3. High coronary disease risk 4. Recurrent stroke prevention Diuretic Aldosterone Antagonists ACEI/ARBs IN HEART FAILURE Jennifer F ,Am Fam Physician. 2008 May 1;77(9):1279-1286.
- 20. Combination 5 CALCIUM CHANNEL. BLOCKER ACE INHIBITORS Decreased peripheral resistance Decreased Peripheral Resistance PREFERRED IN: 1. Diabetes 2. High coronary disease risk Jennifer F ,Am Fam Physician. 2008 May 1;77(9):1279-1286.
- 22. GUIDELINES - API API <55 >55
- 24. HYPERTENSION COMBINATION THERAPY PROTOCOL WITH ASSOCIATED CO-MORBIDITIES
- 25. Treatment of Hypertension in Patients with Ischemic Heart Disease • Caution should be exercised when combining a non DHP-CCB and a beta-blocker • If abnormal systolic left ventricular function: avoid non DHP-CCB (Verapamil or Diltiazem) • Dual therapy with an ACEI and an ARB are not recommended in the absence of refractory heart failure • The combination of an ACEi and CCB is preferred 1. Beta-blocker 2. Long-acting CCB Stable angina ACEI are recommended for most patients with established CAD* ARBs are not inferior to ACEI in IHD Short-acting nifedipine *Those at low risk with well controlled risk factors may not benefit from ACEI therapy CHEP guidelines 2014
- 26. Treatment of Hypertension in Patients with Recent ST Segment Elevation-MI or non-ST Segment Elevation-MI Long-acting Dihydropyridine CCB* Beta-blocker and ACEI or ARB Recent myocardial infarction Heart Failure ? NO YES Long-acting CCB If beta-blocker contraindicated or not effective *Avoid non dihydropyridine CCBs (diltiazem, verapamil) CHEP guidelines 2014
- 27. Treatment of Hypertension with Left Ventricular Systolic Dysfunction Beta-blockers used in clinical trials were bisoprolol, carvedilol and metoprolol. If additional therapy is needed: • Diuretic (Thiazide for hypertension; Loop for volume control) • for CHF class II-IV or post MI and selected patients with LV dysfunction (see notes): Aldosterone Antagonist Systolic cardiac dysfunction • ACEI and Beta blocker • if ACEI intolerant: ARB Titrate doses of ACEI or ARB to those used in clinical trials If ACEI and ARB are contraindicated: Hydralazine and Isosorbide dinitrate in combination If additional antihypertensive therapy is needed: • ACEI / ARB Combination • Long-acting DHP-CCB (Amlodipine) Non dihydropyridine CCB CHEP guidelines 2014
- 28. Treatment of Hypertension in Patients with Non Diabetic Chronic Kidney Disease Chronic kidney disease and proteinuria * ACEI/ARB: Bilateral renal artery stenosis ACEI or ARB (if ACEI intolerant) Combination with other agents Additive therapy: Thiazide diuretic. Alternate: If volume overload: loop diuretic Target BP: < 140/90 mmHg * albumin:creatinine ratio [ACR] > 30 mg/mmol or urinary protein > 500 mg/24hr Monitor serum potassium and creatinine carefully in patients with CKD prescribed an ACEI or ARB Combinations of a ACEI and a ARB are specifically not recommended in the absence of proteinuria CHEP guidelines 2014
- 29. Treatment of Hypertension in association with Diabetes Mellitus Threshold equal or over 130/80 mmHg and Target below 130/80 mmHg with Nephropathy* *Urinary albumin to creatinine ratio > 2.0 mg/mmol in men or > 2.8mg/mmol in women* Diabetes without Nephropathy** Isolated Systolic Hypertension Systolic- diastolic Hypertension * based on at least 2 of 3 measurements A combination of 2 first line drugs may be considered as initial therapy if the blood pressure is >20 mmHg systolic or >10 mmHg diastolic above target Combinations of an ACEI with an ARB are specifically not recommended in the absence of proteinuria CHEP guidelines 2014
- 30. Treatment of Hypertension in association with Diabetic Nephropathy If Creatinine over 150 µmol/L or creatinine clearance below 30 ml/min ( 0.5 ml/sec), a loop diuretic should be substituted for a thiazide diuretic if control of volume is desired THRESHOLD equal or over 130/80 mmHg and TARGET below 130/80 mmHg DIABETES with Nephropathy ACE Inhibitor or ARB IF ACEI and ARB are contraindicated or not tolerated, SUBSTITUTE • Long-acting CCB or • Thiazide diuretic Addition of one or more of Long-acting CCB or Thiazide diuretic 3 - 4 drugs combination may be needed Monitor serum potassium and creatinine carefully in patients with CKD prescribed an ACEI or ARB CHEP guidelines 2014
- 31. Treatment of Systolic-Diastolic Hypertension without Diabetic Nephropathy 1. ACE Inhibitor or ARB or 2. Dihydropyridine CCB or Thiazide diuretic IF ACE Inhibitor and ARB and DHP-CCB and Thiazide are contraindicated or not tolerated, SUBSTITUTE • Cardioselective BB* or • Long-acting NON DHP-CCB More than 3 drugs may be needed to reach target values for diabetic patients * Cardioselective BB: Acebutolol, Atenolol, Bisoprolol , Metoprolol Threshold equal or over 130/80 mmHg and TARGET below 130/80 mmHg Combination of first line agents Addition of one or more of: Cardioselective BB or Long-acting CCB Diabetes without Nephropathy DHP: dihydropyridine Combinations of an ACE Inhibitor with an ARB are specifically not recommended in the absence of proteinuria CHEP guidelines 2014
- 33. Summary 1 Controlling hypertension reduces CV outcomes Doubling of CV risk with BP increases of 20/10mmHg Majority of patients require >2 drugs to achieve BP goal The use of single pill combinations can further improve BP control and reduce cardiovascular morbidity and mortality Combination therapy is recommended in treatment guidelines
- 34. Advantages: Combination therapy Increased efficacy of drugs Shorter time to achieve BP goal Effective BP control Additive action Offsets the side effects Fewer pills Improves compliance