Computer memory
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This document discusses different types of computer memory. It begins by introducing primary memory which includes RAM and ROM. It then describes different types of RAM like SRAM, DRAM, RDRAM and their structures. Next it covers different types of ROM like PROM, EPROM, and EEPROM. It also discusses the memory hierarchy and how cache memory improves performance. Finally, it summarizes different types of secondary storage like hard disk drives, their layout and various RAID configurations.
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ADVXAI IN MALWARE ANALYSIS FRAMEWORK: BALANCING EXPLAINABILITY WITH SECURITYijscai With the increased use of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in malware analysis there is also an increased need to
understand the decisions models make when identifying malicious artifacts. Explainable AI (XAI) becomes
the answer to interpreting the decision-making process that AI malware analysis models use to determine
malicious benign samples to gain trust that in a production environment, the system is able to catch
malware. With any cyber innovation brings a new set of challenges and literature soon came out about XAI
as a new attack vector. Adversarial XAI (AdvXAI) is a relatively new concept but with AI applications in
many sectors, it is crucial to quickly respond to the attack surface that it creates. This paper seeks to
conceptualize a theoretical framework focused on addressing AdvXAI in malware analysis in an effort to
balance explainability with security. Following this framework, designing a machine with an AI malware
detection and analysis model will ensure that it can effectively analyze malware, explain how it came to its
decision, and be built securely to avoid adversarial attacks and manipulations. The framework focuses on
choosing malware datasets to train the model, choosing the AI model, choosing an XAI technique,
implementing AdvXAI defensive measures, and continually evaluating the model. This framework will
significantly contribute to automated malware detection and XAI efforts allowing for secure systems that
are resilient to adversarial attacks.
RICS Membership-(The Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors).pdf
RICS Membership-(The Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors).pdfMohamedAbdelkader115 Glad to be one of only 14 members inside Kuwait to hold this credential.
Please check the members inside kuwait from this link:
https://www.rics.org/networking/find-a-member.html?firstname=&lastname=&town=&country=Kuwait&member_grade=(AssocRICS)&expert_witness=&accrediation=&page=1
Raish Khanji GTU 8th sem Internship Report.pdf
Raish Khanji GTU 8th sem Internship Report.pdfRaishKhanji This report details the practical experiences gained during an internship at Indo German Tool
Room, Ahmedabad. The internship provided hands-on training in various manufacturing technologies, encompassing both conventional and advanced techniques. Significant emphasis was placed on machining processes, including operation and fundamental
understanding of lathe and milling machines. Furthermore, the internship incorporated
modern welding technology, notably through the application of an Augmented Reality (AR)
simulator, offering a safe and effective environment for skill development. Exposure to
industrial automation was achieved through practical exercises in Programmable Logic Controllers (PLCs) using Siemens TIA software and direct operation of industrial robots
utilizing teach pendants. The principles and practical aspects of Computer Numerical Control
(CNC) technology were also explored. Complementing these manufacturing processes, the
internship included extensive application of SolidWorks software for design and modeling tasks. This comprehensive practical training has provided a foundational understanding of
key aspects of modern manufacturing and design, enhancing the technical proficiency and readiness for future engineering endeavors.
some basics electrical and electronics knowledge
some basics electrical and electronics knowledgenguyentrungdo88 This chapter discribe about common electrical divices such as passive component, the internaltional system unit and international system prefixes.
Process Parameter Optimization for Minimizing Springback in Cold Drawing Proc...
Process Parameter Optimization for Minimizing Springback in Cold Drawing Proc...Journal of Soft Computing in Civil Engineering In tube drawing process, a tube is pulled out through a die and a plug to reduce its diameter and thickness as per the requirement. Dimensional accuracy of cold drawn tubes plays a vital role in the further quality of end products and controlling rejection in manufacturing processes of these end products. Springback phenomenon is the elastic strain recovery after removal of forming loads, causes geometrical inaccuracies in drawn tubes. Further, this leads to difficulty in achieving close dimensional tolerances. In the present work springback of EN 8 D tube material is studied for various cold drawing parameters. The process parameters in this work include die semi-angle, land width and drawing speed. The experimentation is done using Taguchi’s L36 orthogonal array, and then optimization is done in data analysis software Minitab 17. The results of ANOVA shows that 15 degrees die semi-angle,5 mm land width and 6 m/min drawing speed yields least springback. Furthermore, optimization algorithms named Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), Simulated Annealing (SA) and Genetic Algorithm (GA) are applied which shows that 15 degrees die semi-angle, 10 mm land width and 8 m/min drawing speed results in minimal springback with almost 10.5 % improvement. Finally, the results of experimentation are validated with Finite Element Analysis technique using ANSYS.
DATA-DRIVEN SHOULDER INVERSE KINEMATICS YoungBeom Kim1 , Byung-Ha Park1 , Kwa...
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Artificial Intelligence (AI) basics.pptx
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Lidar for Autonomous Driving, LiDAR Mapping for Driverless Cars.pptx
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Autonomous Driving with LiDAR Tech
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Self-Driving Vehicles Using LiDAR
LiDAR Mapping for Driverless Cars
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fluke dealers in bangalore..............
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Data Structures_Searching and Sorting.pptx
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Concept of Internal and External Sorting.
Bubble Sort,
Insertion Sort,
Selection Sort,
Quick Sort and
Merge Sort,
Radix Sort, and
Shell Sort,
External Sorting, Time complexity analysis of Sorting Algorithms.
Introduction to FLUID MECHANICS & KINEMATICS
Introduction to FLUID MECHANICS & KINEMATICSnarayanaswamygdas Fluid mechanics is the branch of physics concerned with the mechanics of fluids (liquids, gases, and plasmas) and the forces on them. Originally applied to water (hydromechanics), it found applications in a wide range of disciplines, including mechanical, aerospace, civil, chemical, and biomedical engineering, as well as geophysics, oceanography, meteorology, astrophysics, and biology.
It can be divided into fluid statics, the study of various fluids at rest, and fluid dynamics.
Fluid statics, also known as hydrostatics, is the study of fluids at rest, specifically when there's no relative motion between fluid particles. It focuses on the conditions under which fluids are in stable equilibrium and doesn't involve fluid motion.
Fluid kinematics is the branch of fluid mechanics that focuses on describing and analyzing the motion of fluids, such as liquids and gases, without considering the forces that cause the motion. It deals with the geometrical and temporal aspects of fluid flow, including velocity and acceleration. Fluid dynamics, on the other hand, considers the forces acting on the fluid.
Fluid dynamics is the study of the effect of forces on fluid motion. It is a branch of continuum mechanics, a subject which models matter without using the information that it is made out of atoms; that is, it models matter from a macroscopic viewpoint rather than from microscopic.
Fluid mechanics, especially fluid dynamics, is an active field of research, typically mathematically complex. Many problems are partly or wholly unsolved and are best addressed by numerical methods, typically using computers. A modern discipline, called computational fluid dynamics (CFD), is devoted to this approach. Particle image velocimetry, an experimental method for visualizing and analyzing fluid flow, also takes advantage of the highly visual nature of fluid flow.
Fundamentally, every fluid mechanical system is assumed to obey the basic laws :
Conservation of mass
Conservation of energy
Conservation of momentum
The continuum assumption
For example, the assumption that mass is conserved means that for any fixed control volume (for example, a spherical volume)—enclosed by a control surface—the rate of change of the mass contained in that volume is equal to the rate at which mass is passing through the surface from outside to inside, minus the rate at which mass is passing from inside to outside. This can be expressed as an equation in integral form over the control volume.
The continuum assumption is an idealization of continuum mechanics under which fluids can be treated as continuous, even though, on a microscopic scale, they are composed of molecules. Under the continuum assumption, macroscopic (observed/measurable) properties such as density, pressure, temperature, and bulk velocity are taken to be well-defined at "infinitesimal" volume elements—small in comparison to the characteristic length scale of the system, but large in comparison to molecular length scale
15th International Conference on Computer Science, Engineering and Applicatio...
15th International Conference on Computer Science, Engineering and Applicatio...IJCSES Journal #computerscience #programming #coding #technology #programmer #python #computer #developer #tech #coder #javascript #java #codinglife #html #code #softwaredeveloper #webdeveloper #software #cybersecurity #linux #computerengineering #webdevelopment #softwareengineer #machinelearning #hacking #engineering #datascience #css #programmers #pythonprogramming
Development of MLR, ANN and ANFIS Models for Estimation of PCUs at Different ...
Development of MLR, ANN and ANFIS Models for Estimation of PCUs at Different ...Journal of Soft Computing in Civil Engineering Passenger car unit (PCU) of a vehicle type depends on vehicular characteristics, stream characteristics, roadway characteristics, environmental factors, climate conditions and control conditions. Keeping in view various factors affecting PCU, a model was developed taking a volume to capacity ratio and percentage share of particular vehicle type as independent parameters. A microscopic traffic simulation model VISSIM has been used in present study for generating traffic flow data which some time very difficult to obtain from field survey. A comparison study was carried out with the purpose of verifying when the adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS), artificial neural network (ANN) and multiple linear regression (MLR) models are appropriate for prediction of PCUs of different vehicle types. From the results observed that ANFIS model estimates were closer to the corresponding simulated PCU values compared to MLR and ANN models. It is concluded that the ANFIS model showed greater potential in predicting PCUs from v/c ratio and proportional share for all type of vehicles whereas MLR and ANN models did not perform well.
Data Structures_Introduction to algorithms.pptx
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"Boiler Feed Pump (BFP): Working, Applications, Advantages, and Limitations E...
"Boiler Feed Pump (BFP): Working, Applications, Advantages, and Limitations E...Infopitaara A Boiler Feed Pump (BFP) is a critical component in thermal power plants. It supplies high-pressure water (feedwater) to the boiler, ensuring continuous steam generation.
⚙️ How a Boiler Feed Pump Works
Water Collection:
Feedwater is collected from the deaerator or feedwater tank.
Pressurization:
The pump increases water pressure using multiple impellers/stages in centrifugal types.
Discharge to Boiler:
Pressurized water is then supplied to the boiler drum or economizer section, depending on design.
🌀 Types of Boiler Feed Pumps
Centrifugal Pumps (most common):
Multistage for higher pressure.
Used in large thermal power stations.
Positive Displacement Pumps (less common):
For smaller or specific applications.
Precise flow control but less efficient for large volumes.
🛠️ Key Operations and Controls
Recirculation Line: Protects the pump from overheating at low flow.
Throttle Valve: Regulates flow based on boiler demand.
Control System: Often automated via DCS/PLC for variable load conditions.
Sealing & Cooling Systems: Prevent leakage and maintain pump health.
⚠️ Common BFP Issues
Cavitation due to low NPSH (Net Positive Suction Head).
Seal or bearing failure.
Overheating from improper flow or recirculation.
Process Parameter Optimization for Minimizing Springback in Cold Drawing Proc...
Process Parameter Optimization for Minimizing Springback in Cold Drawing Proc...Journal of Soft Computing in Civil Engineering
Development of MLR, ANN and ANFIS Models for Estimation of PCUs at Different ...
Development of MLR, ANN and ANFIS Models for Estimation of PCUs at Different ...Journal of Soft Computing in Civil Engineering
Computer memory
- 1. Memory 1.Rupol Ahmed-16103342 2. Md.Milon Sarker-161033 3.Shakil Ahmed-16103348 4. Saifullah Al Mamun-16103318 5.Abdullah Al Sabit-16103343 6.Joyanta Kumar Sarker-16103352
- 2. Did you know… Memory : Provides your working space ( e.g. the amount of RAM installed in the computer)
- 3. MEMORY HIERARCHY Magnetic tapes Magnetic disks I/O processor CPU Main memory Cache memory Auxiliary memory Register Cache Main Memory Magnetic Disk Magnetic Tape Memory Hierarchy is to obtain the highest possible access speed while minimizing the total cost of the memory system Memory Hierarchy LevelsofMemory 3
- 4. Memory Primary Memory Ram SRAM DRAM SDRAM RDRAM DDR DDR DDR2 DDR3 DDR4 Rom PROM EPROM EEPROM Secondary Memory Magnetic Magnetic Tape Magnetic Disk Optical CD DVD Blue-Ray
- 5. Primary MEMORY RAM and ROM Chips Typical RAM chip Typical ROM chip Chip select 1 Chip select 2 Read Write 7-bit address CS1 CS2 RD WR AD 7 128 x 8 RAM 8-bit data bus CS1 CS2 RD WR 0 0 x x 0 1 x x 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 x 1 1 x x Memory function Inhibit Inhibit Inhibit Write Read Inhibit State of data bus High-impedence High-impedence High-impedence Input data to RAM Output data from RAM High-impedence Chip select 1 Chip select 2 9-bit address CS1 CS2 AD 9 512 x 8 ROM 8-bit data bus Main Memory55
- 6. RandomAccess Memory (RAM) • Structure : A set of memory chips, each of them is an integrated circuit (IC) made of millions of transistors and capacitors • Volatile - their state is lost or reset when power is removed from the system. • Usage : Holds data/application programs from input devices or storages
- 7. Types of RAM Static Random Access Memory (SRAM) Dynamic Random Access Memory (DRAM) • • Semi conductor memory Use flip-flop to store each bit memory so does not need to periodically refreshed • Store each bit of memory in capacitor in an integrated circuit Real capacitors leak charge so capacitors need to be refreshed periodically Simple structure ( 1 transistor and 1 capacitor per bit) so it has very high density DRAM requires the supporting refresh circuitry. of be • • • Faster and consumes low power Expensive and have complex structure (6 transistors) so not use in high capacity applications •
- 9. Typical 16 Mb DRAM (4M x 4) 9
- 10. 10
- 12. Read only memory (ROM) • Has contents which are fixed when the chip is manufactured • Holds the bootstrap loader part of the operating system • Retains its data when the computer is switched off
- 13. Types of ROM Programmable ROM (PROM)- Empty of data when the chip is manufactured, can be programmed by the user. Once programmed the data cannot be erased. Erasable PROM (EPROM)- Like PROM only the chip can be removed from the computer and the program erased and another stored in its place using ultraviolet light. Electrically EPROM (EEPROM) - Like EPROM but electricity is used to erase and reprogram
- 14. Cache memory • • Faster and expensive than RAM It improves the computer’s performance Processor can use it to store frequently accessed data and program instructions It is two types : - L1 : primary cache (inside the processor) - L2 : secondary cache (in the motherboard or near the microprocessor) • •
- 15. Magnetic storage devices Hard disk drive (HDD) • First introduced in 1956 Became dominant in the 1960s Capacity keeps increasing Max. capacity: 4 TB (as of 2013) • Continuously improved. • Maintained an important position of modern servers and PCs.
- 18. 18 RAID 0
- 19. 19 RAID 1
- 20. 20 RAID 5
- 21. 21 RAID 10
- 22. You didn’t hear that? Thank you