COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ROUTING PROTOCOLS IN MOBILE AD HOC NETWORKS

International Journal of Computer-Aided Technologies (IJCAx) Vol.2,No.2,April 2015
1
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ROUTING PROTOCOLS
IN MOBILE AD HOC NETWORKS
Mohamed Elboukhari1
, Mostafa Azizi1
and Abdelmalek Azizi2,3
1
Department of Applied Engineering, ESTO, Oujda, Morocco
2
Departement Mathematics & Computer Science, FSO, Oujda, Morocco
3
Academy Hassan II of Sciences & Technology, Rabat, Morocco
ABSTRACT
A Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET) is a collection of mobile nodes that want to communicate without any
pre-determined infrastructure and fixed organization of available links. Each node in MANET operates as
a router, forwarding information packets for other mobile nodes. There are many routing protocols that
possess different performance levels in different scenarios. The main task is to evaluate the existing routing
protocols and finding by comparing them the best one. In this article we compare AODV, DSR, DSDV,
OLSR and DYMO routing protocols in mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) to specify the best operational
conditions for each MANETs protocol. We study these five MANETs routing protocols by different
simulations in NS-2 simulator. We describe that pause time parameter affect their performance. This
performance analysis is measured in terms of Packet Delivery Ratio, Average End-to-End Delay,
Normalized Routing Load and Average Throughput.
KEYWORDS
Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET), Performance Parameters, AODV, DSR, DSDV, OLSR, DYMO.
1. Introduction
Wireless networks are organized in two basic types that are infrastructure based wireless
networks and ad hoc based wireless networks. In the infrastructure based wireless network, nodes
are mobile, base stations are fixed. As a consequence of this, nodes can leave the range of the
base stations and comes in range of other base stations. In ad hoc based wireless networks, nodes
are kept mobile but the base stations are not kept fixed and the entire nodes operate as routers.
Researchers have done huge work to develop routing protocols in different kinds of ad hoc
networks like MANETs (Mobile Ad Hoc Networks), WSNs (Wireless Sensor Networks), WMNs
(Wireless Mesh Networks), and VANETS (Vehicular Ad-Hoc Networks) etc. [1]. The main
objective of MANETs is to elaborate routing functionality at each of the mobile node is. For
designing MANETs routing protocols aspect approach, the information-theoretic approach, game-
theoretic approach or dynamic control approach has been applied [2].
In mobile ad hoc networks, a mobile node can communicate with other mobile stations whether
they lie within the same radio transmission range or not. Therefore, four important functions are
to be implemented by the routing protocols: maintaining network connectivity, network topology,
packet routing, scheduling and channel assignment. Routing protocols are designed in MANETs
with some basic goals that are minimum control overhead, minimum processing overhead, multi-
hop routing, dynamic topology maintenance and loop prevention [3].

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The remainder of the paper is organized as follows. After describing the related works in section
2, MANETs routing protocols are presented in section 3. Section 4 describes simulation
environment. The results of our simulations are analysed in section 5. Finally, section 6 concludes
the paper.
2. Related Works
Many works have been elaborated related to the performance comparison of different routing
protocols in MANET. We focus on those works performed by network simulator NS-2.
Table 1. Performance analysis of MANET routing protocols.
Ref.
no
Protocols used Performance metrics Variable Parameters
[4] AODV, DSR,
DSDV
End to End Delay, Packet Delivery
Ratio, Normalized routing load,
Throughput
Mobility
[5] AODV, DSR,
DSDV
End to End Delay, Packet Delivery
Ratio, Throughput
Number of nodes
[6] AODV, DSR,
DSDV
Packet Delivery Ratio, End to End
Delay, Normalized Routing Load
Pause time, Mobility
and Sending rate
[7] AODV, DSR,
DSDV
Average End to End Delay,
Normalized Routing Load, Packet
Delivery Ratio,
Number of Nodes,
Speed, Pause time,
Transmission Power
[8] DSDV,
AODV, DSR,
TORA
Throughput, Routing Overhead, Path
Optimality, Packet Loss, Average
delay
Traffic Load,
Movement patterns
[9] AODV, DSR,
DSDV
Packet Delivery Ratio, Average End to
End Delay, Routing Overhead
Pause time
[10] AODV, DSR,
DSDV
End Delay, Normalized Routing Load
Pause time, Number of
nodes and mobility
[11] DSDV,
AODV, DSR,
TORA
Average Delay,Jitter, Routing Load,
Loss Ratio, Throughput and
Connectivity
Network size
[12] DSDV,
AODV
Packet Delivery Fraction, Average End
to End Delay, Throughput
Number on nodes,
Speed, Time
[13] AODV,
DSDV
End Delay
Mobility of nodes
Table 1 illustrate that comparative performance evaluation for all the parameters namely Packet
Delivery Ratio, Throughput, Average End to End Delay, Jitter, Routing Load, and Routing
Frequency among the routing protocols have not been elaborate in a single paper.
In our article, we will compare five MANET protocols (AODV, DSR, DSDV, OLSR, and
DYMO). In our knowledge, there is no work in the literature until now which compares these five
protocols under varying pause time parameter.

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3. Routing Protocls in MANET
The MANETs routing protocols are divided into three categories depending on their
functionality: Reactive (On-demand) routing protocols, Proactive (Table-driven) routing
protocols and Hybrid routing protocols [14].
Proactive Routing Protocols: The routing data in these routing protocols is stored in the
organization of tables managed by each mobile node. The tables must be updated due to
continuous change in the network topology. These protocols are employed where the route
requirements are frequent. FSR, STAR, GSR, DSDV, OLSR, CGSR and WRP are the examples.
Reactive Routing Protocols: These routing protocols discover routes to other mobile nodes only
when they are needed. A route discovery process is invoked when a node wants to exchange a
few messages with another node for which it does not possess a route table access. AODV, DSR,
LAR, TORA, CBRP and ARA are the examples.
Hybrid Routing Protocols: These protocols combine intrinsic worth of both the proactive and
reactive approaches. For illustration, proactive protocols could be employed between networks
and reactive protocols inside the networks. DST, ZRP, DDR, ZHLS are the examples.
Figure 1. Classification of MANET Routing Protocols
3.1. Ad-hoc On-Demand distance Vector routing protocol (AODV)
AODV [15, 16] is a reactive routing protocol which employs an on-demand approach for finding
routes, so a route is elaborated only when it is requisite by a source node for sending information
packets. AODV uses sequence numbers to make certain freshness of routes. It employs route
request (RREQ) messages flooded through the network to discover the paths needed by a source
node. AODV aids nodes to locate out routes very fast for new destinations, and does not require
nodes to manage routes to destinations that are not in dynamic communication. AODV helps
nodes to operate in response to link breakages and changes in network topology in a timely
manner and the operation of AODV is loop-free [17]. If a route to a new destination is demanded,
the source node broadcasts a RREQ message to find a route to the requisite destination. An
intermediate node that receives a RREQ replies to it employing route reply message only if it
possess a route to the destination whose analogous destination sequence number is greater or
equal to the one used in the RREQ. Another important point to mention is that the RREQ also
contains the most recent sequence number for the destination of which the source node is
responsive. When a node receives the RREQ it may send a route reply (RREP) if it is either the
destination node or if it possesses a route to the destination with equivalent sequence number
greater than or equal to that included in the RREQ message. In this last case, it unicast a RREP
reverse message to the source node. Otherwise, it rebroadcasts the RREQ message. Nodes store
track of the RREQ’s source IP address and broadcast ID.

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3.2. Dynamic Source Routing (DSR)
Dynamic Source Routing (DSR) [18] is a routing protocol for wireless mesh networks and is
elaborated according to the technique known as “source routingˮ. DSR makes the network
completely self-organizing and self-configuring, devoid of the need for any pre-existing network
infrastructure.
The Dynamic Source Routing protocol possesses two main mechanisms route discovery and route
maintenance. In the route discovery process a source node wishing to drive a packet to a
destination node, as certain a source route to the destination. In route maintenance mechanism a
node wishing to transmit a packet to a destination is able to perceive, while using a source route
to the destination, if the network topology has altered such that it can no longer make use of its
route to destination because a link along the route no longer works. And in case when Route
Maintenance indicates a source route is broken, source can try to bring into play any other route,
it happens to know to destination, or it can invoke route discovery again to find a new route for
subsequent packets to destination.
3.3. Dynamic MANET On-Demand Routing Protocol (DYMO)
DYMO [19] manages a large variety of mobility patterns by dynamically discovering routes on-
demand. It also manages a wide selection of traffic patterns. The fundamental functionalities of
DYMO are route discovery and route maintenance.
During route discovery process, a DYMO router lunches a flooding of a Route Request message
(RREQ) throughout the MANET to come across a route to a particular destination node. During
the hop-by-hop flooding process, each intermediate DYMO router receiving the RREQ message
stores a route to the originator node. When the target’s DYMO router receives the RREQ
message, it stores a route to the originator and responds with a Route Reply (RREP), unicasting
hop-by-hop through originating DYMO router. Each intermediate DYMO router that receives the
RREP message creates a route to the target, and then the RREP is unicasted hop-by-hop on the
way to the originator. When the originator’s DYMO router receives the RREP message, routes
have been elaborated between the originating DYMO router and the target DYMO router in both
directions.
Route maintenance is composed of two operations. To conserve routes in use, DYMO routers
expand route lifetimes upon successfully forwarding a packet. To act in response to changes in
the network topology, DYMO routers keep an eye on traffic being forwarded. If a data packet is
received to be forwarded and a route for the destination is not known (or the destination route is
broken down), then the DYMO router of the source node of the data packet is notified. A Route
Error (RERR) is sent to point out the route to one or more affected destination addresses is broken
or misplaced. When the source’s DYMO router receives the RERR message, it marks the route as
broken. Before the DYMO router can forward a data packet to the same destination, it has to
lunch the route discovery mechanism again for that destination.
3.4. Destination Sequenced Distance Vector (DSDV) Protocol
DSDV [20] is one of the examples of proactive protocol. The protocol adds a new attribute,
sequence number, to each route table entry at each node. Each node maintains a routing table at
its own and which aids in packet transmission.

5
For the transmission of packets each node stores routing table. The routing contains the
information for the connectivity to different stations in the network. These stations give all the
available destinations and the number of stations (hops) required to reach each destination in the
routing table. The routing entry is tagged with a sequence number which is originated by the
destination node. Each station sends and updates its routing table periodically. The packets being
broadcasted between nodes indicate a list of accessible stations and number of nodes required to
reach that particular station. Routing information is broadcast periodically by broadcasting or
multicasting the packets. In DSDV protocol each mobile node in the network must constantly
advertise its routing table to each of its neighboring stations. As the information in the table may
change frequently, the advertisement should be done on the continuous basis so that every station
can locate its neighbors in the network. It ensures the shortest number of nodes (hops) required
from source station to a destination station.
The data broadcasted by each mobile node will include its new sequence number and the
following data for each new route: the number of hops required to reach the destination, the
destination address and the new sequence number (originally stamped by the destination).
3.5. Opitmized Link State Routing (OLSR) Protocol
OLSR [21] is an optimization of a pure link state protocol. Whenever there is any modification in
the topology then information is flooded to all nodes. This causes overheads and such overheads
are decreased by Multipoint relays (MPR). Two types of control messages are employed in
OLSR; they are topology control and hello messages. There is also Multiple Interface Declaration
(MID) messages which are employed for announcing other host that the announcing host can
possess multiple OLSR interface addresses [22]. The MID message is broadcasted throughout the
network only by MPRs. Also there is a “Host and Network Association” (HNA) message which
gives the external routing information by giving the possibility for routing to the external
addresses.
4. Simulation Environment
4.1. Mobility Model
A model that describes the movement of mobile nodes, and changes in their velocity and
acceleration over time is called Mobility model. Basic parameters related to node movement are
mobility speed, number of nodes, sending rate, pause time, number of connections, simulation
duration. Mobility models can be categorized in to two types group and entity models. the motion
of mobile nodes in entity models are independent from each other, while in group models the
movements of mobile nodes are dependent on each other [23].
In our article we chose the Random Waypoint Mobility, generated by the software BonnMotion
[24]. It is an entity model, in which a node can choose any random destination and any random
velocity. The node starts moving towards the selected destination node. After reaching the
destination node, the node stops for a small duration defined by the “Pause Time” parameter and
it repeats the complete process again until the simulation process ends.
4.2. Simulation Parameters
We elaborate the experiments for the evaluation of the performance of Ad Hoc routing protocol
AODV, DSR, DSDV, OLSR and DYMO with varying the Pause Time parameter. We have
elaborated 30 simulation run in total out of which 30 trace files has been derived for Random
Waypoint Mobility each. We tested all performance metrics in our experiment under varying

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Pause Time of node (0 to 50sec) and while other parameters are constant. Table 1 presents the
simulation parameters used in this evaluation.
Table 2. Simulations parapmeters
4.3. NS-2 simulator
The network simulations have been performed using network simulator NS-2 [25]. The NS-2
simulator is discrete event simulation software used for network simulations. It simulates events
such as sending, receiving, dropping and forwarding packets. The ns-allinone-2.34 [25] supports
simulation for some MANET routing protocols as AODV, DSR and DSDV. The simulation of
protocols OLSR and DYMO are based on the work presented in [26]. NS-2 is implemented in
C++ programming language with Object Tool Common Language.
Although NS-2. 34 can be implemented on different platforms, for this article, we choose a Linux
platform i.e. Ubuntu LTS 12.04, as Linux offers a number of programming development tools as
[27] that can be used with the simulations process. To run a NS-2.34 simulation, the user must
write the OTCL simulation script. Also NS-2 provides a visual representation of the simulated
network by tracing nodes events and movements and writing them in a file named as Network
Animator or NAM file [25]. The performance parameters are graphically visualized in MATLAB
[28].
4.4. Performance Metrics
RFC2501 [29] illustrates a number of quantitative metrics that can be used for evaluating the
performance of MANET routing protocols. To analyze routing protocols (AODV, DSR, DSDV,
OLSR and DYMO), we have focused on four performance metrics for evaluation which are
Packet Delivery Fraction, Average End-to-End Delay, Normalized, Routing Load and Average
Throughput.
4.4.1. Packet Delivery Fraction
The Packet Delivery Fraction is defined as the ratio of number of received packets successfully at
the destinations nodes over the number of packets sent by the sources nodes. Packet Loss Fraction
is defined as 1- Packet Delivery Fraction.
Parameters Value
Simulator NS-2.34
Data packet size 512 byte
Simulation duration 50 sec
Environnement size 500m × 500m
Number of Nodes 20
Pause Time 0 to 50 sec
MAC Layer Protocol IEEE 802.11
Traffic Type CBR
Number of connections 15
Maximum Mobility 20 m/s
Mobility Model Random Waypoint
Protocols AODV, DSR, DSDV, OLSR, DYMO

7
4.4.2. Average End to End Delay
The Average End to end delay is the average time from the transmission of a data packet at a
source node until data packet delivery to a destination node which contains all possible delays
generated by queuing at the interface queue, buffering during route discovery process,
propagation and transfer times of data packets and retransmission delays.
4.4.3. Normalized Routing Load
The Normalized Routing Load is described as the ratio of all control packets sent by all source
nodes to number of received data packets at the destination nodes.
4.4.4. Average Throughput
The Average Throughput is the average number of packets successfully delivered per unit time. It
can be calculated as the number of bits delivered per second.
5. Simulation Results and Analysis
The results after simulation are viewed in five figures. The performance of MANETs routing
protocols based on the varying the Pause Time is elaborated on parameters like Packet Delivery
Fraction, Average End-to-End Delay, Normalized Routing Load and Average Throughput.
5.1. Packet Delivery Fraction (PDF)
Figure 2 shows that the PDR of AODV and DSR is greater than other protocols DYMO, OLSR
and DSDV. At the height mobility (Pause Time is equal to 0), the protocol DSR has a better PDF
when compared to other protocol. The protocol DSDV exhibits the lowest PDF in all scenarios.
With the decreasing of mobility (increase of Pause Time), the protocols AODV, DSR and DYMO
have a better value of PDF than the protocols OLSR and DSDV. It seems that on-demand
protocols perform well than table-driven protocols. Because table-driven approach of managing
routing information, it is not as adequate to the route changes which occur during high mobility.
The lazy approach in contrast used by the on-demand protocols to maitain the routing information
as and when they are created make them more adequate and result in better performance (high
PDF).

8
Figure 2: Packet Delivery Fraction versus Pause Time
5.2. Average End to End Delay (E2E)
From Figure 3, it can be observed that OLSR exhibits the lowest average E2E except on one
scenario when Pause Time equal to 10s. In this scenario, the other protocol of table-driven
protocol DSDV has the lowest E2E. With height mobility (Pause Time equal to 0s) and low
mobility (Pause Time equal to 50s), OLSR and DSDV have the lowest average E2E. OLSR and
DSDV as table-driven protocols have routing tables and they do not need to discover the route for
the same destination.
Figure 3: Average End to End Delay versus Pause Time
5.3. Routing Load
From Figure 4, we remark that DSR demonstrates the lowest and OLSR shows highest
Normalized Routing Load. In on-demand protocols (AODV, DSR and DYMO), the routes are

9
maintained only between the nodes which want to communicate as well as a single route
discovery may yield many routes to the destination, therefore, the routing overhead is less. In
comparing the two table-driven protocols (DSDV and OLSR), OLSR has more Normalized
Routing Load than DSDV.
Figure 4: Normalized Routing Load versus Pause Time
5.4. Average Throughput
The Figure 5 shows that the DSDV gives the lowest Average Throughput. We note also that the
DSDV Throughput increases with the increasing of Pause Time. The three protocols AODV,
DSR and DYMO have better Average Throughput when compared to two protocols OLSR and
DSDV. It seems as on-demand protocols outperform table-driven protocols in almost all the
scenarios we have taken into account.
Figure 5: Average Throughput versus Pause Time

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6. Conclusions
In this article different MANETs routing protocols such as AODV, DSR, DSDV, OLSR and
DYMO is evaluated. With the help of NS-2 simulation we compared these protocols under
different network conditions. We measure the Packet Delivery Ratio, Average End to End,
Routing Load, and Average Throughput as performance matrices.
In terms of Packet Delivery Packet, AODV and DSR are better than other protocols (DSDV,
OLSR and DYMO). OLSR shows the lowest Average End to End Delay (good performance)
compared to other protocols. DSR demonstrates the lowest Normalized Routing Load than other
protocols. AODV, DSR and DYMO outperform other protocols (OLSR, DSDV) in terms of
Average Throughput.
In our future work, we will focus on extending the set of the experiments by taking into
consideration other simulations parameters (propagation models, MAC protocols, etc). Our future
simulations will be implemented in NS-3[30]
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank EL MALLOUKI NASRINE for its support and help to
finish this work.
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Authors
Mohamed elboukhari received the DESA (diploma of high study) degree in numerical analysis, computer
science and treatment of signal in 2005 from the University of Science, Oujda, Morocco. He is currently an
assistant professor, department of Applied Engineering, ESTO, university Mohamed First, Oujda, Morocco.
His research interests include cryptography, quantum cryptography and
wireless network security, Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANETS).
Mostafa azizi received the diploma of engineer in automatic and computer industry in 1993 from school
Mohammadia of engineers, Rabat, Morocco and he received the Ph. D in computer science in 2001 from
the university Montreal, Canada. He is currently professor at university of Mohamed first, Oujda, Morocco.
His main interests include aspect of real time, embedded system, security and communication and
management of the computer systems in relation with process industry.
Abdelmalek azizi received the Ph. D in theory of numbers in 1993 from university Laval, Canada. He is
professor at department of mathematics in university Mohamed First, Oujda, Morocco. He is interesting in
history of mathematics in Morocco and in the application of the theory of number in cryptography.

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