Comparative Literature in the Age of Digital Humanities.pptx
- 1. Comparative Literature in the Age of Digital Humanities: On possible Futures for a Discipline Todd Presener •Vachchhalata Joshi •Roll no.19 •Hirva Pandya •Roll no.10 •Department of English •Maharaja Krishnakumarsinhji Bhavanagar University
- 2. Abstract • With the invention of the printing press, communication, literacy, and the state of knowledge completely changed providing the condition of possibility for reformation and the Enlightenment of the Age of Humanism and the rise of mass media. • The impact of print and the “Discovery” of the new world was predicted by networking technologies, which not only enabled the dissemination of knowledge and new culture and social spheres. • The invention of the electric telegraph, the heyday of colonization, the exploitation of the natural world, the electrification of cities, the rise of transnational finance, the internet, and “New” media of the radio, film, and television. • Explosion of real-time social networking on hand-held devices. these technologies have a common thing a contraction of time and space through the control of regulation of knowledge information and bodies. • In this regard, every technology has a dialectical underbelly, facilitating the • potential democratization of information and exchange on the one hand and the ability to exercise exclusionary control and violence on the other.
- 3. Key Points Age of Humanism Rise of mass media Sharing and transforming humanistic and scientific knowledge. Liberation of Humankind
- 4. Key Arguments • Nicholas Negroponte in his book Being Digital says perhaps even hundred dollar computer will not only be used to enhance education, spread democracy, and enable global communication but will not likely be used to perpetrate violence and even orchestrate genocide in much the same way that the radio and the railway did in the last century. • Paul Gilroy analyzed in his study the fatal junction of the concept of nationality with the concept of culture along with “Black Atlantic” voyages of discovery enlightenment, and progress also meant, at the very moment, voyages of conquest, enslavement, and destruction. • New communication technologies including but hardly limited to web-based media forms, locative technologies, digital archives, cloud computing, social networking, and mixed realities. • N. Katherine Hayles ponders various possible futures for Comparative Literature in the second decade of the twenty-first century- how to rouse ourselves from the “somnolence of five hundred years of print”.
- 5. Key points • “Materiality as the interplay between a text’s physical characteristics and its signifying practices”, as Hayles argues allows us to consider the text as “embodied entities” and still foreground interpretative practices. • Walter Benjamin did in “The Arcades Project” both the media and methodologies for the study of literature, culture and society. Just as Benjamin sought to employ the montage form to transform historical scholarship by refocusing attention on what it means to “write” history, digital media enable us to refocus on the media, methodologies, and affordances of print culture in the practice of Comparative Literature. • What happens when the print is no longer the normative or exclusive medium for producing literature and undertaking literary studies? • While electronic literature offers a significant and multivalent possibility for exploring the future of Comparative Literature.
- 10. • Moretti has already indicated one possible way of doing this articulation of “Distant reading” a specific form of analysis that focuses on larger units and fewer elements in order to reveal their overall interconnection shapes, relations, structures, forms and models. • It is term specifically arrayed against hermeneutics extracting meaning from a text through ever closer, microscopic reading but beyond distant reading we might entertain possibility of machine reading.in which trends correlation and relationship would be extracted through computational method. • Hyles points out in her recent studies on the transforming power of digital humanities even if we were read a book for our entire adult life the upper end the number of books that can be read about twenty five thousands
- 11. • As we are in the first decade of massive transformation it may be somewhat premature articulate new disciplinary methodological and institutional fault lines. • Concept of literary or equally vexing notion of what constitutes literature and culture are terms of owe much of their meaning. as object of knowledge study and pleasure in humanistic tradition to the history of writing and inscription practices. • Friedrich Kittler calls “Aufschreibesysteme”(System of writing down), These system are not limited to print but include vastly differentiated material history of knowledge systems from stone carving, leather folio and parchment scrolls illuminated manuscripts, printed Books,CD ,Roms. • Now various forms of electronic literature web based media digital authoring environments.
- 12. Comparative Media Studies • Comparative literature has been inflected by so called visual turn of 20th century. • Television, Digital media offer more fundamental challenge since they not only transform the media assumption built into traditionally study but also scholarly environment. • Digital media are always already hyper media and hyper textual • Both originally term were coined 1965 by the visionary media theorist Theodor Nelson • For nelson hypertext is body of written pictorial material interconnected in a such complex way that it could be not conveniently represented on a paper such a system could grow indefinitely gradually including more and more of the world’s written knowledge.
- 13. • How then the comparative literature can be practiced when scholar work are created exchanged and critic multi model environment such as the web? • How do we as scholars develop methodologies that appreciate evaluate media specificity of every literary cultural artifact? • Comparative media studies foreground the material of quality surface structures upon which inscription are made the process of reproduction and circulation the institutional mechanism of disseminations and authorization the reading and navigation practices enabled by media form and social implication for literacy and knowledge production • Comparative media studies implies that output or scholarly work is not uni-medial and for that matter might not even be textual • Comparative media studies enables returns some fundamental question who is author? What is a work? What constitutes particularly in environment in which text readerly writerly by potentially anyone? • •
- 14. Comparative Data Studies • Lev Manovich and Noah wardrip-fruin the field of “cultural analytics” has emerged over the past five years to bring the tools of high –end computational analysis and data visualization to dissect large scale cultural data sets. • Comparative Data Studies allows to use computational tools of cultural analytics to enhance literary scholarship precisely by creating orders, visualization, maps, semantic webs of data are simply too large to read or comprehend using unaided human faculties. • Comparative Data Studies also radical broadens the canon object of cultural material under consideration on one hand originally constituted as singular object in one medium. • On the other hand “Born digital objects whether blogs, webpages, video etc. • As MCGann argue regarding to the first in his elegant analysis of “radiant textuality” the difference between codex and electronic versions of oxford dictionary.
- 15. Comparative Authorship and Platform studies • Claims of web and information technology certainly be critically interrogated. • Collaborative authorship, peer to peer sharing content, crowd sourced evaluation of data the hall mark of participatory known as world web2.0 • James Boyle points out there are many corporate entities eager, regulate late the public domain control the “commons of the mind” • for Boyle the real danger is not unauthorized file sharing but failed sharing due to enclosures and strictures placed upon creative commons. • Comparative literature has not concern it self with design, interactivity, navigation strategies these issues are decisive part of the Comparative Authorship and Platform studies • In a print model scholar typically “handed off” the content of their manuscript To publishers who did layout, design, editing, print, disseminations of the work, now this work moved to the forefront of digital humanities. •
- 16. • Other Academic Platforms such as Grand text Auto, USC’s experimental authoring and collaboration platform “scalar”, “Rice University Press” connexions and the institute for future of the book variously explored knowledge production and legitimacy in the post print era by re examining authorship, design, peer review and participatory dimensions of scholarship. • My own work on Hyper cities a collaborative digital mapping platform for exploring authoring the complex layers of the city spaces. • Wikipedia a revolutionary knowledge production and editing platform.it is represent a dynamic flexible and open ended network for knowledge. it is most comprehensive representative and perceive participatory platform for knowledge production ever created by Human kind. •
- 17. •Conclusion • This Article has mainly focuses on 21st century in terms digital humanities after discussing various arguments we come to know that date it has than more three hundred millions edits forty seven languages. It is worth some pause and reflection in a future disciplinary incarnation of comparative literature.
- 18. Thank You