Computer Architecture
- 2. PRESENTATION TOPICS COMPUTER ARCHITECTURE HISTORY COMPONENTS OF COMPUTER ARCHITECTURE VON NEUMANN ARCHITECTURE HARWARD ARCHITECTURE CPU MEMORY
- 3. HISTORY • One of the first computing devices to come out was... The ABACUS!
- 4. EVOLUTION OF COMPUTERS FIRST GENERATION (1945-1955) • Used Vacuum tubes • Bigger, slower, less efficient • Used punch cards • Not commercially used • Eg UNIVAC 1, IBM
- 5. SECOND GENERATION(1955- 1965) • Used Transistors • Faster and Smaller than previous generation • Worked with higher level languages • Eg IBM 1620
- 6. THIRD GENERATION(1965-1971) • Used Integrated circuits • Flexible and Smaller • Well suited for commercial applications • Known as mini computers • Eg IBM 360, PDP 8, PDP 11
- 7. FOURTH GENERATION (1971-1980) • Used very large scale Integrated circuits • (VLSI) Interactive general purpose machines • Allow rapid application development • Easier to use for personal application • Can be easily used in network • Eg IBM PC, Apple II, Super Computers
- 8. FIFTH GENERATION • Portable and sophisticated • Superior in processing speed user • Friendliness and Connectivity to network • Supports artificial intelligence techiniques • Eg IBM notebook, Pentium PCs, PARAM 10000
- 9. Progression of the Architecture • Vacuum tubes -- 1940 – 1950 • Transistors -- 1950 – 1964 • Integrated circuits -- 1964 – 1971 • Microprocessor chips -- 1971 – present
- 11. Instruction Set Architecture • Analogous to human language • Allow communication between H/W and S/W • Collection of commands Opcode or Operation Code: MOV, ADD, SUB,LOAD RISC MISC CISC ZISC
- 12. Microarchitecture • Interconnection Technique • Defines data paths, data processing, and storage elements • Define interconnection between Control Unit Registers ALU Instruction Memory Data Memory
- 15. Hardware Components • Are Optional • System design, Performance and Cost flexibility • RAM, ROM Input and Output ports and peripherals
- 16. CPU • Central Processing Unit • Contain IC • Components Arithmetic Logic Unit processor Register Control Unit
- 17. Current CPU Architecture CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT(CPU) manipulation and control Main Memory(Mm) Storage for instruction and data for currently executing programs Input / Output Subsystem(I/O) Controller which communicate with “external” device o Secondary memory o Display devices o Networks CPU Mm I/O
- 19. Single Bus
- 21. RAM • Random Access Memory • Volatile • DRAM (Dynamic RAM) – Most common, cheap – Volatile: must be refreshed (recharged with power) 1000’s of times each second • SRAM (Static RAM) – Faster than DRAM and more expensive than DRAM – Volatile – Frequently small amount used in cache memory for high-speed access used
- 22. ROM • Read Only Memory • Non-volatile memory to hold software that is not expected to change over the life of the system • Magnetic core memory • EEPROM – Electrically Erasable Programmable ROM – Slower and less flexible than Flash ROM • Flash ROM – Faster than disks but more expensive – Uses • BIOS: initial boot instructions and diagnostics • Digital cameras
- 23. Amit Kumar