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Computer programming all chapters

Ibrahim Elewah
Ibrahim Elewah

The document provides lecture notes on C programming from the Higher Technological Institute. It begins with an introduction to computer programs, programming languages, and the different types including machine language, assembly language, and high-level languages. It then discusses the C programming language and provides an example of a simple "Hello World" C program. The document outlines the course contents which will cover topics like program development, operators, input/output, decision-making, iteration, arrays, and functions in C.

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LOGO Higher Technological Institute 10th of Ramadan City 6th of October Branch Electrical and Computer Engineering Department Lecture Notes in Prepaid By: Eng. Ibrahim Elewah Main Reference HTI Student Book and “C For Dummies” by Dan Gookin 2nd Edition 1
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Course Contents 1 Introduction 2 Program Development 3 The Essential of C Programs 4 Manipulating Data with Operators 5 Reading from and Writing to Standard I/O 6 Decision 7 Iteration 8 Arrays 9 C Functions C Programming 2 Higher Technological Institute
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Course Contents Introduction 1  Computer Program  Programming Language  Machine Language  Assembly Language  High Level Language  The C Programming Language  Interpreter, Compiler and Assembler C Programming 3 Higher Technological Institute
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Computer Program A Computer Program is a sequence of instructions written to perform a specified task with a computer. The program has an executable form that the computer can use directly to execute the instructions. The Executable program in its human-readable form is called the source code. Computer source code is often written by computer programmers. It is written in a programming language. Source Code may be converted into an executable file ( an executable program or a binary) by a compiler and later executed by a central processing unit. Alternatively, computer programs may be executed with the aid of an interpreter, or may be embedded directly into hardware. C Programming 4 Higher Technological Institute
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Programming Language A Programming language is an artificial language designed to communicate instructions to a computer. Most programming language are purely textual; they use sequences of text including words, numbers and punctuation. The programming languages are divided into three groups: 1. Machine Language 2. Assembly Language 3. High Level Language C Programming 5 Higher Technological Institute
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Machine Language Essentially, computers really understand only one language, which consists of zeroes and ones, also known as machine language. But o Difficult and take a Long Time to Read and Write o Difficult to Detect and Correct the Errors o It is also called C Programming Binary Code
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Assembly Language o It uses some Mnemonic English codes instead of Binary Codes. o Assembly language programs are easier to Read and Write than machine language programs. o It Needs an Assembler to translate Mnemonic codes into Machine Language. Example ADD 5,9 SUB 7,3 C Programming 7 Higher Technological Institute
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Assembly Language o It uses some Mnemonic English codes instead of Binary Codes. o Assembly language programs are easier to Read and Write than machine language programs. o It Needs an Assembler to translate Mnemonic codes into Machine Language. Example ADD 5,9 SUB 7,3 C Programming But in Large Programs Writing a program in assembly language can prove extremely Time-consuming, and complicated. 8 Higher Technological Institute
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High Level Language Because writing machine- or assembly-language programs was so Difficult and Confusing, people developed additional languages that look more like human languages With names such as JAVA, BASIC, and C. o High Level Language needs Compiler or Interpreter. C Programming 9 Higher Technological Institute
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High Level Language Readability Programs are easy to Read Maintainability Programs are easy to Maintain Portability Programs are easy to port across Different computer Platforms Reusability Saving your programs into library and invoke them in next programs C Programming 10 Higher Technological Institute
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C Programming Language 1. High Level Language. 2. C allows you to get control of computer Hardware. 3. Many other high level language developed based on C. 4. The American National Standard Institute ANSI define the standard for the C programming language. 5. Your HTI Book focuses on the functions defined in ANSI See Page C Programming 11 3 Higher Technological Institute
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Interpreter, Compiler and Assembler Lower Level Language High Level Language Interpreter Assembly Language Binary Language High Level Language Compiler Computer Instruction Assembler Lower Level Language Binary 0’s and 1’s Read more Pages 3 and 4 C Programming 12 Higher Technological Institute
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Your First C Program /* This is my First C Program */ #include<stdio.h> int main () { printf(" Hello World! n ") ; return 0 ; } C Programming 13 Higher Technological Institute
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Comments /* This is my First C Program */ o The compiler ignore everything between two slashes and asterisks. o Just to help you document your program. o C compilers allows to write comments like /* This comment does not increase the size of the executable file (Binary Code), nor does it affect the performance speed */ C Programming 14 Higher Technological Institute
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Your First C Program /* This is my First C Program */ #include<stdio.h> int main () { printf(" Hello World! n ") ; return 0 ; } C Programming 15 Higher Technological Institute
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Header Files stdio.h Header File #include<stdio.h> o This Header Files required by include directive o Header Files extensions .h means header o The stdio.h header file numerous prototypes and macros to perform input or output I/O for C Program C Programming 16 Higher Technological Institute
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Your First C Program /* This is my First C Program */ #include<stdio.h> int main () { printf(" Hello World! n ") ; return 0 ; } C Programming 17 Higher Technological Institute
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Main Function o Very special function o Each C Program MUST have a main() function o The main() function syntax as follows int main () { return 0 ; } C Programming 18 Higher Technological Institute
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Your First C Program /* This is my First C Program */ #include<stdio.h> int main () { printf(" Hello World! n ") ; return 0 ; } C Programming 19 Higher Technological Institute
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Printing On Screen o To print a text or numbers printf is used. o Syntax printf(“ ”); o The new line character n o To print Hello World! write the following statement printf(" Hello World! n ") ; C Programming 20 Higher Technological Institute
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Your First C Program /* This is my First C Program */ #include<stdio.h> int main () { printf(" Hello World! n ") ; return 0 ; } C Programming 21 Higher Technological Institute
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References C Programming 22 Higher Technological Institute
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References Logic Design A 23 Higher Technological Institute
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Course Contents 1 Introduction 2 Program Development 3 The Essential of C Programs 4 Manipulating Data with Operators 5 Reading from and Writing to Standard I/O 6 Decision 7 Iteration 8 Arrays 9 C Functions C Programming 24 Higher Technological Institute
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Course Contents Program Development 2  Phases of Computer Program Development  Problem Definition and Analysis  Algorithms and Flowcharts  Program Coding  Program Execute and Testing  Exercise C Programming 25 Higher Technological Institute
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Problem Definition and Analysis o The problem which you write a program for should be completely understood by gathering information about it. o This information is the program input. o How information is processed to give the required output. oExample 𝟐 𝒂𝒙 + 𝒃𝒙 + 𝒄 = 𝟎 C Programming 26 Higher Technological Institute
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Problem Definition and Analysis o The General Quadratic Equation 𝟐 𝒂𝒙 + 𝒃𝒙 + 𝒄 = 𝟎 C Programming 27 Higher Technological Institute
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Problem Definition and Analysis o The General Quadratic Equation 𝒙= −𝒃 ± 𝒃 𝟐 − 𝟒𝒂𝒄 𝟐𝒂 𝟐 𝒂𝒙 + 𝒃𝒙 + 𝒄 = 𝟎 C Programming 28 Higher Technological Institute
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Problem Definition and Analysis o The General Quadratic Equation 𝒙= 𝒙𝟏 = −𝒃 + 𝒃 𝟐 − 𝟒𝒂𝒄 𝟐𝒂 −𝒃 ± 𝒃 𝟐 − 𝟒𝒂𝒄 𝟐𝒂 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒙𝟐 = −𝒃 − 𝒃 𝟐 − 𝟒𝒂𝒄 𝟐𝒂 𝟐 𝒂𝒙 + 𝒃𝒙 + 𝒄 = 𝟎 C Programming 29 Higher Technological Institute
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Problem Definition and Analysis o The General Quadratic Equation 𝒙= 𝒙𝟏 = −𝒃 + 𝒃 𝟐 − 𝟒𝒂𝒄 𝟐𝒂 −𝒃 ± 𝒃 𝟐 − 𝟒𝒂𝒄 𝟐𝒂 Discriminator 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒙𝟐 = −𝒃 − 𝒃 𝟐 − 𝟒𝒂𝒄 𝟐𝒂 𝟐 𝒂𝒙 + 𝒃𝒙 + 𝒄 = 𝟎 C Programming 30 Higher Technological Institute
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Problem Definition and Analysis o The General Quadratic Equation 𝒙= 𝒃 𝟐 − 𝟒𝒂𝒄 𝟐𝒂 −𝒃 ± 𝒃 𝟐 − 𝟒𝒂𝒄 𝒙𝟏 = 𝟐𝒂 𝑫 = 𝒃 𝟐 − 𝟒𝒂𝒄 𝒊𝒇 𝑫 < 𝟎 𝒙 𝟏 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒙 𝟐 𝒊𝒇 𝑫 > 𝟎 𝒙 𝟏 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒙 𝟐 −𝒃 + Discriminator 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒙𝟐 = −𝒃 − 𝒃 𝟐 − 𝟒𝒂𝒄 𝟐𝒂 𝒂𝒓𝒆 𝑰𝒎𝒂𝒈𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒓𝒚 𝒄𝒂𝒏 𝒃𝒆 𝑪𝒂𝒍𝒄𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒅 𝟐 𝒂𝒙 + 𝒃𝒙 + 𝒄 = 𝟎 C Programming 31 Higher Technological Institute
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Problem Definition and Analysis o How information is processed to give the required output ? 𝒂 , 𝒃 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒄 𝒂𝒓𝒆 𝑮𝒊𝒗𝒆𝒏 = 𝑰𝒏𝒑𝒖𝒕𝒔 𝟐 𝑫 = 𝒃 − 𝟒𝒂𝒄 Question D >0 ? YES 𝒙 𝟏 = NO −𝒃+ 𝒙 𝟏 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒃 𝟐 −𝟒𝒂𝒄 𝟐𝒂 𝒙𝟐 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒂𝒓𝒆 𝒙𝟐 = −𝒃− 𝒃 𝟐 −𝟒𝒂𝒄 𝟐𝒂 𝑰𝒎𝒂𝒈𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒓𝒚 𝟐 𝒂𝒙 + 𝒃𝒙 + 𝒄 = 𝟎 C Programming 32 Higher Technological Institute
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Algorithms and Flowcharts C Programming 33 Higher Technological Institute
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Flowchart Start, Stop ( Begin , End) Input , Output Processing Program Instruction Decision Connector Comment Preparation C Programming 34 ( Instruction that change the program) Higher Technological Institute
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Flowcharts 𝑫 = 𝒃 𝟐 − 𝟒𝒂𝒄 𝒙 𝟏,𝟐 = C Programming −𝒃 ± 𝒃 𝟐 − 𝟒𝒂𝒄 𝟐𝒂 35 Higher Technological Institute
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Flowcharts 𝑫 = 𝒃 𝟐 − 𝟒𝒂𝒄 𝒙 𝟏,𝟐 = C Programming −𝒃 ± 𝒃 𝟐 − 𝟒𝒂𝒄 𝟐𝒂 36 Higher Technological Institute
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Flowcharts 𝑫 = 𝒃 𝟐 − 𝟒𝒂𝒄 𝒙 𝟏,𝟐 = C Programming −𝒃 ± 𝒃 𝟐 − 𝟒𝒂𝒄 𝟐𝒂 37 Higher Technological Institute
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Flowcharts 𝑫 = 𝒃 𝟐 − 𝟒𝒂𝒄 YES 𝒙 𝟏,𝟐 = C Programming −𝒃 ± NO 𝒃 𝟐 − 𝟒𝒂𝒄 𝟐𝒂 38 Higher Technological Institute
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Flowcharts 𝑫 = 𝒃 𝟐 − 𝟒𝒂𝒄 YES 𝒙 𝟏,𝟐 = C Programming −𝒃 ± NO 𝒃 𝟐 − 𝟒𝒂𝒄 𝟐𝒂 39 Higher Technological Institute
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Flowcharts 𝑫 = 𝒃 𝟐 − 𝟒𝒂𝒄 YES 𝒙 𝟏,𝟐 = C Programming −𝒃 ± NO 𝒃 𝟐 − 𝟒𝒂𝒄 𝟐𝒂 40 Higher Technological Institute
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Flowcharts Examples Example 1 Draw a flow chart to read two numbers and compare between both if they are equal or not. C Programming 41 Higher Technological Institute
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Flowcharts Examples Example 1 Draw a flow chart to read two numbers and compare between both if they are equal or not. C Programming 42 Higher Technological Institute
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Flowcharts Examples Example 2 Draw a flow chart to generate a table of squares and cubes of integers from 1 to 9. C Programming 43 Higher Technological Institute
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Flowcharts Examples Example 2 Draw a flow chart to generate a table of squares and cubes of integers from 1 to 9. C Programming 44 Higher Technological Institute
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Flowcharts Examples Example 3 Draw a flow chart to determine the minimum value of three input numbers. C Programming 45 Higher Technological Institute
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Flowcharts Examples Example 3 Draw a flow chart to determine the minimum value of three input numbers. C Programming 46 Higher Technological Institute
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Flowcharts Examples Example 4 Draw a flow chart to generates the famous sequence of numbers called the Fibonacci series. Here are the first few terms of the series: 0 1 1 2 3 5 8 13 21 34 55 C Programming 47 Higher Technological Institute
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Flowcharts Examples Example 4 Draw a flow chart to generates the famous sequence of numbers called the Fibonacci series. Here are the first few terms of the series: 0 1 1 2 3 5 8 13 21 34 55 Each term is found by adding the two previous ones: 1+1 is 2, 1+2 is 3, 2+3 is 5, 3+5 is 8, and so on. C Programming 48 Higher Technological Institute
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Flowcharts Examples Example 4 Draw a flow chart to generates the famous sequence of numbers called the Fibonacci series. Here are the first few terms of the series: 0 1 1 2 3 5 8 13 21 34 55 Each term is found by adding the two previous ones: 1+1 is 2, 1+2 is 3, 2+3 is 5, 3+5 is 8, and so on. 𝒇𝟎 = 𝟎 , 𝒇𝟏 = 𝟏 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒇 𝒏 = 𝒇 𝒏−𝟏 + 𝒇 𝒏−𝟐 Terminate the program after calculation the first 10 numbers of the Fibonacci series and print them. C Programming 49 Higher Technological Institute
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Flowcharts Examples Example 4 0 1 𝒇𝟎 = 𝟎 1 𝒇𝟏 = 𝟏 2 𝒇 𝒏 = 𝒇 𝒏−𝟏 + 𝒇 𝒏−𝟐 3 5 8 13 21 34 55 C Programming 50 Higher Technological Institute
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Flowcharts Examples Example 5 It is desired to compute income Tax for a given income as per the following table: Income Amount of tax Up to Rs 35000 Nil From Rs 35001 To Rs 60000 20% of income in Excess of Rs 35000 From Rs 60001 To Rs 120000 Rs 5000 + 30% of income in Excess of Rs 60000 More than Rs 120000 Rs 23000+ 40% of income in Excess of Rs 120000 C Programming 51 Higher Technological Institute
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Flowcharts Examples C Programming 52 Higher Technological Institute
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Flowcharts Examples Example 6 It is desired to sum 20 values read from a data statement. This can be done by means of a loop. It uses the following algorithm for summation. Sj+1 = Sj + A Where: j = 1,2,3,..20 Sj+1 : The new sum Sj : The old sum A : The variable whose values are to be added C Programming 53 Higher Technological Institute
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Flowcharts Examples C Programming 54 Higher Technological Institute
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Flowcharts Examples Example 7 Draw a flowchart of Program that Calculate and Display The Factorial of C Programming n 55 Higher Technological Institute
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Flowcharts Examples Example 7 Draw a flowchart of Program that Calculate and Display The Factorial of n 𝒏! = 𝒏 × 𝒏 − 𝟏 × 𝒏 − 𝟐 … × 𝟑 × 𝟐 × 𝟏 C Programming 56 Higher Technological Institute
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Flowcharts Examples Example 7 Draw a flowchart of Program that Calculate and Display The Factorial of n 𝒏! = 𝒏 × 𝒏 − 𝟏 × 𝒏 − 𝟐 … × 𝟑 × 𝟐 × 𝟏 C Programming 57 Higher Technological Institute
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Flowcharts Examples Example 8 Draw a flowchart to compute all possible products of X and Y X and Y varying from 0 through 9 (100 products) 0x0=0 0x1=0 0x2=0 0x3=0 . . 0x9=0 C Programming 1x0=0 … 1x1=1 … 1x2=2 … 1x3=3 … . . 1x9=9 … 9x0=0 9x1=9 9x2=18 9x3=27 Home Work ..! 9x9=81 58 Higher Technological Institute
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Flowcharts Examples Example 8 0x0=0 0x1=0 0x2=0 0x3=0 . . 0x9=0 C Programming 1x0=0 … 1x1=1 … 1x2=2 … 1x3=3 … . . 1x9=9 … 9x0=0 9x1=9 9x2=18 9x3=27 9x9=81 59 Higher Technological Institute
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Algorithms C Programming 60 Higher Technological Institute
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Program Coding o In this phase, the algorithm ( or Flowchart ) is transferred into program using codes of one of programming language. o Machine Language ( Binary Code ). o Assembly Language. o High Level Language. C Programming 61 Higher Technological Institute
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Program Executing and Testing Editing Compiling Linking Executing C Programming 62 Higher Technological Institute
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Program Executing and Testing Editing C Programming Means to use any editing program to convert the program into electronic form and save it with a suitable and valid name with the extension (.c) The program becomes an electronic source code 63 Higher Technological Institute
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Program Executing and Testing Compiling C Programming Means to use a compiler program matches with the programming language the source program written with, to detect the linguistic errors and convert the source code program into a binary codes. The program becomes an object program, saved with the source code name but with the extension (.0). 64 Higher Technological Institute
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Program Executing and Testing Linking C Programming The program when it is written contains some functions, as printf( ) function which is saved in the library of the compiler and may be some external functions written to do certain jobs by the program after linking with libraries functions is converted to an executable program, with the same name entered by the user but with the extension .exe (dot exe). 65 Higher Technological Institute
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Program Executing and Testing The program in this step i.e., after linking is ready to be run or debugged on the computer. Executing C Programming 66 Higher Technological Institute
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Program Executing and Testing Editing Compiling Linking Executing C Programming 67 Higher Technological Institute
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Steps of Obtaining an Executable Program C Programming 68 Higher Technological Institute
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Course Contents 1 Introduction 2 Program Development 3 The Essential of C Programs 4 Manipulating Data with Operators 5 Reading from and Writing to Standard I/O 6 Decision 7 Iteration 8 Arrays 9 C Functions C Programming 69 Higher Technological Institute
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Course Contents 3 The Essential of C Programs  Constants and variables  Expressions  Arithmetic operators  Statements  Statement blocks  Data Types and Names in C  Naming a Variable C Programming 70 Higher Technological Institute
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Expressions o An expression is a combination of constants, variables, and operators that are used to denote computations 𝑨= 𝟐∗ 𝑨 − 𝟏 1. Taking the value contained in the drawer (variable) A 2. Multiply this value by 2 3. Subtract 1 from result obtained from 2 4. The value contained in drawer A is omitted, then putting the result obtained from 3 into drawer A. C Programming 71 Higher Technological Institute
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Arithmetic Operations Addition Subtraction Multiplication Division Reminder The Reminder operator % is used to obtain the reminder of the first operand divided by the second operand C Programming 72 Higher Technological Institute
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Arithmetic Operations Addition Subtraction Multiplication Division Reminder Example 𝟔% 𝟒= 𝟐 C Programming 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟏%𝟐 = 𝟏 73 𝟒𝟖%𝟓 = Higher Technological Institute
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Arithmetic Operations Addition Subtraction Multiplication Division Reminder Example 𝟔% 𝟒= 𝟐 C Programming 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟏%𝟐 = 𝟏 74 𝟒𝟖%𝟓 = 𝟑 Higher Technological Institute
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Constants and Variables o As its name implies, a constant is a value that never changes. o A variable, on the other hand, can be used to present different values. o For instance, consider the following: 𝒊 = 𝟏 ; o Where the symbol i is a constant because it always has the same value (1) and the symbol i is assigned the constant 1. o In other words, i contains the value of 1 after the statement is executed. C Programming 75 Higher Technological Institute
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Data Types and Names o The C language reserves some keywords words that have special meanings to the language. o Those reserved words should not be used as variables, constants, or function names in your program. o All C keywords must be written in lowercase letters, for instance INT will not be treated as a keyword, it must be written as int. C Programming 76 Higher Technological Institute
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The computer list of C keywords auto const double float int short struct unsigned C Programming break continue else for long signed switch void case default enum goto register sizeof typedef volatile 77 char do extern if return static union while Higher Technological Institute
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Naming a Variable Valid Variable Name Can Use o Characters A through Z and a through z o Digit characters 0 through 9, which can be used in any position except the first of a variable name. o The underscore character _ Examples stop_sign C Programming loop3 78 and_pause Higher Technological Institute
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Naming a Variable Invalid Variable Name Can NOT be Used o o o o A variable name can’t contain any C arithmetic signs. A variable name can’t contain any dots. A variable name can’t contain any apostrophes. A variable name can’t contain any other special symbols such as *, @, #, and so on. Examples 4flags return C Programming sum-result what_size? 79 method*4 ahmed.ali Higher Technological Institute
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Data Types C Data Type char int float double a, B, $, # 5, 17, 128 2.5 , 0.3 23433.3455 C Programming 80 Higher Technological Institute
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Declaration Statement Type Name Value char int float double c1 N1 F1 d1 char c1 = ‘&’ ; int ‘&’ 100 32/10 5e3 = 100 ; n1 C Programming 81 Higher Technological Institute
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Declaration Statement Type char int float double Name Value ‘&’ 100 32/10 5e3 c1 N1 F1 d1 char c1 ; c1 = ‘&’ ; int ; n1 = 100 ; n1 C Programming 82 Higher Technological Institute
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Declaration Statement Type Name Value char int float double float c1 n1 f1 d1 ‘&’ 100 32/10 5e3 f1= 32/100 ; double C Programming d1=5e3 ; 83 Higher Technological Institute
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Declaration Statement Type Name Value char int float double ‘&’ 100 32/10 5e3 c1 n1 f1 d1 float f1 ; f1 = 32/100 ; double d1 ; d1 = 5e3 C Programming 84 ; Higher Technological Institute
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Some special characters in C b Backspace f Form feed n New line r Return t Tab C Programming Moves the cursor to the left one character Goes to the top of a new page Carriage return and line feeds Returns to the beginning of the current line Advances to the next tab stop 85 Higher Technological Institute
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Examples /* Example1 : Printing out characters */ # include <stdio.h> /* the header file for the printf () function */ main ( ) { /* the main function body till line 13 */ char c1; /* declaration of the character variable c1 */ char c2; /* declaration of the character variable c2 */ c1 = ‘A’; /* assigning c1 with the character constant A */ c2 = ‘a’; /* assigning c2 with the character constant a */ return 0; } C Programming 86 Higher Technological Institute
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Examples /* Example1 : Printing out characters */ # include <stdio.h> /* the header file for the printf () function */ main ( ) { /* the main function body till line 13 */ char c1; /* declaration of the character variable c1 */ char c2; /* declaration of the character variable c2 */ c1 = ‘A’; /* assigning c1 with the character constant A */ c2 = ‘a’; /* assigning c2 with the character constant a */ printf ( “ The character c1 is : %c n ”, c1); printf ( “ The character c1 is : %c ” , c1); printf ( “ while the character c2 is : %c n”, c2); return 0; } C Programming 87 Higher Technological Institute
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Examples /* Example1 : Printing out characters */ # include <stdio.h> /* the header file for the printf () function */ main ( ) { /* the main function body till line 13 */ char c1; /* declaration of the character variable c1 */ printf ( “ The character c1 is : variablen */”, c1); %c c2 char c2; /* declaration of the character c1 = ‘A’; /* assigning c1 with the character constant A */ c2 = ‘a’; /* assigning c2 with the character constant a */ printf ( “ The character c1 is : %c n ”, c1); printf ( “ The character c1 is : %c ” , c1); printf ( “ while the character c2 is : %c n”, c2); return 0; } C Programming 88 Higher Technological Institute
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Examples /* Example1 : Printing out characters */ # include <stdio.h> /* the header file for the printf () function */ main ( ) { /* the main function body till line 13 */ char c1; /* declaration of the character variable c1 */ printf ( “ The character c1 is : variablen */”, c1); %c c2 char c2; /* declaration of the character c1 = ‘A’; /* assigning c1 with the character constant A */ c2 = ‘a’; /* assigning c2 with the character constant a */ printf ( “ The character c1 is : %c n ”, c1); printf ( “ The character c1 is : %c ” , c1); printf ( “ while the character c2 is : %c n”, c2); return 0; } C Programming 89 Higher Technological Institute
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Examples /* Example1 : Printing out characters */ # include <stdio.h> /* the header file for the printf () function */ main ( ) { /* the main function body till line 13 */ char c1; /* declaration of the character variable c1 */ printf ( “ The character c1 is : variablen */”, c1); %c c2 char c2; /* declaration of the character c1 = ‘A’; /* assigning c1 with the character constant A */ c2 = ‘a’; /* assigning c2 with the character constant a */ printf ( “ The character c1 is : %c n ”, c1); printf ( “ The character c1 is : %c ” , c1); printf ( “ while the character c2 is : %c n”, c2); return 0; } C Programming 90 Higher Technological Institute
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Examples /* Example1 : Printing out characters */ # include <stdio.h> /* the header file for the printf () function */ main ( ) { /* the main function body till line 13 */ char c1; /* declaration of the character variable c1 */ printf ( “ The character c1 is : variablen */”, c1); %c c2 char c2; /* declaration of the character c1 = ‘A’; /* assigning c1 with the character constant A */ c2 = ‘a’; /* assigning c2 with the character constant a */ printf ( “ The character c1 is : %c n ”, c1); printf ( “ The character c1 is : %c ” , c1); printf ( “ while the character c2 is : %c n”, c2); return 0; } New Line Specifier for Character Data Type C Programming 91 Higher Technological Institute
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Examples /* Example1 : Printing out characters */ # include <stdio.h> /* the header file for the printf () function */ main ( ) { /* the main function body till line 13 */ char c1; /* declaration of the character variable c1 */ char c2; /* declaration of the character variable c2 */ c1 = ‘A’; /* assigning c1 with the character constant A */ c2 = ‘a’; /* assigning c2 with the character constant a */ printf ( “ The character c1 is : %c n ”, c1); printf ( “ The character c1 is : %c ” , c1); printf ( “ while the character c2 is : %c n”, c2); return 0; } C Programming 92 Higher Technological Institute
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You Have To Know about Data Types Type Name Value Specifier char c1 ‘&’ %c int n1 100 %d float f1 32/10 %f double d1 5e3 %e,%E C Programming 93 Higher Technological Institute
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Examples /* The arithmetic operations on integers */ # include<stdio.h> /* the header file for the printf () function */ main ( ) { /* the main function body till line 15 */ int m = 3; int n=2; printf ( "The summation of %d and %d is : %d.n", m, n, m+n); printf ( "The difference between %d and %d is : %d.n", m, n, m-n); printf ( "The multiplication of %d by %d is : %d.n", m, n, m*n); printf ( "The division of %d by %d is : %d.n", m, n, m/n); printf ( "The remainder of division of %d by %d is : %d.n", m, n, m%n); return 0 ; } C Programming 94 Higher Technological Institute
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Operators Precedence Operator Sign ( ) / * + - C Programming Name Brackets Division Multiplication Addition Subtraction 95 Higher Technological Institute
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Logic Operators Operator Sign || && != C Programming Name OR AND NOT 96 Higher Technological Institute
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Examples /* Example3 : Integer vs. floating point divisions */ # include <stdio.h> /* the header file for the printf () function */ main ( ) { int n1,n2,n3; float m1,m2,m3; n1 = 32/10; m1= 32/10; n2 = 32.0/10; m2= 32.0/10; n3 = 32/10.0; m3 = 32/10.0; return 0; } C Programming 97 Higher Technological Institute
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Examples /* Example3 : Integer vs. floating point divisions */ # include <stdio.h> /* the header file for the printf () function */ main ( ) { int n1,n2,n3; float m1,m2,m3; n1 = 32/10; m1= 32/10; n2 = 32.0/10; m2= 32.0/10; n3 = 32/10.0; m3 = 32/10.0; printf ( “ The integer division of 32/10 is : %d n”, n1); printf ( “The floating point division of 32/10 is : %f n”, m1); printf ( “The integer division of 32.0/10 is : %d n”, n2); printf ( “The floating point division of 32.0/10 is : %f n”, m2); printf ( “The integer division of 32/10.0 is : %d n”, n3); printf ( “The floating point division of 32/10.0 is : %f n”, m3); return 0; } C Programming 98 Higher Technological Institute
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Double Data Type o Here are two examples: [mantissa] e [exponent] [mantissa] E [exponent] Example 5000 -300 0.0025 5e3. -3e2 2.5e-3. Specifier %e or %E With printf ( ) C Programming 99 Higher Technological Institute
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Precedence Example # include<stdio.h> main ( ) { int A,B,C,D,E, X, Y, Z; A = 20 ; B = 6 ; C = 3 ; D = 10 ; E = 2 ; X= E*D – B/C + A ; Y=(E*D)–(B/C)+ A ; Z= A*(D–B)/(C+ E); printf ( “ X= %d n Y= %d n Z=%d n”, X,Y,Z); return 0 ; } C Programming 100 Higher Technological Institute
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Precedence Example # include<stdio.h> main ( ) { int A,B,C,D,E, X, Y, Z; A = 20 ; B = 6 ; C = 3 ; D = 10 ; E = 2 ; X= E*D – B/C + A ; Y=(E*D)–(B/C)+ A ; Z= A*(D–B)/(C+ E); printf ( “ X= %d n Y= %d n Z=%d n”, X,Y,Z); return 0 ; } C Programming 101 Higher Technological Institute
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Precedence Example # include<stdio.h> X( B/C + A ; main = ) E * D – { int A,B,C,D,E, X, Y, Z; A = 20 ; B = 6 ; C = 3 ; D = 10 ; E = 2 ; X= E*D – B/C + A ; Y=(E*D)–(B/C)+ A ; Z= A*(D–B)/(C+ E); printf ( “ X= %d n Y= %d n Z=%d n”, X,Y,Z); return 0 ; } C Programming 102 Higher Technological Institute
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Precedence Example X= E*D – X= E*D – C Programming B/C B/C + A ; + A ; 103 Higher Technological Institute
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Precedence Example X= E*D – C Programming B/C + A ; 104 Higher Technological Institute
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Precedence Example X= E*D – B/C + A ; A = 20 B=6 C=3 D = 10 E=2 C Programming ( ) * / +- 105 Higher Technological Institute
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Precedence Example X= E*D – 2 * 10 – A = 20 B/C + A ; 6 / 3 + 20 B=6 C=3 D = 10 E=2 C Programming 106 ( ) * / +- Higher Technological Institute
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Precedence Example X= E*D – 2 * 10 – A = 20 B=6 C=3 D = 10 E=2 C Programming 20 B/C + A ; 6 / 3 + 20 – 2 107 + 20 ( ) * / +- Higher Technological Institute
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Precedence Example X= E*D – 2 * 10 – A = 20 B=6 C=3 D = 10 E=2 C Programming 20 B/C + A ; 6 / 3 + 20 – 2 38 108 + 20 ( ) * / +- Higher Technological Institute
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Precedence Example # include<stdio.h> main ( ) { int A,B,C,D,E, X, Y, Z; A = 20 ; B = 6 ; C = 3 ; D = 10 ; E = 2 ; X= E*D – B/C + A ; Y=(E*D)–(B/C)+ A ; Z= A*(D–B)/(C+ E); printf ( “ X= %d n Y= %d n Z=%d n”, X,Y,Z); return 0 ; } C Programming 109 Higher Technological Institute
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Precedence Example # include<stdio.h> main ( ) { int A,B,C,D,E, X, Y, Z; A = 20 ; B = 6 ; C = 3 ; D = 10 ; E = 2 ; X= E*D – B/C + A ; Y=(E*D)–(B/C)+ A ; Z= A*(D–B)/(C+ E); printf ( “ X= %d n Y= %d n Z=%d n”, X,Y,Z); return 0 ; } C Programming 110 Higher Technological Institute
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Precedence Example # include<stdio.h> main = )( E * D ) – ( B / C ) + A ; Y ( { int A,B,C,D,E, X, Y, Z; A = 20 ; B = 6 ; C = 3 ; D = 10 ; E = 2 ; X= E*D – B/C + A ; Y=(E*D)–(B/C)+ A ; Z= A*(D–B)/(C+ E); printf ( “ X= %d n Y= %d n Z=%d n”, X,Y,Z); return 0 ; } C Programming 111 Higher Technological Institute
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Precedence Example Y=(E*D)–(B/C)+ A ; . . . C Programming 112 Higher Technological Institute
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Precedence Example Y=(E*D)–(B/C)+ A ; . . . 38 C Programming 113 Higher Technological Institute
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Precedence Example # include<stdio.h> main ( ) { int A,B,C,D,E, X, Y, Z; A = 20 ; B = 6 ; C = 3 ; D = 10 ; E = 2 ; X= E*D – B/C + A ; Y=(E*D)–(B/C)+ A ; Z= A*(D–B)/(C+ E); printf ( “ X= %d n Y= %d n Z=%d n”, X,Y,Z); return 0 ; } C Programming 114 Higher Technological Institute
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Precedence Example # include<stdio.h> Z( = A * ( D – B ) / ( C + E ) ; main ) { int A,B,C,D,E, X, Y, Z; A = 20 ; B = 6 ; C = 3 ; D = 10 ; E = 2 ; X= E*D – B/C + A ; Y=(E*D)–(B/C)+ A ; Z= A*(D–B)/(C+ E); printf ( “ X= %d n Y= %d n Z=%d n”, X,Y,Z); return 0 ; } C Programming 115 Higher Technological Institute
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Precedence Example Z= A*(D–B)/(C+ E); A = 20 B=6 C=3 D = 10 E=2 C Programming ( ) * / +- 116 Higher Technological Institute
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Precedence Example Z= A*(D–B)/(C+ E); A = 20 B=6 C=3 D = 10 E=2 C Programming ( ) * / +- 117 Higher Technological Institute
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Precedence Example Z= A*(D–B)/(C+ E); A = 20 B=6 C=3 D = 10 E=2 C Programming 20 * 4 / 118 5 ( ) * / +- Higher Technological Institute
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Precedence Example Z= A*(D–B)/(C+ E); A = 20 B=6 C=3 D = 10 E=2 C Programming 20 * 4 / 16 119 5 ( ) * / +- Higher Technological Institute
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Precedence Example # include<stdio.h> main ( ) { int A,B,C,D,E, X, Y, Z; A = 20 ; B = 6 ; C = 3 ; D = 10 ; E = 2 ; X= E*D – B/C + A ; Y=(E*D)–(B/C)+ A ; Z= A*(D–B)/(C+ E); printf ( “ X= %d n Y= %d n Z=%d n”, X,Y,Z); return 0 ; } C Programming 120 Higher Technological Institute
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Precedence Example # include<stdio.h> main ( ) { int A,B,C,D,E, X, Y, Z; A = 20 ; B = 6 ; C = 3 ; D = 10 ; E = 2 ; X= E*D – B/C + A ; Y=(E*D)–(B/C)+ A ; Z= A*(D–B)/(C+ E); printf ( “ X= %d n Y= %d n Z=%d n”, X,Y,Z); return 0 ; } C Programming 121 Higher Technological Institute
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Home Work ..!! Exercises 3 Page 44 C Programming 122 Higher Technological Institute
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Course Contents 1 Introduction 2 Program Development 3 The Essential of C Programs 4 Manipulating Data with Operators 5 Reading from and Writing to Standard I/O 6 Decision 7 Iteration 8 Arrays 9 C Functions C Programming 123 Higher Technological Institute
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Course Contents 4 Manipulating Data with Operators C Programming 124 Higher Technological Institute
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Course Contents 4 Manipulating Data with Operators  Errors Types  Arithmetic Assignment Operators  Unary Minus Operator  The Cast Operator C Programming 125 Higher Technological Institute
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Error Types Syntax Execution Logic C Programming 126 Higher Technological Institute
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Error Types Syntax Example C Programming They are errors that you have made in the form Or syntax of the language o Spelling a keyword incorrectly o Errors that are detected during running of a program are shown in a dialog box that appears and the error is highlighted in the program. 127 Higher Technological Institute
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Error Types Execution Example C Programming If the program has no syntax errors. The computer can execute it. During execution, execution errors may be detected. o If a number is divided by zero causes an execution error. Whenever an execution error is detected, the computer displays a dialog box with an error message and stops executing the program. 128 Higher Technological Institute
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Error Types Logic C Programming If the output of the program does not agree with what is expected, this is logic error. The computer cannot detect such an error because it does not know the logic of the program should be. So, it is your responsibility to detect logic errors in the program. 129 Higher Technological Institute
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Error Types Syntax Execution Logic C Programming 130 Higher Technological Institute
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Arithmetic Assignment Operators o Here the statement causes the value of the right-handoperand to be assigned to the memory location of the left-hand-operand. left-hand-operand = right-hand-operand a=5 ; o Statement writes the value of the right-hand-operand (5) into the memory location of the integer variable a (which is the left-hand-operand in this case). b=a=5 ; C Programming 131 Higher Technological Institute
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Assignment and Arithmetic Operators Operator += -= *= /= %= C Programming Description Addition Assignment Operator Subtraction Assignment Operator Multiplication Assignment Operator Division Assignment Operator Remainder Assignment Operator 132 Higher Technological Institute
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Equivalence of Statements Statement x+ = y; x- = y; x* = y; x/ = y; x% = y; z=z*x+y; C Programming Equivalence x = x + y; x = x - y; x = x * y; x = x / y; x = x % y; ? 133 z *= x + y ; Higher Technological Institute
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Equivalence of Statements Statement x+ = y; x- = y; x* = y; x/ = y; x% = y; z=z*x+y; C Programming Equivalence x = x + y; x = x - y; x = x * y; x = x / y; x = x % y; ≠ 134 z *= x + y ; Higher Technological Institute
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Example # include <stdio.h> main ( ) { int x, y, z; x =1; y =3; printf (“Given x = %d, y = %d, and z = %d,n”, x, y, z); x= x + y; printf ( “ x= x +y assigns %d to x;n”, x); x = 1; x+= y ; printf ( “ x+= y assigns %d to x;n”, x); x = 1; z = z* x + y; printf ( “z = z*x+y assigns %d to z;n”, z); z = 10; z = z* (x + y); printf ( “z = z*( x+ y) assigns %d to z;n”, z); z = 10; z *= x + y; printf ( “z *= x+ y assigns %d to z;n”, z); return 0; } C Programming 135 z= 10; Higher Technological Institute
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Unary Minus Operator o Given an integer, you can get its negation by changing the sign of the integer by using, -, the minus operator, which is called the unary minus operator. x = 1.234 ; -x equals -1.234 o Differ between the unary minus operator and the subtraction operator. z = x- -y; OR z = x- (-y); o The first – symbol is used as the subtraction operator while the second –symbol is the unary minus operator. C Programming 136 Higher Technological Institute
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X++ ++X Increment X-- --X Decrement Post- Pre- Incrementing or Decrementing by ONE C Programming 137 Higher Technological Institute
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Example # include <stdio.h> main ( ) { int x=5; printf (“ X++ %d ,n”, x++); printf (“++X %d ,n”, ++x); printf (“ X-- %d ,n”, x--); printf (“ --X %d ,n”, --x); return 0; } C Programming 138 Higher Technological Institute
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Relational Operators Operator Description == != > < >= <= Equal to Not equal to Greater than Less than Greater than or equal to Less than or equal to C Programming 139 Higher Technological Institute
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Relational Operators x*y < z+3 (x * y) < ( z + 3 ) oAll relational expressions produce a result of either 0 or 1. oGiven x = 3 and y = 5, for instance, the relational expression x < y gives a result of 1 C Programming 140 Higher Technological Institute
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Example # include <stdio.h> main ( ) { int x, y; double z; x = 7; y = 25; z = 24.46; printf (“ Given x = %d, y = %d and z = %2f, n”, x, y, z); printf ( “ x > = y produces: %d n”, x > =y); printf ( “x = = y produces: %d n”, x = =y); printf ( “x < y produces: %d n”, x < y); printf ( “x > y produces: %d n”, x > y); printf ( “x != y - 18 produces: %d n”, x ! =y -18); printf ( “x + y ! = z produces: %d n”, x +y ! = z); return 0; } C Programming 141 Higher Technological Institute
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Relational Operators 1/2+1/2==1 1 Or 0 This is algebraically True and is supposed to return 1. o However, the expression returns 0 which means that the equal to relationship does not hold. o This is because the truncation of the integer division – that is , 1 /2 – produces 0 not 0.5. C Programming 142 Higher Technological Institute
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The Cast Operator o You can convert one data type to a different one by prefixing and cast operator to the operand. o The general form of the cast operator is (data-type) x o Here data-type specifies the data type you want to convert to x is a variable ( or, expression) that contains the value of the current data type. o You have to include the parentheses (and) to make up a cast operator. C Programming 143 Higher Technological Institute
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Example # include <stdio.h> main ( ) { int x, y; x = 7; y = 5; printf ( “ Given x = %d, y = %d, n”, x, y); printf ( “ x / y produces: %d n”, x /y); printf ( “(float) x / y produces: %f n”, (float) x / y); return 0 ; } C Programming 144 Higher Technological Institute
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Course Contents 1 Introduction 2 Program Development 3 The Essential of C Programs 4 Manipulating Data with Operators 5 Reading from and Writing to Standard I/O 6 Decision 7 Iteration 8 Arrays 9 C Functions C Programming 145 Higher Technological Institute
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Course Contents 5 Reading from and Writing to Standard I/O C Programming 146 Higher Technological Institute
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scanf ( ) function o The scanf ( ) function is a very important function in C. o It is used to read data from the standard input device; the keyboard. o The syntax for the scanf ( ) function is : scanf(“ % % ”, & & ); o Example : to input two variables integer x and float y scanf(“ C Programming %d %f ”, 147 &x &y ); Higher Technological Institute
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scanf ( ) function o The scanf ( ) function is a very important function in C. o It is used to read data from the standard input device; the keyboard. o One thing you need to be aware of; is that the scanf ( ) function doesn’t actually start reading the input until the Enter key is pressed. o Data entered from the keyboard is placed in an input buffer. o When the Enter key is pressed, the scanf () function looks for its input in the buffer. C Programming 148 Higher Technological Institute
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printf( ) function o The printf ( ) function is a very important function in C. o It is used to print out messages on the screen. o The syntax for the printf ( ) function is printf(“ % % ”, ); o Example : to print two variables integer x and float y printf(“ %d C Programming %f ”, 149 x y ); Higher Technological Institute
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printf( ) function o The printf ( ) function is a very important function in C. o It is used to print out messages on the screen. o The number of expressions is determined by the number of the format specifiers inside the first argument. o The format specifiers and the expressions are matched in order from left to right, and you should use exactly the same number of expressions as the number of format specifiers within the format string. C Programming 150 Higher Technological Institute
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Adding the Minimum Field Width o A integer is added between the percent sign (%) and the letter in a format specifier to specify the minimum field width and ensures that the output reaches the minimum width. o For example in %10f printf(“ %10f ”, x ); 10 is a minimum field width specifier that ensures that the output is at least 10 character spacers wide. C Programming 151 Higher Technological Institute
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Example # include <stdio.h> main ( ) { int x=12; int y=12345; printf (“%d n”, x); printf (“%d n”, y); printf (“%5d n”, x); printf (“%05d n”, x); printf (“%2d n”, y); return 0; } C Programming 152 Higher Technological Institute
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Example # include <stdio.h> main ( ) { int x=12; int y=12345; printf (“%d n”, x); printf (“%d n”, y); printf (“%5d n”, x); printf (“%05d n”, x); printf (“%2d n”, y); return 0; } C Programming 153 12 12345 12 00012 12345 Higher Technological Institute
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Aligning Output o By default, all output is placed on the Right edge of the field, as long as the field width is longer than the width of the output. o You can change this and force output to be leftjustified. o To do so, you need to prefix the minimum field specifier with the minus sign (-). %-12d o Specifies the minimum field width as 12, and justifies the output from the left edge of the field. C Programming 154 Higher Technological Institute
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Example # include <stdio.h> main ( ) { int x,y,z,m,n; m=1234; printf (“%8d %-8d printf (“%8d %-8d printf (“%8d %-8d printf (“%8d %-8d printf (“%8d %-8d return 0; } C Programming x=1; y=12; z=123; n=12345; n”, x, x ); n”, y, y ); n”, z, z ); n”, m, m ); n”, n, n ); 155 Higher Technological Institute
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Example # include <stdio.h> main ( ) { int x,y,z,m,n; m=1234; printf (“%8d %-8d printf (“%8d %-8d printf (“%8d %-8d printf (“%8d %-8d printf (“%8d %-8d return 0; } C Programming x=1; y=12; z=123; n=12345; n”, x, x ); n”, y, y ); n”, z, z ); n”, m, m ); n”, n, n ); 1 12 123 1234 12345 156 1 12 123 1234 12345 Higher Technological Institute
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The Precision Specifier o You can put a period (.) and an integer right after the minimum field width specifier. o The combination of the period and the integer make up a precision specifier. o The precision specifier is another important specifier you can use to determine the number of decimal places for floating-point numbers, or to specify the maximum field width for integers or strings. %10.3f o The minimum field width length is specified as 10 character long, and the number of decimal places is set to 3. C Programming 157 Higher Technological Institute
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The Precision Specifier o You can put a period (.) and an integer right after the minimum field width specifier. o The combination of the period and the integer make up a precision specifier. o The precision specifier is another important specifier you can use to determine the number of decimal places for floating-point numbers, or to specify the maximum field width for integers or strings. o Remember, the default number of decimal places is 6. C Programming 158 Higher Technological Institute
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Example # include <stdio.h> main ( ) { int x=123; float y=123.456789; printf (“Default integer format n printf (“With precision specifier n printf (“Default float format n printf (“With precision specifier n printf (“With precision specifier n return 0; } C Programming 159 %d n”, x ); %2.8d n”, x ); %f n”, y ); %10.2f n”, y ); %-10.2f n”, y ); Higher Technological Institute
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Example # include <stdio.h> main ( ) { int x=123; float y=123.456789; printf (“Default integer format n printf (“With precision specifier n printf (“Default float format n printf (“With precision specifier n printf (“With precision specifier n return 0; } C Programming 160 %d n”, x ); %2.8d n”, x ); %f n”, y ); %10.2f n”, y ); %-10.2f n”, y ); Higher Technological Institute
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Course Contents 1 Introduction 2 Program Development 3 The Essential of C Programs 4 Manipulating Data with Operators 5 Reading from and Writing to Standard I/O 6 Decision 7 Iteration 8 Arrays 9 C Functions C Programming 161 Higher Technological Institute
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Course Contents 6 Decision C Programming 162 Higher Technological Institute
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Course Contents Decision 6  The if statement  Flowchart of if statement  The if else statement and flowchart  Nested if statements and their flowcharts  The switch statement  The break and continue statement  The goto statements C Programming 163 Higher Technological Institute
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The if statement o The if statement is the most popular conditional branching statement. o It can be used to evaluate the conditions as well as to make the decision whether the block of code controlled by the statement is going to be executed. o Here if condition is logical TRUE, the statements inside the braces are executed. o If condition is logical FALSE, then the statements are skipped. C Programming 164 Higher Technological Institute
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The if statement Flowchart IF Statement Syntax ….. if ( Test Expression) { statement1; statement2; … } …. C Programming 165 Higher Technological Institute
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The if statement Flowchart IF Statement Syntax … if ( Test Expression) statement; … Example if ( x>5) printf( “ X > 5 ” ); … C Programming 166 Higher Technological Institute
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Example # include <stdio.h> main ( ) { int i; printf (“Integers that can be divided by 3 n ” ); printf (“Enter a positive number : n ”, x ); scanf(“%d”, &i ); if ( i %3 == 0 ) printf (“The number %d is divisible by 3 n ”, i ); return 0; } C Programming 167 Higher Technological Institute
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Output Integers that can be divided by 3 Enter a positive number : 12 The number 12 is divisible by 3 Integers that can be divided by 3 Enter a positive number : 7 C Programming 168 Higher Technological Institute
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The if else statement if else Statement Syntax … if ( Test Expression) { statement1; statement2; … } else { statement_A statement_B … } … C Programming 169 Higher Technological Institute
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The if else statement if else Statement Syntax … if ( Test Expression) statement1; else statementA; … Example if ( X > 5) printf( “ X > 5 ” ); else printf( “ X < 5 ” ); C Programming 170 Higher Technological Institute
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if else Example Draw a flow chart to read two numbers and compare between both if they are equal or not. C Programming 171 Higher Technological Institute
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if else Example # include <stdio.h> main ( ) { int x,y; printf (“Please Enter X and Y n ” ); scanf(“%d %d”, &x , &y ); if ( x == y ) printf (“ X = Y n ” ); else printf (“ X != Y n ” ); return 0; } C Programming 172 Higher Technological Institute
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Nested if Flowchart Nest IF Statement Syntax if ( Test Expression1) { if ( Test Expression2) { statement1; statement2; } else { statementA; statementB; } }else { statement X ; } C Programming 173 Higher Technological Institute
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Nested if Flowchart Draw a flow chart to determine the minimum value of three input numbers. C Programming 174 Higher Technological Institute
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Nested if Example # include <stdio.h> main ( ) { int A,B,C; printf (“Please Enter A,B and C n ” ); scanf(“%d %d %d”, &A , &B , &C ); if ( A<B ) { if ( A<C ) printf (“ A The is the Smallest n ” ); else printf (“ C The is the Smallest n ” ); } else if ( B<C ) printf (“ B The is the Smallest n ” ); else printf (“ C The is the Smallest n ” ); return 0; } C Programming 175 Higher Technological Institute
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The switch statement o The nested if statements will become very complex if there are many decisions that need to be made. o The switch statement, can be used to make unlimited decisions or choices based on the value of a conditional expression and specified cases. o The conditional expression is evaluated first, if the return value of the conditional expression is equal to the constant expression expression 1, the statement statement 1 is executed. o the value of the conditional expression is not equal to any values of the constant expressions labeled by the case keyword, the statement (statement-default) following by the default keyword is executed. C Programming 176 Higher Technological Institute
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The Switch Statement Syntax switch ( Conditional Expression ) { case expression1; statment1; case expression2; statment2; … default; statement-default; } C Programming 177 Higher Technological Institute
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The Switch Statement Syntax switch ( Conditional Expression ) { case expression1; statment1; case expression2; statment2; … default; statement-default; } o You have to use the case keyword to label each case. o The default keyword is recommended to be used for the default case. o Note that no constant expressions are identical in the switch statement. C Programming 178 Higher Technological Institute
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The break statement o An important feature of the switch statement is that the computer continues to execute the statements following the selected case until the end of the switch statement. o You can add a break statement at the end of the statement list following every case label, if you want to exit the switch construct after the statements within a selected case are executed C Programming 179 Higher Technological Institute
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The Break Statement Syntax switch ( Conditional Expression ) { case expression1; statment1; break ; case expression2; statment2; break; … default; statement-default; } C Programming 180 Higher Technological Institute
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Example Write Program that compute the grade for a student, the grade is based on Total Score T ( from 0 to 100) The Grading Scale Is Illustrated In The Following Table: Total Score 85 <= T <= 100 80 <= T < 85 75 <= T < 80 70 <= T < 75 65 <= T < 70 55 <= T < 65 50 <= T < 55 T < 50 C Programming Letter Grade A B+ B C+ C D+ D F 181 Higher Technological Institute
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Example # include <stdio.h> main ( ) { int score; printf (" Enter Scorre: n"); scanf ("%d", &score); switch (score / 10 ) { case 10: printf ("your grade is A n"); break; case 9: printf ("your grade is A n"); break; case 8: printf ("your grade is B n"); break; case 7: printf ("your grade is C n"); break; C Programming case 6: printf ("your grade is D n"); break; case 5: printf ("your grade is D n"); break; case 4: printf ("your grade is F n"); break; case 3: printf ("your grade is F n"); break; case 2: printf ("your grade is F n"); break; case 1: printf ("your grade is F n"); break; 182 case 0: printf ("your grade is F n"); break; default: printf ( "illegal input n"); break; } printf ( "GOODBYEn" ); return 0; } Higher Technological Institute
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The Continue statement o There are times when you want to stay in a loop but skip over some statements within the loop. o To do this, the continue statement causes execution to jump to the top of the loop immediately. o The statement can be used within a while, do…while or for statement to terminate the current iteration of the loop and begin the next. C Programming 183 Higher Technological Institute
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The goto statement o Do not use the goto statement unless it’s absolutely necessary because its usage may make the C program unreliable and hard to debug. o The Syntax of goto Statement: … lablename : statment1; statment2; .. goto lablename ; … C Programming 184 Higher Technological Institute
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goto Example # include <stdio.h> main ( ) { int x; guess_lbl: printf (“Guess integer number in the range 1 to 10 n”); scanf (“%d”, &x ); if ( x == 7) goto rght_lbl; printf (“NO, wrong guess, try again n”); goto guess_lbl; rght_lbl: printf (“WELL DONE your guess = %d is rightn” , x); return 0; } C Programming Higher Technological Institute 185
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goto Example # include <stdio.h> main ( ) { int x; guess_lbl: printf (“Guess integer number in the range 1 to 10 n”); scanf (“%d”, &x ); if ( x == 7) goto rght_lbl; printf (“NO, wrong guess, try again n”); goto guess_lbl; rght_lbl: printf (“WELL DONE your guess = %d is rightn” , x); return 0; } C Programming 186 Higher Technological Institute
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Course Contents 1 Introduction 2 Program Development 3 The Essential of C Programs 4 Manipulating Data with Operators 5 Reading from and Writing to Standard I/O 6 Decision 7 Iteration 8 Arrays 9 C Functions C Programming 187 Higher Technological Institute
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Course Contents 7 Iteration C Programming 188 Higher Technological Institute
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Course Contents 7 Iteration  The for statement  The Null Statement  The while statement  The infinite while Loop  The do-while Statement  The Nested Loop  Examples C Programming 189 Higher Technological Institute
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Iteration o Iteration (looping) is used in programming to perform the same set of statements over and over until certain specified conditions are met. Repeat the same statement(s) until certain condition C Programming 190 Higher Technological Institute
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Iteration Example Draw a flow chart to generate a table of squares and cubes of integers from 1 to 9. C Programming 191 Higher Technological Institute
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Iteration Example Draw a flow chart to generate a table of squares and cubes of integers from 1 to 9. From 1 to 9 Step 1 C Programming 192 Higher Technological Institute
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The for statement for Statement Syntax One Statement for ( initialization ; Test Expression ; Step) statement; … for Statement Syntax Multiple Statements for ( initialization ; Test Expression ; Step) { statement1; statement2; … } C Programming 193 Higher Technological Institute
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The for statement for ( i=1 ; i <= 10 ; i++ ) printf (“ Hello n ”); printf (“ Goodbye n ”); for ( i=1 ; i <= 10 ; i++ ) { printf (“ Hello n ”); printf (“ Goodbye n ”); } C Programming 194 Will Print Hello 10 Times Then Print Goodbye Will Print Hello Goodbye 10 Times Higher Technological Institute
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Example # include <stdio.h> main ( ) { int i=1; int j,k; for ( i=1 ; i <= 9 ; i++ ) { j=i*i; k=j*i; printf (“ i = %d ”, i ) ; printf (“ j = %d ”, j ) ; printf (“ k = %d n”, k ) ; } return 0; } C Programming 195 Higher Technological Institute
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Null statement for ( i=1 ; i <= 10 ; i++ ) ; printf (“ Hello n ”); printf (“ Goodbye n ”); C Programming 196 Higher Technological Institute
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The while statement while Statement Syntax Initialization while ( Test Expression ) { … Increment Or Decrement ; } C Programming 197 Higher Technological Institute
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The while statement int w = 1; while ( w <= 10 ) { printf (“ Hello n ”); w = w++; } printf (“ Goodbye n ”); C Programming 198 Will Print Hello 10 Times Then Print Goodbye Higher Technological Institute
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While Loop Example # include <stdio.h> main ( ) { int i=1; int j,k; while (i<=10) { j=i*i; k=j*i; printf (“ i = %d ”, i ) ; printf (“ j = %d ”, j ) ; printf (“ k = %d n”, k ) ; i=i+1; } return 0; } C Programming 199 Higher Technological Institute
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The Infinite while loop while(1) { Statement1; Statement2; } Always returns 1, the statements inside the statement block will be executed over and over- that is, the while loop will continue forever. You can set certain conditions inside the while loop to break the infinite loop as soon as the conditions are met. C Programming 200 Higher Technological Institute
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The do-while statement do-while Statement Syntax Initialization do { … Increment Or Decrement ; ; } while ( Test Expression ) C Programming 201 Higher Technological Institute
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The do-while statement do-while Statement Syntax Initialization do { … Increment Or Decrement ; ; } while ( Test Expression ) Only after do-while loop Don’t forget to write C Programming ; 202 Higher Technological Institute
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The do-while statement int w = 1; do { printf (“ Hello n ”); w = w++; } while ( w <= 10 ) ; Will Print Hello 10 Times Then Print Goodbye printf (“ Goodbye n ”); C Programming 203 Higher Technological Institute
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do-while Loop Example # include <stdio.h> main ( ) { int i=1; int j,k; do { j=i*i; k=j*i; printf (“ i = %d ”, i ) ; printf (“ j = %d ”, j ) ; printf (“ k = %d n”, k ) ; i=i+1; } while (i<=10); return 0; } C Programming 204 Higher Technological Institute
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Examples Example 1 Write a program to calculate the summation and Average of 20 values read from a data statement. C Programming 205 Higher Technological Institute
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Examples # include <stdio.h> main ( ) { int i,x,sum; float av; sum=0; for ( i=1 ; i<=20 ; i++ ) { printf(“Please enter new no n”); scanf(“%d”,&x); sum=sum+x; } av=sum/20; printf(“Sum=%d n Av=%fn”, sum , av); return 0; } C Programming 206 Higher Technological Institute
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Examples Example 2 Write a program to calculate the summation and Average of N numbers read from a data statement. C Programming 207 Higher Technological Institute
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Examples # include <stdio.h> main ( ) { int i,n,x,sum; float av; sum=0; printf(“How many Numbers ? n”); scanf(“%d”,&n); for ( i=1 ; i<=n ; i++ ) { printf(“Please enter new no n”); scanf(“%d”,&x); sum=sum+x; } av=sum/n; printf(“Sum=%d n Av=%fn”, sum , av); return 0; } C Programming 208 Higher Technological Institute
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Flowcharts Examples Example 3 Nested Loop Write a program and Draw its flowchart to compute all possible products of X and Y X and Y varying from 1 through 9 (100 products) 1x0=0 1x1=0 1x2=0 1x3=0 . . 1x9=0 C Programming 2x0=0 2x1=1 2x2=2 2x3=3 . . 2x9=9 209 … … … … 9x0=0 9x1=9 9x2=18 9x3=27 … 9x9=81 Higher Technological Institute
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Flowcharts Examples Example 3 Nested Loop # include <stdio.h> int main ( ) { int x,y; for ( x=1 ; x <= 9 ; x++) for ( y=1 ; y <= 9 ; y++) printf(“%d x %d = %dn”,x,y,x*y); return 0; } C Programming 210 Higher Technological Institute
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Flowcharts Examples Example 4 Draw a flowchart and write a Program that Calculate and Display The Factorial of n 𝒏! = 𝒏 × 𝒏 − 𝟏 × 𝒏 − 𝟐 … × 𝟑 × 𝟐 × 𝟏 C Programming 211 Higher Technological Institute
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Flowcharts Examples # include <stdio.h> int main ( ) { int n,fact; fact=1; printf(“Enter your N n”); scanf(“%d”,&n); for( int i=1;i<=n;i++) fact=fact*i; printf(“ N! =%d n”,fact); return 0; } C Programming 212 Higher Technological Institute
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Home Work..!! Rewrite The previous examples using: a) while Loop b) do-while Loop C Programming 213 Higher Technological Institute
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Course Contents 1 Introduction 2 Program Development 3 The Essential of C Programs 4 Manipulating Data with Operators 5 Reading from and Writing to Standard I/O 6 Decision 7 Iteration 8 Arrays 9 C Functions C Programming 214 Higher Technological Institute
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Course Contents 8 Arrays C Programming 215 Higher Technological Institute
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Examples Example 2 Write a program to calculate the summation and Average of N numbers read from a data statement. C Programming 216 Higher Technological Institute
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Examples # include <stdio.h> main ( ) { int i,n,x,sum; float av; sum=0; printf(“How many Numbers ? n”); scanf(“%d”,&n); for ( i=1 ; i<=n ; i++ ) { printf(“Please enter new no n”); scanf(“%d”,&x); sum=sum+x; } av=sum/n; printf(“Sum=%d n Av=%fn”, sum , av); return 0; } C Programming 217 Higher Technological Institute
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Arrays  An array is a collection of variables that are of the same data type.  Each item in an array is called an element.  All elements in an array are referenced by the name of the array and are stored in a set of consecutive memory slots.  The array takes two forms :  One dimensional array (1-D) ; where the data is arranged horizontally or vertically.  Multi-dimensional array; where the data is arranged in two dimensional (2-D), three dimensional (3-D),…etc. C Programming 218 Higher Technological Institute
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Arrays  The following is the syntax form to declare an array: data-type Array-Name [Array-Size];  The data-type is the type specifier that indicates what data type the declared array will be.  Array-Name is the name of the declared array. When choosing a name for an array, you should follow the same rules of naming a variable.  Array-Size defines how many elements the array can contain. Note that the brackets are required in declaring an array. C Programming 219 Higher Technological Institute
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Arrays Example int array_int [8];  Where int specifies the data type of the array whose name is arrat_int.  The size of the array is 8, which means that the array can store 8 elements C Programming 220 Higher Technological Institute
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Indexing Arrays  You can access each of the elements in the array separately.  The following declaration declares an array called day of integer numbers: int day [7];  You can access the elements in the array of day one after another: day[0], day[1], …, day[6].  The important thing to remember is that all arrays in C are indexed starting at 0.  The first element in the array of day is day[0]. C Programming 221 Higher Technological Institute
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Initializing Arrays  You can initialize each element in an array by two way.  For instance if we have the array : int number [5];  Initialize the first element in the array: like this: number[0] = 24;  Here the value 24 is assigned to the first element of the array number, number[0]. C Programming 222 Higher Technological Institute
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Initializing Arrays  The second way to initialize an array is to initialize all elements in the array together.  For instance, the following statement initializes all elements of the array, number: int number [5]= {100, 4, 24, 34,5, 16};  Here the integers inside the braces are assigned to the corresponding elements of the array number.  That is, 100 is given to the first element (number[0]), 4 to the second element (number[1]), and so on. C Programming 223 Higher Technological Institute
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Initializing Arrays  The second way to initialize an array is to initialize all elements in the array together.  For instance, the following statement initializes all elements of the array, number: int number [5]= {100, 4, 24};  Here the integers inside the braces are assigned to the corresponding elements of the array number.  That is, 100 is given to the first element (number[0]), 4 to the second element (number[1]), and so on. C Programming 224 Higher Technological Institute
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Initializing Arrays # include <stdio.h> main ( ) { int i; int A[10]; for ( i=0 ; i<10 ; i++ ) { A[i]=i+1; printf(“A[%d]=%d n”,i,A[i]); } return 0; } C Programming 225 Higher Technological Institute
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Initializing Arrays # include <stdio.h> main ( ) { int i; int A[10]; for ( i=0 ; i<10 ; i++ ) { A[i]=i+1; printf(“A[%d]=%d n”,i,A[i]); } return 0; } C Programming 226 Higher Technological Institute
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Example Example Write a program to calculate the Summation and Average of 10 numbers read from a data statement.( Using Array ) C Programming 227 Higher Technological Institute
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Example # include <stdio.h> main ( ) { int i; int A[10]; int sum=0; float av; for ( i=0 ; i<10 ; i++ ) { printf(“Enter the value of Element [%d] n”,i); scanf(“%d”,A[i]); sum=sum+A[i] } av=sum/10; printf(“Sum=%d n Av=%fn”, sum , av); return 0; } C Programming 228 Higher Technological Institute
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Two Dimensional Arrays Rows int A[3][4] ; Columns C Programming 229 Higher Technological Institute
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Two Dimensional Arrays Assigning Static Value int A[3][4] = { { 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 }, { 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 }, { 9 , 8 , 7 , 6 }} ; OR A[3][4] = { { 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 }, { 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 }, { 9 , 8 , 7 , 6 }} ; C Programming 230 Higher Technological Institute
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Two Dimensional Arrays Example 1 Write a program to calculate and display the Summation of two Matrices A and B. A= 𝟏 𝟒 𝟕 C Programming 𝟐 𝟓 𝟖 𝟑 𝟔 𝟗 ,B= 231 𝟗 𝟔 𝟑 𝟖 𝟓 𝟐 𝟕 𝟒 𝟏 Higher Technological Institute
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Example # include <stdio.h> main ( ) { int A[3][3] = { {1,2,3}, {4,5,6}, { 7 , 8, 9 } } ; int B[3][3] = { {9,8,7}, {6,5,4}, { 3 , 2, 1 } } ; return 0; } C Programming 232 Higher Technological Institute
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Example # include <stdio.h> main ( ) { int A[3][3] = { { 1 , 2 , 3 } , { 4 , 5 , 6 } , { 7 , 8, 9 } } ; int B[3][3] = { { 9 , 8 , 7 } , { 6 , 5 , 4 } , { 3 , 2, 1 } } ; return 0; C Programming } 233 Higher Technological Institute
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Example # include <stdio.h> main ( ) { int A[3][3] = { { 1 , 2 , 3 } , { 4 , 5 , 6 } , { 7 , 8, 9 } } ; int B[3][3] = { { 9 , 8 , 7 } , { 6 , 5 , 4 } , { 3 , 2, 1 } } ; int S[3][3] ; int i,j; for ( i=0 ; i<3 ; i++ ) /* Rows*/ for ( j=0 ; j<3 ; j++ ) /* Columns*/ { S[i][j]=A[i][j]+B[i][j]; printf(“S[%d][%d] = %d n ”, i , j , S [ i ][ j ] ) ; } return 0; } C Programming 234 Higher Technological Institute
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Example S3,3 = A3,3 + B3,3 = 𝟏 𝟒 𝟕 𝟐 𝟓 𝟖 𝟑 𝟗 𝟔 + 𝟔 𝟗 𝟑 𝟖 𝟓 𝟐 𝟕 𝟒 = 𝟏 𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟎 at i = 0 for ( i=0 ; i<3 ; i++ ) /* Rows*/ j=0 for ( j=0 ; j<3 ; j++ ) /* Columns*/ { S[i][j]=A[i][j]+B[i][j]; printf(“S[%d][%d] = %d n ”, i , j , S [ i ][ j ] ) ; } return 0; } C Programming 235 Higher Technological Institute
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Example S3,3 = A3,3 + B3,3 = 𝟏 𝟒 𝟕 𝟐 𝟓 𝟖 𝟑 𝟗 𝟔 + 𝟔 𝟗 𝟑 𝟖 𝟓 𝟐 𝟕 𝟒 = 𝟏 𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟎 at i = 0 for ( i=0 ; i<3 ; i++ ) /* Rows*/ j=1 for ( j=0 ; j<3 ; j++ ) /* Columns*/ { S[i][j]=A[i][j]+B[i][j]; printf(“S[%d][%d] = %d n ”, i , j , S [ i ][ j ] ) ; } return 0; } C Programming 236 Higher Technological Institute
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Example S3,3 = A3,3 + B3,3 = 𝟏 𝟒 𝟕 𝟐 𝟓 𝟖 𝟑 𝟗 𝟔 + 𝟔 𝟗 𝟑 𝟖 𝟓 𝟐 𝟕 𝟒 = 𝟏 𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟎 at i = 1 for ( i=0 ; i<3 ; i++ ) /* Rows*/ j=1 for ( j=0 ; j<3 ; j++ ) /* Columns*/ { S[i][j]=A[i][j]+B[i][j]; printf(“S[%d][%d] = %d n ”, i , j , S [ i ][ j ] ) ; } return 0; } C Programming 237 Higher Technological Institute
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Example S3,3 = A3,3 + B3,3 = 𝟏 𝟒 𝟕 𝟐 𝟓 𝟖 𝟑 𝟗 𝟔 + 𝟔 𝟗 𝟑 𝟖 𝟓 𝟐 𝟕 𝟒 = 𝟏 𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟎 at i = 2 for ( i=0 ; i<3 ; i++ ) /* Rows*/ j=0 for ( j=0 ; j<3 ; j++ ) /* Columns*/ { S[i][j]=A[i][j]+B[i][j]; printf(“S[%d][%d] = %d n ”, i , j , S [ i ][ j ] ) ; } return 0; } C Programming 238 Higher Technological Institute
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Example S3,3 = A3,3 + B3,3 = 𝟏 𝟒 𝟕 𝟐 𝟓 𝟖 𝟑 𝟗 𝟔 + 𝟔 𝟗 𝟑 𝟖 𝟓 𝟐 𝟕 𝟒 = 𝟏 𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟎 at i = 2 for ( i=0 ; i<3 ; i++ ) /* Rows*/ j=2 for ( j=0 ; j<3 ; j++ ) /* Columns*/ { S[i][j]=A[i][j]+B[i][j]; printf(“S[%d][%d] = %d n ”, i , j , S [ i ][ j ] ) ; } return 0; } C Programming 239 Higher Technological Institute
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Example # include <stdio.h> main ( ) { int A[3][3] = { { 1 , 2 , 3 } , { 4 , 5 , 6 } , { 7 , 8, 9 } } ; int B[3][3] = { { 9 , 8 , 7 } , { 6 , 5 , 4 } , { 3 , 2, 1 } } ; int S[3][3] ; int i,j; for ( i=0 ; i<3 ; i++ ) /* Rows*/ for ( j=0 ; j<3 ; j++ ) /* Columns*/ { S[i][j]=A[i][j]+B[i][j]; printf(“S[%d][%d] = %d n ”, i , j , S [ i ][ j ] ) ; } return 0; } C Programming 240 Higher Technological Institute
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Two Dimensional Arrays Example 2 Write a program to calculate and display the Summation of any two 3x3 Matrices. C Programming 241 Higher Technological Institute
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Example 2 # include <stdio.h> main ( ) { int A[3][3] , B[3][3] , S[3][3]; int i,j ; . . . . for ( i=0 ; i<3 ; i++ ) /* Rows*/ for ( j=0 ; j<3 ; j++ ) /* Columns*/ { S[i][j]=A[i][j]+B[i][j]; printf(“S[%d][%d] = %d n ”, i , j , S [ i ][ j ] ) ; } return 0; } C Programming 242 Higher Technological Institute
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Example 2 # include <stdio.h> main ( ) { int A[3][3] , B[3][3] , S[3][3]; int i,j ; for ( i=0 ; i<3 ; i++ ) /* Rows of Metrics A*/ for ( j=0 ; j<3 ; j++ ) /* Columns of Metrics A */ { printf(“Please Enter A[%d][%d] = n ”, i , j ) ; scanf(“%d”,A[i][j]); } for ( i=0 ; i<3 ; i++ ) /* Rows*/ for ( j=0 ; j<3 ; j++ ) /* Columns*/ { S[i][j]=A[i][j]+B[i][j]; printf(“S[%d][%d] = %d n ”, i , j , S [ i ][ j ] ) ; } return 0; } C Programming 243 Higher Technological Institute
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Example 2 # include <stdio.h> main ( ) { int A[3][3] , B[3][3] , S[3][3]; int i,j ; for ( i=0 ; i<3 ; i++ ) /* Rows of Metrics A*/ for ( j=0 ; j<3 ; j++ ) /* Columns of Metrics A */ { printf(“Please Enter A[%d][%d] = n ”, i , j ) ; scanf(“%d”,A[i][j]); for ( i=0 ; i<3 ; i++ ) /* Rows of Metrics B*/ for ( j=0 ; j<3 ; j++ ) /* Columns of Metrics B */ { printf(“Please Enter B[%d][%d] = n ”, i , j ) ; scanf(“%d”, B[i][j]); for ( i=0 ; i<3 ; i++ ) /* Rows*/ for ( j=0 ; j<3 ; j++ ) /* Columns*/ { S[i][j]=A[i][j]+B[i][j]; printf(“S[%d][%d] = %d n ”, i , j , S [ i ][ j ] ) ; } return 0; } C Programming 244 } } Higher Technological Institute
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Two Dimensional Arrays Example 3 Write a program to calculate and display the Summation of any two 3x3 Matrices. Then from Summation Matrix Find : a) The Largest and Smallest element. b) The average c) Matrix Transpose C Programming 245 Higher Technological Institute
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Example 3 # include <stdio.h> main ( ) { int A[3][3] , B[3][3] , S[3][3]; int i,j ; for ( i=0 ; i<3 ; i++ ) /* Rows of Metrics A*/ for ( j=0 ; j<3 ; j++ ) /* Columns of Metrics A */ { printf(“Please Enter A[%d][%d] = n ”, i , j ) ; scanf(“%d”,A[i][j]); for ( i=0 ; i<3 ; i++ ) /* Rows of Metrics B*/ for ( j=0 ; j<3 ; j++ ) /* Columns of Metrics B */ { printf(“Please Enter B[%d][%d] = n ”, i , j ) ; scanf(“%d”, B[i][j]); for ( i=0 ; i<3 ; i++ ) /* Rows*/ for ( j=0 ; j<3 ; j++ ) /* Columns*/ S[i][j]=A[i][j]+B[i][j]; return 0; } C Programming 246 } } Higher Technological Institute
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Example 3 # include <stdio.h> main ( ) { int A[3][3] , B[3][3] , S[3][3]; { { int i,j ; for ( i=0 ; i<3 ; i++ ) /* Rows of Metrics A*/ for ( j=0 ; j<3 ; j++ ) /* Columns of Metrics A */ printf(“Please Enter A[%d][%d] = n ”, i , j ) ; scanf(“%d”,A[i][j]); for ( i=0 ; i<3 ; i++ ) /* Rows of Metrics B*/ for ( j=0 ; j<3 ; j++ ) /* Columns of Metrics B */ printf(“Please Enter B[%d][%d] = n ”, i , j ) ; scanf(“%d”, B[i][j]); for ( i=0 ; i<3 ; i++ ) /* Rows*/ for ( j=0 ; j<3 ; j++ ) /* Columns*/ } } S[i][j]=A[i][j]+B[i][j]; int L=S[0][0], M=S[0][0]; for ( i=0 ; i<3 ; i++ ) /* Rows*/ for ( j=0 ; j<3 ; j++ ) /* Columns*/ if (L<S[i][j]) L=S[i][j]; return 0; } C Programming 247 Higher Technological Institute
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Example 3 (a) # include <stdio.h> main ( ) { int A[3][3] , B[3][3] , S[3][3]; int i,j ; for ( i=0 ; i<3 ; i++ ) for ( j=0 ; j<3 ; j++ ) { printf(“Please Enter A[%d][%d] = n ”, i , j ) ; scanf(“%d”,A[i][j]); } for ( i=0 ; i<3 ; i++ ) for ( j=0 ; j<3 ; j++ ) { printf(“Please Enter B[%d][%d] = n ”, i , j ) ; scanf(“%d”, B[i][j]); } for ( i=0 ; i<3 ; i++ ) for ( j=0 ; j<3 ; j++ ) S[i][j]=A[i][j]+B[i][j]; int L=S[0][0], M=S[0][0]; for ( i=0 ; i<3 ; i++ ) for ( j=0 ; j<3 ; j++ ) if (L<S[i][j]) L=S[i][j]; C Programming 248 for ( i=0 ; i<3 ; i++ ) for ( j=0 ; j<3 ; j++ ) if (M>S[i][j]) M=S[i][j]; printf(“Largest Element = %d n ”, L ) ; printf(“Smallest Element = %d n ”, M ) ; return 0; } Higher Technological Institute
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Example 3 (a) (b) # include <stdio.h> main ( ) { int A[3][3] , B[3][3] , S[3][3]; int i,j ; for ( i=0 ; i<3 ; i++ ) for ( j=0 ; j<3 ; j++ ) { printf(“Please Enter A[%d][%d] = n ”, i , j ) ; scanf(“%d”,A[i][j]); } for ( i=0 ; i<3 ; i++ ) for ( j=0 ; j<3 ; j++ ) { printf(“Please Enter B[%d][%d] = n ”, i , j ) ; scanf(“%d”, B[i][j]); } for ( i=0 ; i<3 ; i++ ) for ( j=0 ; j<3 ; j++ ) S[i][j]=A[i][j]+B[i][j]; int L=S[0][0], M=S[0][0]; for ( i=0 ; i<3 ; i++ ) for ( j=0 ; j<3 ; j++ ) if (L<S[i][j]) L=S[i][j]; C Programming 249 for ( i=0 ; i<3 ; i++ ) for ( j=0 ; j<3 ; j++ ) if (M>S[i][j]) M=S[i][j]; printf(“Largest Element = %d n ”, L ) ; printf(“Smallest Element = %d n ”, M ) ; int sum = 0 ; for ( i=0 ; i<3 ; i++ ) for ( j=0 ; j<3 ; j++ ) sum=sum + S[i][j]; float average =sum/9 ; printf(“Average = %d n ”, average ) ; return 0; } Higher Technological Institute
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Example 3 (a) (b) (c) # include <stdio.h> main ( ) { int A[3][3] , B[3][3] , S[3][3]; int i,j ; for ( i=0 ; i<3 ; i++ ) for ( j=0 ; j<3 ; j++ ) { printf(“Please Enter A[%d][%d] = n ”, i , j ) ; scanf(“%d”,A[i][j]); } for ( i=0 ; i<3 ; i++ ) for ( j=0 ; j<3 ; j++ ) { printf(“Please Enter B[%d][%d] = n ”, i , j ) ; scanf(“%d”, B[i][j]); } for ( i=0 ; i<3 ; i++ ) for ( j=0 ; j<3 ; j++ ) S[i][j]=A[i][j]+B[i][j]; int L=S[0][0], M=S[0][0]; for ( i=0 ; i<3 ; i++ ) for ( j=0 ; j<3 ; j++ ) if (L<S[i][j]) L=S[i][j]; C Programming 250 for ( i=0 ; i<3 ; i++ ) for ( j=0 ; j<3 ; j++ ) if (M>S[i][j]) M=S[i][j]; printf(“Largest Element = %d n ”, L ) ; printf(“Smallest Element = %d n ”, M ) ; int sum = 0 ; for ( i=0 ; i<3 ; i++ ) for ( j=0 ; j<3 ; j++ ) sum=sum + S[i][j]; float average =sum/9 ; printf(“Average = %d n ”, average ) ; int ST[3][3]; for ( i=0 ; i<3 ; i++ ) for ( j=0 ; j<3 ; j++ ) ST[i][j]=S[j][i]; return 0; } Higher Technological Institute
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Example 3 (a) (b) (c) # include <stdio.h> main ( ) { int A[3][3] , B[3][3] , S[3][3]; int i,j ; for ( i=0 ; i<3 ; i++ ) for ( j=0 ; j<3 ; j++ ) { printf(“Please Enter A[%d][%d] = n ”, i , j ) ; scanf(“%d”,A[i][j]); } for ( i=0 ; i<3 ; i++ ) for ( j=0 ; j<3 ; j++ ) { printf(“Please Enter B[%d][%d] = n ”, i , j ) ; scanf(“%d”, B[i][j]); } for ( i=0 ; i<3 ; i++ ) for ( j=0 ; j<3 ; j++ ) S[i][j]=A[i][j]+B[i][j]; int L=S[0][0], M=S[0][0]; for ( i=0 ; i<3 ; i++ ) for ( j=0 ; j<3 ; j++ ) if (L<S[i][j]) L=S[i][j]; C Programming 251 for ( i=0 ; i<3 ; i++ ) for ( j=0 ; j<3 ; j++ ) if (M>S[i][j]) M=S[i][j]; printf(“Largest Element = %d n ”, L ) ; printf(“Smallest Element = %d n ”, M ) ; int sum = 0 ; for ( i=0 ; i<3 ; i++ ) for ( j=0 ; j<3 ; j++ ) sum=sum + S[i][j]; float average =sum/9 ; printf(“Average = %d n ”, average ) ; int ST[3][3]; for ( i=0 ; i<3 ; i++ ) for ( j=0 ; j<3 ; j++ ) Do Not Forget to ST[i][j]=S[j][i]; add the display statements for ST return 0; } Higher Technological Institute
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Example 3 (a) (b) (c) # include <stdio.h> main ( ) { int A[3][3] , B[3][3] , S[3][3]; int i,j ; for ( i=0 ; i<3 ; i++ ) for ( j=0 ; j<3 ; j++ ) { printf(“Please Enter A[%d][%d] = n ”, i , j ) ; scanf(“%d”,A[i][j]); } for ( i=0 ; i<3 ; i++ ) for ( j=0 ; j<3 ; j++ ) { printf(“Please Enter B[%d][%d] = n ”, i , j ) ; scanf(“%d”, B[i][j]); } for ( i=0 ; i<3 ; i++ ) for ( j=0 ; j<3 ; j++ ) S[i][j]=A[i][j]+B[i][j]; int L=S[0][0], M=S[0][0]; for ( i=0 ; i<3 ; i++ ) for ( j=0 ; j<3 ; j++ ) if (L<S[i][j]) L=S[i][j]; C Programming 252 for ( i=0 ; i<3 ; i++ ) for ( j=0 ; j<3 ; j++ ) if (M>S[i][j]) M=S[i][j]; printf(“Largest Element = %d n ”, L ) ; printf(“Smallest Element = %d n ”, M ) ; int sum = 0 ; for ( i=0 ; i<3 ; i++ ) for ( j=0 ; j<3 ; j++ ) sum=sum + S[i][j]; float average =sum/9 ; printf(“Average = %d n ”, average ) ; int ST[3][3]; for ( i=0 ; i<3 ; i++ ) for ( j=0 ; j<3 ; j++ ) { printf (“n”); ST[i][j]=S[j][i]; printf (“%d”, ST[i][j]); } return 0; } Higher Technological Institute
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Matrix Multiplication Example 4 Write a program to calculate and display the Multiplication of any two 3x3 Matrices. C Programming 253 Higher Technological Institute
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Two Dimensional Arrays Remember = New Matrix Dimensions C Programming 254 Higher Technological Institute
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Example 4 # include <stdio.h> main ( ) { int A[4][3]={ 2 , 3 , 4 , 1, 2 ,1, 2 , 1 ,0, 1 , 0 , 2 }; int B[3][4]={ 10 , 0 , 20 , 10 , 0 , 20 , 0 , 20, 20 , 10 , 10 , 0 }; int M[4][4]; int ra = 4 , ca = 3 , rb = 3, cb = 4 ; int i , j , k ; for (i=0;i<ra;i++) for (j=0;j<cb;j++) { M[i][j]=0; for(k=0;k<ca;k++) M[i][j]= M[i][j]+ A[i][k]*B[k][j]; } C Programming 255 printf("n The M is n"); for(i=0;i<ra;i++) { printf("n"); for (j=0;j<cb;j++) printf("%4d",M[i][j]); } return 0 ; } Higher Technological Institute
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Home Work ..!! Write a program to calculate the determent of 3x3 Matrix. C Programming 256 Higher Technological Institute
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Course Contents 1 Introduction 2 Program Development 3 The Essential of C Programs 4 Manipulating Data with Operators 5 Reading from and Writing to Standard I/O 6 Decision 7 Iteration 8 Arrays 9 C Functions C Programming 257 Higher Technological Institute
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Course Contents 9 C Functions C Programming 258 Higher Technological Institute
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Functions Why Function o To make large programs Manageable, Programmers modularize them into subprograms. o These subprograms are called Functions C Programming 259 Higher Technological Institute
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Functions C Standard Functions OR Built in Function C Programming 260 Higher Technological Institute
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C Standard Functions  The C language has a standard library which is a collection of predefined functions and other program elements which are accessed through header files.  One of the most important header file <math.h> contains useful mathematical functions. Note Every mathematical function return double data type C Programming 261 Higher Technological Institute
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Some Mathematical in <math.h> Function Description cos(x) exp(x) log(x) log10(x) pow(x,p) sin(x) sqrt(x) tan(x) Cosine of x in Radian Exponential of x (base e) Natural Logarithm of x (base e) Common Logarithm of x (base e) x to the power p = xP Sine of x in Radian Square root of x = 𝒙 Tangent of x in Radian C Programming 262 Higher Technological Institute
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Example 1 Write a program to calculate the following: a) cos (x) b) e x c) x 3/2 d) 𝒙 Test your program with x = 8, 16, 32 C Programming 263 Higher Technological Institute
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Example 1 # include <stdio.h> # include <math.h> main ( ) { int x=8; double a,b,c,d; do { a = cos(x*180/(22/7)); b=exp(x); c=pow(x, 3/2); d=sqrt(x); printf(“At x = %d n A = %f n B= %f n C= %f n D=%f n ”,x,a,b,c,d); x=x*2; } while ( x<=32 ); return 0; } C Programming 264 Higher Technological Institute
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Example 1 # include <stdio.h> # include <math.h> main ( ) { int x=8; double a,b,c,d; do { a = cos(x*180/(22/7)); b=exp(x); c=pow(x, 3/2); d=sqrt(x); printf(“At x = %d n A = %f n B= %f n C= %f n D=%f n ”,x,a,b,c,d); x=x*2; } while ( x<=32 ); return 0; } C Programming 265 Higher Technological Institute
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Example 1 # include <stdio.h> # include <math.h> main ( ) { int x=8; double math b Function 1 Function 2 … … exponential Function … … ; b=exp(x); main x 8 b return 0; } C Programming 266 Higher Technological Institute
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Example 1 # include <stdio.h> # include <math.h> main ( ) { int x=8; double math b ; 8 Function 1 Function 2 … … exponential Function … … b=exp(x); main x 8 b return 0; } C Programming 267 Higher Technological Institute
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Example 1 # include <stdio.h> # include <math.h> main ( ) { int x=8; double math b ; 8 Function 1 Function 2 … … exponential Function … … b=exp(x); main x 8 b 8886110.520508 return 0; } C Programming 268 Higher Technological Institute
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Some Header Files in C Library Header Description File <ctype.h> Defines function to test characters <float.h> Defines constant to float Defines the integer limits on your local <limits.h> computer <math.h> <stdio.h> <stdlib.h> <string.h> <time.h> C Programming Defines mathematical function Defines functions for standard input and output Defines utility functions Defines functions for processing string Defines time and date functions 269 Higher Technological Institute
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User Defined Function You Have to Know o Function Type o Function Name o Arguments to the function Type Name Arguments void Func_1 with returnable n1 without C Programming 270 Higher Technological Institute
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Build Your Function Func_Type Func_name( type1 Arg1, type2 Arg2 ) { statment1 ; statment2 ; . . . Function’s Body return variable; } C Programming 271 Higher Technological Institute
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Where I can put my Function ?? # include <stdio.h> func_type Func_1( Argument1, Argument2 ) { statment1 ; statment2 ; … … return ; } main ( ) { … Func1 Call ; … return 0; } Function’s Body Main Function C Programming 272 Higher Technological Institute
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Where I can put my Function ?? OR Function Declaration # include <stdio.h> func_type main ( ) { … Func1 Call ; … return 0; } func_type { statment1 ; statment2 ; … … return ; } C Programming Func_1( typeArgument1, typeArgument2 ) ; Main Function Func_1( Argument1, Argument2 ) Function’s Body 273 Higher Technological Institute
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Where I can put my Function ?? Function Declaration # include <stdio.h> func_type main ( ) { … Func1 Call ; … return 0; } func_type { statment1 ; statment2 ; … … return ; } C Programming Func_1( typeArgument1, typeArgument2 ) ; Main Function Func_1( Argument1, Argument2 ) Please Do not forget ; after Declaration Statement Function’s Body 274 Higher Technological Institute
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Simple Example # include <stdio.h> int sum ( int x, int y) { z = x + y; return z ; } main ( ) { int a, b, c; a = 3; b = 5; c = sum( a , b ); printf("C=%d n", c); return 0; } C Programming 275 Higher Technological Institute
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Simple Example # include <stdio.h> int sum ( int x, int y) { z = x + y; return z ; } main ( ) { int a, b, c; a = 3; b = 5; c = sum( a , b ); printf("C=%d n", c); return 0; } C Programming 276 Higher Technological Institute
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Simple Example # include <stdio.h> int sum ( int x, int y) { z = x + y; return z ; } main ( ) { int a, b, c; a = 3; b = 5; c = sum( a , b ); printf("C=%d n", c); return 0; } C Programming 277 Higher Technological Institute
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Simple Example # include <stdio.h> int sum ( int x, int y) { z = x + y; return z ; } • Why we use x, y,z in Function’s Body main ( ) While use a,b,c in main Function …? { • Effect of use the same variable name. int a, b, c; a = 3; b = 5; c = sum( a , b ); printf("C=%d n", c); return 0; } C Programming 278 Higher Technological Institute
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Simple Example by Method 2 # include <stdio.h> int sum ( int, int ) ; main ( ) { int a, b, c; a = 3; b = 5; c = sum( a , b ); printf("C=%d n", c); return 0; } int sum ( int x, int y) { z = x + y; return z ; } C Programming 279 Higher Technological Institute
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Simple Example by Method 2 # include <stdio.h> int sum ( int, int ) ; main ( ) Again Do not { forget ; after Declaration Statement int a, b, c; a = 3; b = 5; c = sum( a , b ); printf("C=%d n", c); return 0; } int sum ( int x, int y) { z = x + y; return z ; } C Programming 280 Higher Technological Institute
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Why Functions Example Write a program to calculate the factorial of any integer number. Then use your program to calculate the value of Y. 𝒏! − 𝒌! 𝒀= 𝒏− 𝒌 ! C Programming 281 Higher Technological Institute
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Example # include <stdio.h> main ( ) { int n ; printf(“Please Enter The Value of n n"); scanf(“%d”,&n); int factorial =1; for ( int i=n ; i>=1 ; i-- ) factorial = factorial * i ; printf(“Factorial =%d n", factorial); return 0; } C Programming 282 Higher Technological Institute
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Example # include <stdio.h> int fact ( int ) ; main ( ) { int n, k, y; printf(“Please Enter The Value of n and k n"); scanf(“%d %d”,&n,&k); y = ( fact(n) * fact(k) ) / fact( n – k ) ; printf(“Y=%d n", y); return 0; } int fact ( int fc ) { int factorial =1; for ( int i=fc ; i>=1 ; i-- ) factorial = factorial * i ; return factorial ; } C Programming 283 Higher Technological Institute
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LOGO Higher Technological Institute 10th of Ramadan City 6th of October Branch Electrical and Computer Engineering Department Eng. Ibrahim Elewah HTI Student Book Main Reference “C For Dummies” by Dan Gookin 2nd Edition 28
LOGO Higher Technological Institute 10th of Ramadan City 6th of October Branch Electrical and Computer Engineering Department Lecture Notes in Prepaid By: Eng. Ibrahim Elewah Main Reference HTI Student Book and “C For Dummies” by Dan Gookin 2nd Edition 1
Course Contents 1 Introduction 2 Program Development 3 The Essential of C Programs 4 Manipulating Data with Operators 5 Reading from and Writing to Standard I/O 6 Decision 7 Iteration 8 Arrays 9 C Functions C Programming 2 Higher Technological Institute
Course Contents Introduction 1  Computer Program  Programming Language  Machine Language  Assembly Language  High Level Language  The C Programming Language  Interpreter, Compiler and Assembler C Programming 3 Higher Technological Institute
Computer Program A Computer Program is a sequence of instructions written to perform a specified task with a computer. The program has an executable form that the computer can use directly to execute the instructions. The Executable program in its human-readable form is called the source code. Computer source code is often written by computer programmers. It is written in a programming language. Source Code may be converted into an executable file ( an executable program or a binary) by a compiler and later executed by a central processing unit. Alternatively, computer programs may be executed with the aid of an interpreter, or may be embedded directly into hardware. C Programming 4 Higher Technological Institute
Programming Language A Programming language is an artificial language designed to communicate instructions to a computer. Most programming language are purely textual; they use sequences of text including words, numbers and punctuation. The programming languages are divided into three groups: 1. Machine Language 2. Assembly Language 3. High Level Language C Programming 5 Higher Technological Institute
Machine Language Essentially, computers really understand only one language, which consists of zeroes and ones, also known as machine language. But o Difficult and take a Long Time to Read and Write o Difficult to Detect and Correct the Errors o It is also called C Programming Binary Code
Assembly Language o It uses some Mnemonic English codes instead of Binary Codes. o Assembly language programs are easier to Read and Write than machine language programs. o It Needs an Assembler to translate Mnemonic codes into Machine Language. Example ADD 5,9 SUB 7,3 C Programming 7 Higher Technological Institute
Assembly Language o It uses some Mnemonic English codes instead of Binary Codes. o Assembly language programs are easier to Read and Write than machine language programs. o It Needs an Assembler to translate Mnemonic codes into Machine Language. Example ADD 5,9 SUB 7,3 C Programming But in Large Programs Writing a program in assembly language can prove extremely Time-consuming, and complicated. 8 Higher Technological Institute
High Level Language Because writing machine- or assembly-language programs was so Difficult and Confusing, people developed additional languages that look more like human languages With names such as JAVA, BASIC, and C. o High Level Language needs Compiler or Interpreter. C Programming 9 Higher Technological Institute
High Level Language Readability Programs are easy to Read Maintainability Programs are easy to Maintain Portability Programs are easy to port across Different computer Platforms Reusability Saving your programs into library and invoke them in next programs C Programming 10 Higher Technological Institute
C Programming Language 1. High Level Language. 2. C allows you to get control of computer Hardware. 3. Many other high level language developed based on C. 4. The American National Standard Institute ANSI define the standard for the C programming language. 5. Your HTI Book focuses on the functions defined in ANSI See Page C Programming 11 3 Higher Technological Institute
Interpreter, Compiler and Assembler Lower Level Language High Level Language Interpreter Assembly Language Binary Language High Level Language Compiler Computer Instruction Assembler Lower Level Language Binary 0’s and 1’s Read more Pages 3 and 4 C Programming 12 Higher Technological Institute
Your First C Program /* This is my First C Program */ #include<stdio.h> int main () { printf(" Hello World! n ") ; return 0 ; } C Programming 13 Higher Technological Institute
Comments /* This is my First C Program */ o The compiler ignore everything between two slashes and asterisks. o Just to help you document your program. o C compilers allows to write comments like /* This comment does not increase the size of the executable file (Binary Code), nor does it affect the performance speed */ C Programming 14 Higher Technological Institute
Your First C Program /* This is my First C Program */ #include<stdio.h> int main () { printf(" Hello World! n ") ; return 0 ; } C Programming 15 Higher Technological Institute
Header Files stdio.h Header File #include<stdio.h> o This Header Files required by include directive o Header Files extensions .h means header o The stdio.h header file numerous prototypes and macros to perform input or output I/O for C Program C Programming 16 Higher Technological Institute
Your First C Program /* This is my First C Program */ #include<stdio.h> int main () { printf(" Hello World! n ") ; return 0 ; } C Programming 17 Higher Technological Institute
Main Function o Very special function o Each C Program MUST have a main() function o The main() function syntax as follows int main () { return 0 ; } C Programming 18 Higher Technological Institute
Your First C Program /* This is my First C Program */ #include<stdio.h> int main () { printf(" Hello World! n ") ; return 0 ; } C Programming 19 Higher Technological Institute
Printing On Screen o To print a text or numbers printf is used. o Syntax printf(“ ”); o The new line character n o To print Hello World! write the following statement printf(" Hello World! n ") ; C Programming 20 Higher Technological Institute
Your First C Program /* This is my First C Program */ #include<stdio.h> int main () { printf(" Hello World! n ") ; return 0 ; } C Programming 21 Higher Technological Institute
References C Programming 22 Higher Technological Institute
References Logic Design A 23 Higher Technological Institute
Course Contents 1 Introduction 2 Program Development 3 The Essential of C Programs 4 Manipulating Data with Operators 5 Reading from and Writing to Standard I/O 6 Decision 7 Iteration 8 Arrays 9 C Functions C Programming 24 Higher Technological Institute
Course Contents Program Development 2  Phases of Computer Program Development  Problem Definition and Analysis  Algorithms and Flowcharts  Program Coding  Program Execute and Testing  Exercise C Programming 25 Higher Technological Institute
Problem Definition and Analysis o The problem which you write a program for should be completely understood by gathering information about it. o This information is the program input. o How information is processed to give the required output. oExample 𝟐 𝒂𝒙 + 𝒃𝒙 + 𝒄 = 𝟎 C Programming 26 Higher Technological Institute
Problem Definition and Analysis o The General Quadratic Equation 𝟐 𝒂𝒙 + 𝒃𝒙 + 𝒄 = 𝟎 C Programming 27 Higher Technological Institute
Problem Definition and Analysis o The General Quadratic Equation 𝒙= −𝒃 ± 𝒃 𝟐 − 𝟒𝒂𝒄 𝟐𝒂 𝟐 𝒂𝒙 + 𝒃𝒙 + 𝒄 = 𝟎 C Programming 28 Higher Technological Institute
Problem Definition and Analysis o The General Quadratic Equation 𝒙= 𝒙𝟏 = −𝒃 + 𝒃 𝟐 − 𝟒𝒂𝒄 𝟐𝒂 −𝒃 ± 𝒃 𝟐 − 𝟒𝒂𝒄 𝟐𝒂 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒙𝟐 = −𝒃 − 𝒃 𝟐 − 𝟒𝒂𝒄 𝟐𝒂 𝟐 𝒂𝒙 + 𝒃𝒙 + 𝒄 = 𝟎 C Programming 29 Higher Technological Institute
Problem Definition and Analysis o The General Quadratic Equation 𝒙= 𝒙𝟏 = −𝒃 + 𝒃 𝟐 − 𝟒𝒂𝒄 𝟐𝒂 −𝒃 ± 𝒃 𝟐 − 𝟒𝒂𝒄 𝟐𝒂 Discriminator 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒙𝟐 = −𝒃 − 𝒃 𝟐 − 𝟒𝒂𝒄 𝟐𝒂 𝟐 𝒂𝒙 + 𝒃𝒙 + 𝒄 = 𝟎 C Programming 30 Higher Technological Institute
Problem Definition and Analysis o The General Quadratic Equation 𝒙= 𝒃 𝟐 − 𝟒𝒂𝒄 𝟐𝒂 −𝒃 ± 𝒃 𝟐 − 𝟒𝒂𝒄 𝒙𝟏 = 𝟐𝒂 𝑫 = 𝒃 𝟐 − 𝟒𝒂𝒄 𝒊𝒇 𝑫 < 𝟎 𝒙 𝟏 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒙 𝟐 𝒊𝒇 𝑫 > 𝟎 𝒙 𝟏 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒙 𝟐 −𝒃 + Discriminator 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒙𝟐 = −𝒃 − 𝒃 𝟐 − 𝟒𝒂𝒄 𝟐𝒂 𝒂𝒓𝒆 𝑰𝒎𝒂𝒈𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒓𝒚 𝒄𝒂𝒏 𝒃𝒆 𝑪𝒂𝒍𝒄𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒅 𝟐 𝒂𝒙 + 𝒃𝒙 + 𝒄 = 𝟎 C Programming 31 Higher Technological Institute
Problem Definition and Analysis o How information is processed to give the required output ? 𝒂 , 𝒃 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒄 𝒂𝒓𝒆 𝑮𝒊𝒗𝒆𝒏 = 𝑰𝒏𝒑𝒖𝒕𝒔 𝟐 𝑫 = 𝒃 − 𝟒𝒂𝒄 Question D >0 ? YES 𝒙 𝟏 = NO −𝒃+ 𝒙 𝟏 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒃 𝟐 −𝟒𝒂𝒄 𝟐𝒂 𝒙𝟐 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒂𝒓𝒆 𝒙𝟐 = −𝒃− 𝒃 𝟐 −𝟒𝒂𝒄 𝟐𝒂 𝑰𝒎𝒂𝒈𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒓𝒚 𝟐 𝒂𝒙 + 𝒃𝒙 + 𝒄 = 𝟎 C Programming 32 Higher Technological Institute
Algorithms and Flowcharts C Programming 33 Higher Technological Institute
Flowchart Start, Stop ( Begin , End) Input , Output Processing Program Instruction Decision Connector Comment Preparation C Programming 34 ( Instruction that change the program) Higher Technological Institute
Flowcharts 𝑫 = 𝒃 𝟐 − 𝟒𝒂𝒄 𝒙 𝟏,𝟐 = C Programming −𝒃 ± 𝒃 𝟐 − 𝟒𝒂𝒄 𝟐𝒂 35 Higher Technological Institute
Flowcharts 𝑫 = 𝒃 𝟐 − 𝟒𝒂𝒄 𝒙 𝟏,𝟐 = C Programming −𝒃 ± 𝒃 𝟐 − 𝟒𝒂𝒄 𝟐𝒂 36 Higher Technological Institute
Flowcharts 𝑫 = 𝒃 𝟐 − 𝟒𝒂𝒄 𝒙 𝟏,𝟐 = C Programming −𝒃 ± 𝒃 𝟐 − 𝟒𝒂𝒄 𝟐𝒂 37 Higher Technological Institute
Flowcharts 𝑫 = 𝒃 𝟐 − 𝟒𝒂𝒄 YES 𝒙 𝟏,𝟐 = C Programming −𝒃 ± NO 𝒃 𝟐 − 𝟒𝒂𝒄 𝟐𝒂 38 Higher Technological Institute
Flowcharts 𝑫 = 𝒃 𝟐 − 𝟒𝒂𝒄 YES 𝒙 𝟏,𝟐 = C Programming −𝒃 ± NO 𝒃 𝟐 − 𝟒𝒂𝒄 𝟐𝒂 39 Higher Technological Institute
Flowcharts 𝑫 = 𝒃 𝟐 − 𝟒𝒂𝒄 YES 𝒙 𝟏,𝟐 = C Programming −𝒃 ± NO 𝒃 𝟐 − 𝟒𝒂𝒄 𝟐𝒂 40 Higher Technological Institute
Flowcharts Examples Example 1 Draw a flow chart to read two numbers and compare between both if they are equal or not. C Programming 41 Higher Technological Institute
Flowcharts Examples Example 1 Draw a flow chart to read two numbers and compare between both if they are equal or not. C Programming 42 Higher Technological Institute
Flowcharts Examples Example 2 Draw a flow chart to generate a table of squares and cubes of integers from 1 to 9. C Programming 43 Higher Technological Institute
Flowcharts Examples Example 2 Draw a flow chart to generate a table of squares and cubes of integers from 1 to 9. C Programming 44 Higher Technological Institute
Flowcharts Examples Example 3 Draw a flow chart to determine the minimum value of three input numbers. C Programming 45 Higher Technological Institute
Flowcharts Examples Example 3 Draw a flow chart to determine the minimum value of three input numbers. C Programming 46 Higher Technological Institute
Flowcharts Examples Example 4 Draw a flow chart to generates the famous sequence of numbers called the Fibonacci series. Here are the first few terms of the series: 0 1 1 2 3 5 8 13 21 34 55 C Programming 47 Higher Technological Institute
Flowcharts Examples Example 4 Draw a flow chart to generates the famous sequence of numbers called the Fibonacci series. Here are the first few terms of the series: 0 1 1 2 3 5 8 13 21 34 55 Each term is found by adding the two previous ones: 1+1 is 2, 1+2 is 3, 2+3 is 5, 3+5 is 8, and so on. C Programming 48 Higher Technological Institute
Flowcharts Examples Example 4 Draw a flow chart to generates the famous sequence of numbers called the Fibonacci series. Here are the first few terms of the series: 0 1 1 2 3 5 8 13 21 34 55 Each term is found by adding the two previous ones: 1+1 is 2, 1+2 is 3, 2+3 is 5, 3+5 is 8, and so on. 𝒇𝟎 = 𝟎 , 𝒇𝟏 = 𝟏 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒇 𝒏 = 𝒇 𝒏−𝟏 + 𝒇 𝒏−𝟐 Terminate the program after calculation the first 10 numbers of the Fibonacci series and print them. C Programming 49 Higher Technological Institute
Flowcharts Examples Example 4 0 1 𝒇𝟎 = 𝟎 1 𝒇𝟏 = 𝟏 2 𝒇 𝒏 = 𝒇 𝒏−𝟏 + 𝒇 𝒏−𝟐 3 5 8 13 21 34 55 C Programming 50 Higher Technological Institute
Flowcharts Examples Example 5 It is desired to compute income Tax for a given income as per the following table: Income Amount of tax Up to Rs 35000 Nil From Rs 35001 To Rs 60000 20% of income in Excess of Rs 35000 From Rs 60001 To Rs 120000 Rs 5000 + 30% of income in Excess of Rs 60000 More than Rs 120000 Rs 23000+ 40% of income in Excess of Rs 120000 C Programming 51 Higher Technological Institute
Flowcharts Examples C Programming 52 Higher Technological Institute
Flowcharts Examples Example 6 It is desired to sum 20 values read from a data statement. This can be done by means of a loop. It uses the following algorithm for summation. Sj+1 = Sj + A Where: j = 1,2,3,..20 Sj+1 : The new sum Sj : The old sum A : The variable whose values are to be added C Programming 53 Higher Technological Institute
Flowcharts Examples C Programming 54 Higher Technological Institute
Flowcharts Examples Example 7 Draw a flowchart of Program that Calculate and Display The Factorial of C Programming n 55 Higher Technological Institute
Flowcharts Examples Example 7 Draw a flowchart of Program that Calculate and Display The Factorial of n 𝒏! = 𝒏 × 𝒏 − 𝟏 × 𝒏 − 𝟐 … × 𝟑 × 𝟐 × 𝟏 C Programming 56 Higher Technological Institute
Flowcharts Examples Example 7 Draw a flowchart of Program that Calculate and Display The Factorial of n 𝒏! = 𝒏 × 𝒏 − 𝟏 × 𝒏 − 𝟐 … × 𝟑 × 𝟐 × 𝟏 C Programming 57 Higher Technological Institute
Flowcharts Examples Example 8 Draw a flowchart to compute all possible products of X and Y X and Y varying from 0 through 9 (100 products) 0x0=0 0x1=0 0x2=0 0x3=0 . . 0x9=0 C Programming 1x0=0 … 1x1=1 … 1x2=2 … 1x3=3 … . . 1x9=9 … 9x0=0 9x1=9 9x2=18 9x3=27 Home Work ..! 9x9=81 58 Higher Technological Institute
Flowcharts Examples Example 8 0x0=0 0x1=0 0x2=0 0x3=0 . . 0x9=0 C Programming 1x0=0 … 1x1=1 … 1x2=2 … 1x3=3 … . . 1x9=9 … 9x0=0 9x1=9 9x2=18 9x3=27 9x9=81 59 Higher Technological Institute
Algorithms C Programming 60 Higher Technological Institute
Program Coding o In this phase, the algorithm ( or Flowchart ) is transferred into program using codes of one of programming language. o Machine Language ( Binary Code ). o Assembly Language. o High Level Language. C Programming 61 Higher Technological Institute
Program Executing and Testing Editing Compiling Linking Executing C Programming 62 Higher Technological Institute
Program Executing and Testing Editing C Programming Means to use any editing program to convert the program into electronic form and save it with a suitable and valid name with the extension (.c) The program becomes an electronic source code 63 Higher Technological Institute
Program Executing and Testing Compiling C Programming Means to use a compiler program matches with the programming language the source program written with, to detect the linguistic errors and convert the source code program into a binary codes. The program becomes an object program, saved with the source code name but with the extension (.0). 64 Higher Technological Institute
Program Executing and Testing Linking C Programming The program when it is written contains some functions, as printf( ) function which is saved in the library of the compiler and may be some external functions written to do certain jobs by the program after linking with libraries functions is converted to an executable program, with the same name entered by the user but with the extension .exe (dot exe). 65 Higher Technological Institute
Program Executing and Testing The program in this step i.e., after linking is ready to be run or debugged on the computer. Executing C Programming 66 Higher Technological Institute
Program Executing and Testing Editing Compiling Linking Executing C Programming 67 Higher Technological Institute
Steps of Obtaining an Executable Program C Programming 68 Higher Technological Institute
Course Contents 1 Introduction 2 Program Development 3 The Essential of C Programs 4 Manipulating Data with Operators 5 Reading from and Writing to Standard I/O 6 Decision 7 Iteration 8 Arrays 9 C Functions C Programming 69 Higher Technological Institute
Course Contents 3 The Essential of C Programs  Constants and variables  Expressions  Arithmetic operators  Statements  Statement blocks  Data Types and Names in C  Naming a Variable C Programming 70 Higher Technological Institute
Expressions o An expression is a combination of constants, variables, and operators that are used to denote computations 𝑨= 𝟐∗ 𝑨 − 𝟏 1. Taking the value contained in the drawer (variable) A 2. Multiply this value by 2 3. Subtract 1 from result obtained from 2 4. The value contained in drawer A is omitted, then putting the result obtained from 3 into drawer A. C Programming 71 Higher Technological Institute
Arithmetic Operations Addition Subtraction Multiplication Division Reminder The Reminder operator % is used to obtain the reminder of the first operand divided by the second operand C Programming 72 Higher Technological Institute
Arithmetic Operations Addition Subtraction Multiplication Division Reminder Example 𝟔% 𝟒= 𝟐 C Programming 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟏%𝟐 = 𝟏 73 𝟒𝟖%𝟓 = Higher Technological Institute
Arithmetic Operations Addition Subtraction Multiplication Division Reminder Example 𝟔% 𝟒= 𝟐 C Programming 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟏%𝟐 = 𝟏 74 𝟒𝟖%𝟓 = 𝟑 Higher Technological Institute
Constants and Variables o As its name implies, a constant is a value that never changes. o A variable, on the other hand, can be used to present different values. o For instance, consider the following: 𝒊 = 𝟏 ; o Where the symbol i is a constant because it always has the same value (1) and the symbol i is assigned the constant 1. o In other words, i contains the value of 1 after the statement is executed. C Programming 75 Higher Technological Institute
Data Types and Names o The C language reserves some keywords words that have special meanings to the language. o Those reserved words should not be used as variables, constants, or function names in your program. o All C keywords must be written in lowercase letters, for instance INT will not be treated as a keyword, it must be written as int. C Programming 76 Higher Technological Institute
The computer list of C keywords auto const double float int short struct unsigned C Programming break continue else for long signed switch void case default enum goto register sizeof typedef volatile 77 char do extern if return static union while Higher Technological Institute
Naming a Variable Valid Variable Name Can Use o Characters A through Z and a through z o Digit characters 0 through 9, which can be used in any position except the first of a variable name. o The underscore character _ Examples stop_sign C Programming loop3 78 and_pause Higher Technological Institute
Naming a Variable Invalid Variable Name Can NOT be Used o o o o A variable name can’t contain any C arithmetic signs. A variable name can’t contain any dots. A variable name can’t contain any apostrophes. A variable name can’t contain any other special symbols such as *, @, #, and so on. Examples 4flags return C Programming sum-result what_size? 79 method*4 ahmed.ali Higher Technological Institute
Data Types C Data Type char int float double a, B, $, # 5, 17, 128 2.5 , 0.3 23433.3455 C Programming 80 Higher Technological Institute
Declaration Statement Type Name Value char int float double c1 N1 F1 d1 char c1 = ‘&’ ; int ‘&’ 100 32/10 5e3 = 100 ; n1 C Programming 81 Higher Technological Institute
Declaration Statement Type char int float double Name Value ‘&’ 100 32/10 5e3 c1 N1 F1 d1 char c1 ; c1 = ‘&’ ; int ; n1 = 100 ; n1 C Programming 82 Higher Technological Institute
Declaration Statement Type Name Value char int float double float c1 n1 f1 d1 ‘&’ 100 32/10 5e3 f1= 32/100 ; double C Programming d1=5e3 ; 83 Higher Technological Institute
Declaration Statement Type Name Value char int float double ‘&’ 100 32/10 5e3 c1 n1 f1 d1 float f1 ; f1 = 32/100 ; double d1 ; d1 = 5e3 C Programming 84 ; Higher Technological Institute
Some special characters in C b Backspace f Form feed n New line r Return t Tab C Programming Moves the cursor to the left one character Goes to the top of a new page Carriage return and line feeds Returns to the beginning of the current line Advances to the next tab stop 85 Higher Technological Institute
Examples /* Example1 : Printing out characters */ # include <stdio.h> /* the header file for the printf () function */ main ( ) { /* the main function body till line 13 */ char c1; /* declaration of the character variable c1 */ char c2; /* declaration of the character variable c2 */ c1 = ‘A’; /* assigning c1 with the character constant A */ c2 = ‘a’; /* assigning c2 with the character constant a */ return 0; } C Programming 86 Higher Technological Institute
Examples /* Example1 : Printing out characters */ # include <stdio.h> /* the header file for the printf () function */ main ( ) { /* the main function body till line 13 */ char c1; /* declaration of the character variable c1 */ char c2; /* declaration of the character variable c2 */ c1 = ‘A’; /* assigning c1 with the character constant A */ c2 = ‘a’; /* assigning c2 with the character constant a */ printf ( “ The character c1 is : %c n ”, c1); printf ( “ The character c1 is : %c ” , c1); printf ( “ while the character c2 is : %c n”, c2); return 0; } C Programming 87 Higher Technological Institute
Examples /* Example1 : Printing out characters */ # include <stdio.h> /* the header file for the printf () function */ main ( ) { /* the main function body till line 13 */ char c1; /* declaration of the character variable c1 */ printf ( “ The character c1 is : variablen */”, c1); %c c2 char c2; /* declaration of the character c1 = ‘A’; /* assigning c1 with the character constant A */ c2 = ‘a’; /* assigning c2 with the character constant a */ printf ( “ The character c1 is : %c n ”, c1); printf ( “ The character c1 is : %c ” , c1); printf ( “ while the character c2 is : %c n”, c2); return 0; } C Programming 88 Higher Technological Institute
Examples /* Example1 : Printing out characters */ # include <stdio.h> /* the header file for the printf () function */ main ( ) { /* the main function body till line 13 */ char c1; /* declaration of the character variable c1 */ printf ( “ The character c1 is : variablen */”, c1); %c c2 char c2; /* declaration of the character c1 = ‘A’; /* assigning c1 with the character constant A */ c2 = ‘a’; /* assigning c2 with the character constant a */ printf ( “ The character c1 is : %c n ”, c1); printf ( “ The character c1 is : %c ” , c1); printf ( “ while the character c2 is : %c n”, c2); return 0; } C Programming 89 Higher Technological Institute
Examples /* Example1 : Printing out characters */ # include <stdio.h> /* the header file for the printf () function */ main ( ) { /* the main function body till line 13 */ char c1; /* declaration of the character variable c1 */ printf ( “ The character c1 is : variablen */”, c1); %c c2 char c2; /* declaration of the character c1 = ‘A’; /* assigning c1 with the character constant A */ c2 = ‘a’; /* assigning c2 with the character constant a */ printf ( “ The character c1 is : %c n ”, c1); printf ( “ The character c1 is : %c ” , c1); printf ( “ while the character c2 is : %c n”, c2); return 0; } C Programming 90 Higher Technological Institute
Examples /* Example1 : Printing out characters */ # include <stdio.h> /* the header file for the printf () function */ main ( ) { /* the main function body till line 13 */ char c1; /* declaration of the character variable c1 */ printf ( “ The character c1 is : variablen */”, c1); %c c2 char c2; /* declaration of the character c1 = ‘A’; /* assigning c1 with the character constant A */ c2 = ‘a’; /* assigning c2 with the character constant a */ printf ( “ The character c1 is : %c n ”, c1); printf ( “ The character c1 is : %c ” , c1); printf ( “ while the character c2 is : %c n”, c2); return 0; } New Line Specifier for Character Data Type C Programming 91 Higher Technological Institute
Examples /* Example1 : Printing out characters */ # include <stdio.h> /* the header file for the printf () function */ main ( ) { /* the main function body till line 13 */ char c1; /* declaration of the character variable c1 */ char c2; /* declaration of the character variable c2 */ c1 = ‘A’; /* assigning c1 with the character constant A */ c2 = ‘a’; /* assigning c2 with the character constant a */ printf ( “ The character c1 is : %c n ”, c1); printf ( “ The character c1 is : %c ” , c1); printf ( “ while the character c2 is : %c n”, c2); return 0; } C Programming 92 Higher Technological Institute
You Have To Know about Data Types Type Name Value Specifier char c1 ‘&’ %c int n1 100 %d float f1 32/10 %f double d1 5e3 %e,%E C Programming 93 Higher Technological Institute
Examples /* The arithmetic operations on integers */ # include<stdio.h> /* the header file for the printf () function */ main ( ) { /* the main function body till line 15 */ int m = 3; int n=2; printf ( "The summation of %d and %d is : %d.n", m, n, m+n); printf ( "The difference between %d and %d is : %d.n", m, n, m-n); printf ( "The multiplication of %d by %d is : %d.n", m, n, m*n); printf ( "The division of %d by %d is : %d.n", m, n, m/n); printf ( "The remainder of division of %d by %d is : %d.n", m, n, m%n); return 0 ; } C Programming 94 Higher Technological Institute
Operators Precedence Operator Sign ( ) / * + - C Programming Name Brackets Division Multiplication Addition Subtraction 95 Higher Technological Institute
Logic Operators Operator Sign || && != C Programming Name OR AND NOT 96 Higher Technological Institute
Examples /* Example3 : Integer vs. floating point divisions */ # include <stdio.h> /* the header file for the printf () function */ main ( ) { int n1,n2,n3; float m1,m2,m3; n1 = 32/10; m1= 32/10; n2 = 32.0/10; m2= 32.0/10; n3 = 32/10.0; m3 = 32/10.0; return 0; } C Programming 97 Higher Technological Institute
Examples /* Example3 : Integer vs. floating point divisions */ # include <stdio.h> /* the header file for the printf () function */ main ( ) { int n1,n2,n3; float m1,m2,m3; n1 = 32/10; m1= 32/10; n2 = 32.0/10; m2= 32.0/10; n3 = 32/10.0; m3 = 32/10.0; printf ( “ The integer division of 32/10 is : %d n”, n1); printf ( “The floating point division of 32/10 is : %f n”, m1); printf ( “The integer division of 32.0/10 is : %d n”, n2); printf ( “The floating point division of 32.0/10 is : %f n”, m2); printf ( “The integer division of 32/10.0 is : %d n”, n3); printf ( “The floating point division of 32/10.0 is : %f n”, m3); return 0; } C Programming 98 Higher Technological Institute
Double Data Type o Here are two examples: [mantissa] e [exponent] [mantissa] E [exponent] Example 5000 -300 0.0025 5e3. -3e2 2.5e-3. Specifier %e or %E With printf ( ) C Programming 99 Higher Technological Institute
Precedence Example # include<stdio.h> main ( ) { int A,B,C,D,E, X, Y, Z; A = 20 ; B = 6 ; C = 3 ; D = 10 ; E = 2 ; X= E*D – B/C + A ; Y=(E*D)–(B/C)+ A ; Z= A*(D–B)/(C+ E); printf ( “ X= %d n Y= %d n Z=%d n”, X,Y,Z); return 0 ; } C Programming 100 Higher Technological Institute
Precedence Example # include<stdio.h> main ( ) { int A,B,C,D,E, X, Y, Z; A = 20 ; B = 6 ; C = 3 ; D = 10 ; E = 2 ; X= E*D – B/C + A ; Y=(E*D)–(B/C)+ A ; Z= A*(D–B)/(C+ E); printf ( “ X= %d n Y= %d n Z=%d n”, X,Y,Z); return 0 ; } C Programming 101 Higher Technological Institute
Precedence Example # include<stdio.h> X( B/C + A ; main = ) E * D – { int A,B,C,D,E, X, Y, Z; A = 20 ; B = 6 ; C = 3 ; D = 10 ; E = 2 ; X= E*D – B/C + A ; Y=(E*D)–(B/C)+ A ; Z= A*(D–B)/(C+ E); printf ( “ X= %d n Y= %d n Z=%d n”, X,Y,Z); return 0 ; } C Programming 102 Higher Technological Institute
Precedence Example X= E*D – X= E*D – C Programming B/C B/C + A ; + A ; 103 Higher Technological Institute
Precedence Example X= E*D – C Programming B/C + A ; 104 Higher Technological Institute
Precedence Example X= E*D – B/C + A ; A = 20 B=6 C=3 D = 10 E=2 C Programming ( ) * / +- 105 Higher Technological Institute
Precedence Example X= E*D – 2 * 10 – A = 20 B/C + A ; 6 / 3 + 20 B=6 C=3 D = 10 E=2 C Programming 106 ( ) * / +- Higher Technological Institute
Precedence Example X= E*D – 2 * 10 – A = 20 B=6 C=3 D = 10 E=2 C Programming 20 B/C + A ; 6 / 3 + 20 – 2 107 + 20 ( ) * / +- Higher Technological Institute
Precedence Example X= E*D – 2 * 10 – A = 20 B=6 C=3 D = 10 E=2 C Programming 20 B/C + A ; 6 / 3 + 20 – 2 38 108 + 20 ( ) * / +- Higher Technological Institute
Precedence Example # include<stdio.h> main ( ) { int A,B,C,D,E, X, Y, Z; A = 20 ; B = 6 ; C = 3 ; D = 10 ; E = 2 ; X= E*D – B/C + A ; Y=(E*D)–(B/C)+ A ; Z= A*(D–B)/(C+ E); printf ( “ X= %d n Y= %d n Z=%d n”, X,Y,Z); return 0 ; } C Programming 109 Higher Technological Institute
Precedence Example # include<stdio.h> main ( ) { int A,B,C,D,E, X, Y, Z; A = 20 ; B = 6 ; C = 3 ; D = 10 ; E = 2 ; X= E*D – B/C + A ; Y=(E*D)–(B/C)+ A ; Z= A*(D–B)/(C+ E); printf ( “ X= %d n Y= %d n Z=%d n”, X,Y,Z); return 0 ; } C Programming 110 Higher Technological Institute
Precedence Example # include<stdio.h> main = )( E * D ) – ( B / C ) + A ; Y ( { int A,B,C,D,E, X, Y, Z; A = 20 ; B = 6 ; C = 3 ; D = 10 ; E = 2 ; X= E*D – B/C + A ; Y=(E*D)–(B/C)+ A ; Z= A*(D–B)/(C+ E); printf ( “ X= %d n Y= %d n Z=%d n”, X,Y,Z); return 0 ; } C Programming 111 Higher Technological Institute
Precedence Example Y=(E*D)–(B/C)+ A ; . . . C Programming 112 Higher Technological Institute
Precedence Example Y=(E*D)–(B/C)+ A ; . . . 38 C Programming 113 Higher Technological Institute
Precedence Example # include<stdio.h> main ( ) { int A,B,C,D,E, X, Y, Z; A = 20 ; B = 6 ; C = 3 ; D = 10 ; E = 2 ; X= E*D – B/C + A ; Y=(E*D)–(B/C)+ A ; Z= A*(D–B)/(C+ E); printf ( “ X= %d n Y= %d n Z=%d n”, X,Y,Z); return 0 ; } C Programming 114 Higher Technological Institute
Precedence Example # include<stdio.h> Z( = A * ( D – B ) / ( C + E ) ; main ) { int A,B,C,D,E, X, Y, Z; A = 20 ; B = 6 ; C = 3 ; D = 10 ; E = 2 ; X= E*D – B/C + A ; Y=(E*D)–(B/C)+ A ; Z= A*(D–B)/(C+ E); printf ( “ X= %d n Y= %d n Z=%d n”, X,Y,Z); return 0 ; } C Programming 115 Higher Technological Institute
Precedence Example Z= A*(D–B)/(C+ E); A = 20 B=6 C=3 D = 10 E=2 C Programming ( ) * / +- 116 Higher Technological Institute
Precedence Example Z= A*(D–B)/(C+ E); A = 20 B=6 C=3 D = 10 E=2 C Programming ( ) * / +- 117 Higher Technological Institute
Precedence Example Z= A*(D–B)/(C+ E); A = 20 B=6 C=3 D = 10 E=2 C Programming 20 * 4 / 118 5 ( ) * / +- Higher Technological Institute
Precedence Example Z= A*(D–B)/(C+ E); A = 20 B=6 C=3 D = 10 E=2 C Programming 20 * 4 / 16 119 5 ( ) * / +- Higher Technological Institute
Precedence Example # include<stdio.h> main ( ) { int A,B,C,D,E, X, Y, Z; A = 20 ; B = 6 ; C = 3 ; D = 10 ; E = 2 ; X= E*D – B/C + A ; Y=(E*D)–(B/C)+ A ; Z= A*(D–B)/(C+ E); printf ( “ X= %d n Y= %d n Z=%d n”, X,Y,Z); return 0 ; } C Programming 120 Higher Technological Institute
Precedence Example # include<stdio.h> main ( ) { int A,B,C,D,E, X, Y, Z; A = 20 ; B = 6 ; C = 3 ; D = 10 ; E = 2 ; X= E*D – B/C + A ; Y=(E*D)–(B/C)+ A ; Z= A*(D–B)/(C+ E); printf ( “ X= %d n Y= %d n Z=%d n”, X,Y,Z); return 0 ; } C Programming 121 Higher Technological Institute
Home Work ..!! Exercises 3 Page 44 C Programming 122 Higher Technological Institute
Course Contents 1 Introduction 2 Program Development 3 The Essential of C Programs 4 Manipulating Data with Operators 5 Reading from and Writing to Standard I/O 6 Decision 7 Iteration 8 Arrays 9 C Functions C Programming 123 Higher Technological Institute
Course Contents 4 Manipulating Data with Operators C Programming 124 Higher Technological Institute
Course Contents 4 Manipulating Data with Operators  Errors Types  Arithmetic Assignment Operators  Unary Minus Operator  The Cast Operator C Programming 125 Higher Technological Institute
Error Types Syntax Execution Logic C Programming 126 Higher Technological Institute
Error Types Syntax Example C Programming They are errors that you have made in the form Or syntax of the language o Spelling a keyword incorrectly o Errors that are detected during running of a program are shown in a dialog box that appears and the error is highlighted in the program. 127 Higher Technological Institute
Error Types Execution Example C Programming If the program has no syntax errors. The computer can execute it. During execution, execution errors may be detected. o If a number is divided by zero causes an execution error. Whenever an execution error is detected, the computer displays a dialog box with an error message and stops executing the program. 128 Higher Technological Institute
Error Types Logic C Programming If the output of the program does not agree with what is expected, this is logic error. The computer cannot detect such an error because it does not know the logic of the program should be. So, it is your responsibility to detect logic errors in the program. 129 Higher Technological Institute
Error Types Syntax Execution Logic C Programming 130 Higher Technological Institute
Arithmetic Assignment Operators o Here the statement causes the value of the right-handoperand to be assigned to the memory location of the left-hand-operand. left-hand-operand = right-hand-operand a=5 ; o Statement writes the value of the right-hand-operand (5) into the memory location of the integer variable a (which is the left-hand-operand in this case). b=a=5 ; C Programming 131 Higher Technological Institute
Assignment and Arithmetic Operators Operator += -= *= /= %= C Programming Description Addition Assignment Operator Subtraction Assignment Operator Multiplication Assignment Operator Division Assignment Operator Remainder Assignment Operator 132 Higher Technological Institute
Equivalence of Statements Statement x+ = y; x- = y; x* = y; x/ = y; x% = y; z=z*x+y; C Programming Equivalence x = x + y; x = x - y; x = x * y; x = x / y; x = x % y; ? 133 z *= x + y ; Higher Technological Institute
Equivalence of Statements Statement x+ = y; x- = y; x* = y; x/ = y; x% = y; z=z*x+y; C Programming Equivalence x = x + y; x = x - y; x = x * y; x = x / y; x = x % y; ≠ 134 z *= x + y ; Higher Technological Institute
Example # include <stdio.h> main ( ) { int x, y, z; x =1; y =3; printf (“Given x = %d, y = %d, and z = %d,n”, x, y, z); x= x + y; printf ( “ x= x +y assigns %d to x;n”, x); x = 1; x+= y ; printf ( “ x+= y assigns %d to x;n”, x); x = 1; z = z* x + y; printf ( “z = z*x+y assigns %d to z;n”, z); z = 10; z = z* (x + y); printf ( “z = z*( x+ y) assigns %d to z;n”, z); z = 10; z *= x + y; printf ( “z *= x+ y assigns %d to z;n”, z); return 0; } C Programming 135 z= 10; Higher Technological Institute
Unary Minus Operator o Given an integer, you can get its negation by changing the sign of the integer by using, -, the minus operator, which is called the unary minus operator. x = 1.234 ; -x equals -1.234 o Differ between the unary minus operator and the subtraction operator. z = x- -y; OR z = x- (-y); o The first – symbol is used as the subtraction operator while the second –symbol is the unary minus operator. C Programming 136 Higher Technological Institute
X++ ++X Increment X-- --X Decrement Post- Pre- Incrementing or Decrementing by ONE C Programming 137 Higher Technological Institute
Example # include <stdio.h> main ( ) { int x=5; printf (“ X++ %d ,n”, x++); printf (“++X %d ,n”, ++x); printf (“ X-- %d ,n”, x--); printf (“ --X %d ,n”, --x); return 0; } C Programming 138 Higher Technological Institute
Relational Operators Operator Description == != > < >= <= Equal to Not equal to Greater than Less than Greater than or equal to Less than or equal to C Programming 139 Higher Technological Institute
Relational Operators x*y < z+3 (x * y) < ( z + 3 ) oAll relational expressions produce a result of either 0 or 1. oGiven x = 3 and y = 5, for instance, the relational expression x < y gives a result of 1 C Programming 140 Higher Technological Institute
Example # include <stdio.h> main ( ) { int x, y; double z; x = 7; y = 25; z = 24.46; printf (“ Given x = %d, y = %d and z = %2f, n”, x, y, z); printf ( “ x > = y produces: %d n”, x > =y); printf ( “x = = y produces: %d n”, x = =y); printf ( “x < y produces: %d n”, x < y); printf ( “x > y produces: %d n”, x > y); printf ( “x != y - 18 produces: %d n”, x ! =y -18); printf ( “x + y ! = z produces: %d n”, x +y ! = z); return 0; } C Programming 141 Higher Technological Institute
Relational Operators 1/2+1/2==1 1 Or 0 This is algebraically True and is supposed to return 1. o However, the expression returns 0 which means that the equal to relationship does not hold. o This is because the truncation of the integer division – that is , 1 /2 – produces 0 not 0.5. C Programming 142 Higher Technological Institute
The Cast Operator o You can convert one data type to a different one by prefixing and cast operator to the operand. o The general form of the cast operator is (data-type) x o Here data-type specifies the data type you want to convert to x is a variable ( or, expression) that contains the value of the current data type. o You have to include the parentheses (and) to make up a cast operator. C Programming 143 Higher Technological Institute
Example # include <stdio.h> main ( ) { int x, y; x = 7; y = 5; printf ( “ Given x = %d, y = %d, n”, x, y); printf ( “ x / y produces: %d n”, x /y); printf ( “(float) x / y produces: %f n”, (float) x / y); return 0 ; } C Programming 144 Higher Technological Institute
Course Contents 1 Introduction 2 Program Development 3 The Essential of C Programs 4 Manipulating Data with Operators 5 Reading from and Writing to Standard I/O 6 Decision 7 Iteration 8 Arrays 9 C Functions C Programming 145 Higher Technological Institute
Course Contents 5 Reading from and Writing to Standard I/O C Programming 146 Higher Technological Institute
scanf ( ) function o The scanf ( ) function is a very important function in C. o It is used to read data from the standard input device; the keyboard. o The syntax for the scanf ( ) function is : scanf(“ % % ”, & & ); o Example : to input two variables integer x and float y scanf(“ C Programming %d %f ”, 147 &x &y ); Higher Technological Institute
scanf ( ) function o The scanf ( ) function is a very important function in C. o It is used to read data from the standard input device; the keyboard. o One thing you need to be aware of; is that the scanf ( ) function doesn’t actually start reading the input until the Enter key is pressed. o Data entered from the keyboard is placed in an input buffer. o When the Enter key is pressed, the scanf () function looks for its input in the buffer. C Programming 148 Higher Technological Institute
printf( ) function o The printf ( ) function is a very important function in C. o It is used to print out messages on the screen. o The syntax for the printf ( ) function is printf(“ % % ”, ); o Example : to print two variables integer x and float y printf(“ %d C Programming %f ”, 149 x y ); Higher Technological Institute
printf( ) function o The printf ( ) function is a very important function in C. o It is used to print out messages on the screen. o The number of expressions is determined by the number of the format specifiers inside the first argument. o The format specifiers and the expressions are matched in order from left to right, and you should use exactly the same number of expressions as the number of format specifiers within the format string. C Programming 150 Higher Technological Institute
Adding the Minimum Field Width o A integer is added between the percent sign (%) and the letter in a format specifier to specify the minimum field width and ensures that the output reaches the minimum width. o For example in %10f printf(“ %10f ”, x ); 10 is a minimum field width specifier that ensures that the output is at least 10 character spacers wide. C Programming 151 Higher Technological Institute
Example # include <stdio.h> main ( ) { int x=12; int y=12345; printf (“%d n”, x); printf (“%d n”, y); printf (“%5d n”, x); printf (“%05d n”, x); printf (“%2d n”, y); return 0; } C Programming 152 Higher Technological Institute
Example # include <stdio.h> main ( ) { int x=12; int y=12345; printf (“%d n”, x); printf (“%d n”, y); printf (“%5d n”, x); printf (“%05d n”, x); printf (“%2d n”, y); return 0; } C Programming 153 12 12345 12 00012 12345 Higher Technological Institute
Aligning Output o By default, all output is placed on the Right edge of the field, as long as the field width is longer than the width of the output. o You can change this and force output to be leftjustified. o To do so, you need to prefix the minimum field specifier with the minus sign (-). %-12d o Specifies the minimum field width as 12, and justifies the output from the left edge of the field. C Programming 154 Higher Technological Institute
Example # include <stdio.h> main ( ) { int x,y,z,m,n; m=1234; printf (“%8d %-8d printf (“%8d %-8d printf (“%8d %-8d printf (“%8d %-8d printf (“%8d %-8d return 0; } C Programming x=1; y=12; z=123; n=12345; n”, x, x ); n”, y, y ); n”, z, z ); n”, m, m ); n”, n, n ); 155 Higher Technological Institute
Example # include <stdio.h> main ( ) { int x,y,z,m,n; m=1234; printf (“%8d %-8d printf (“%8d %-8d printf (“%8d %-8d printf (“%8d %-8d printf (“%8d %-8d return 0; } C Programming x=1; y=12; z=123; n=12345; n”, x, x ); n”, y, y ); n”, z, z ); n”, m, m ); n”, n, n ); 1 12 123 1234 12345 156 1 12 123 1234 12345 Higher Technological Institute
The Precision Specifier o You can put a period (.) and an integer right after the minimum field width specifier. o The combination of the period and the integer make up a precision specifier. o The precision specifier is another important specifier you can use to determine the number of decimal places for floating-point numbers, or to specify the maximum field width for integers or strings. %10.3f o The minimum field width length is specified as 10 character long, and the number of decimal places is set to 3. C Programming 157 Higher Technological Institute
The Precision Specifier o You can put a period (.) and an integer right after the minimum field width specifier. o The combination of the period and the integer make up a precision specifier. o The precision specifier is another important specifier you can use to determine the number of decimal places for floating-point numbers, or to specify the maximum field width for integers or strings. o Remember, the default number of decimal places is 6. C Programming 158 Higher Technological Institute
Example # include <stdio.h> main ( ) { int x=123; float y=123.456789; printf (“Default integer format n printf (“With precision specifier n printf (“Default float format n printf (“With precision specifier n printf (“With precision specifier n return 0; } C Programming 159 %d n”, x ); %2.8d n”, x ); %f n”, y ); %10.2f n”, y ); %-10.2f n”, y ); Higher Technological Institute
Example # include <stdio.h> main ( ) { int x=123; float y=123.456789; printf (“Default integer format n printf (“With precision specifier n printf (“Default float format n printf (“With precision specifier n printf (“With precision specifier n return 0; } C Programming 160 %d n”, x ); %2.8d n”, x ); %f n”, y ); %10.2f n”, y ); %-10.2f n”, y ); Higher Technological Institute
Course Contents 1 Introduction 2 Program Development 3 The Essential of C Programs 4 Manipulating Data with Operators 5 Reading from and Writing to Standard I/O 6 Decision 7 Iteration 8 Arrays 9 C Functions C Programming 161 Higher Technological Institute
Course Contents 6 Decision C Programming 162 Higher Technological Institute
Course Contents Decision 6  The if statement  Flowchart of if statement  The if else statement and flowchart  Nested if statements and their flowcharts  The switch statement  The break and continue statement  The goto statements C Programming 163 Higher Technological Institute
The if statement o The if statement is the most popular conditional branching statement. o It can be used to evaluate the conditions as well as to make the decision whether the block of code controlled by the statement is going to be executed. o Here if condition is logical TRUE, the statements inside the braces are executed. o If condition is logical FALSE, then the statements are skipped. C Programming 164 Higher Technological Institute
The if statement Flowchart IF Statement Syntax ….. if ( Test Expression) { statement1; statement2; … } …. C Programming 165 Higher Technological Institute
The if statement Flowchart IF Statement Syntax … if ( Test Expression) statement; … Example if ( x>5) printf( “ X > 5 ” ); … C Programming 166 Higher Technological Institute
Example # include <stdio.h> main ( ) { int i; printf (“Integers that can be divided by 3 n ” ); printf (“Enter a positive number : n ”, x ); scanf(“%d”, &i ); if ( i %3 == 0 ) printf (“The number %d is divisible by 3 n ”, i ); return 0; } C Programming 167 Higher Technological Institute
Output Integers that can be divided by 3 Enter a positive number : 12 The number 12 is divisible by 3 Integers that can be divided by 3 Enter a positive number : 7 C Programming 168 Higher Technological Institute
The if else statement if else Statement Syntax … if ( Test Expression) { statement1; statement2; … } else { statement_A statement_B … } … C Programming 169 Higher Technological Institute
The if else statement if else Statement Syntax … if ( Test Expression) statement1; else statementA; … Example if ( X > 5) printf( “ X > 5 ” ); else printf( “ X < 5 ” ); C Programming 170 Higher Technological Institute
if else Example Draw a flow chart to read two numbers and compare between both if they are equal or not. C Programming 171 Higher Technological Institute
if else Example # include <stdio.h> main ( ) { int x,y; printf (“Please Enter X and Y n ” ); scanf(“%d %d”, &x , &y ); if ( x == y ) printf (“ X = Y n ” ); else printf (“ X != Y n ” ); return 0; } C Programming 172 Higher Technological Institute
Nested if Flowchart Nest IF Statement Syntax if ( Test Expression1) { if ( Test Expression2) { statement1; statement2; } else { statementA; statementB; } }else { statement X ; } C Programming 173 Higher Technological Institute
Nested if Flowchart Draw a flow chart to determine the minimum value of three input numbers. C Programming 174 Higher Technological Institute
Nested if Example # include <stdio.h> main ( ) { int A,B,C; printf (“Please Enter A,B and C n ” ); scanf(“%d %d %d”, &A , &B , &C ); if ( A<B ) { if ( A<C ) printf (“ A The is the Smallest n ” ); else printf (“ C The is the Smallest n ” ); } else if ( B<C ) printf (“ B The is the Smallest n ” ); else printf (“ C The is the Smallest n ” ); return 0; } C Programming 175 Higher Technological Institute
The switch statement o The nested if statements will become very complex if there are many decisions that need to be made. o The switch statement, can be used to make unlimited decisions or choices based on the value of a conditional expression and specified cases. o The conditional expression is evaluated first, if the return value of the conditional expression is equal to the constant expression expression 1, the statement statement 1 is executed. o the value of the conditional expression is not equal to any values of the constant expressions labeled by the case keyword, the statement (statement-default) following by the default keyword is executed. C Programming 176 Higher Technological Institute
The Switch Statement Syntax switch ( Conditional Expression ) { case expression1; statment1; case expression2; statment2; … default; statement-default; } C Programming 177 Higher Technological Institute
The Switch Statement Syntax switch ( Conditional Expression ) { case expression1; statment1; case expression2; statment2; … default; statement-default; } o You have to use the case keyword to label each case. o The default keyword is recommended to be used for the default case. o Note that no constant expressions are identical in the switch statement. C Programming 178 Higher Technological Institute
The break statement o An important feature of the switch statement is that the computer continues to execute the statements following the selected case until the end of the switch statement. o You can add a break statement at the end of the statement list following every case label, if you want to exit the switch construct after the statements within a selected case are executed C Programming 179 Higher Technological Institute
The Break Statement Syntax switch ( Conditional Expression ) { case expression1; statment1; break ; case expression2; statment2; break; … default; statement-default; } C Programming 180 Higher Technological Institute
Example Write Program that compute the grade for a student, the grade is based on Total Score T ( from 0 to 100) The Grading Scale Is Illustrated In The Following Table: Total Score 85 <= T <= 100 80 <= T < 85 75 <= T < 80 70 <= T < 75 65 <= T < 70 55 <= T < 65 50 <= T < 55 T < 50 C Programming Letter Grade A B+ B C+ C D+ D F 181 Higher Technological Institute
Example # include <stdio.h> main ( ) { int score; printf (" Enter Scorre: n"); scanf ("%d", &score); switch (score / 10 ) { case 10: printf ("your grade is A n"); break; case 9: printf ("your grade is A n"); break; case 8: printf ("your grade is B n"); break; case 7: printf ("your grade is C n"); break; C Programming case 6: printf ("your grade is D n"); break; case 5: printf ("your grade is D n"); break; case 4: printf ("your grade is F n"); break; case 3: printf ("your grade is F n"); break; case 2: printf ("your grade is F n"); break; case 1: printf ("your grade is F n"); break; 182 case 0: printf ("your grade is F n"); break; default: printf ( "illegal input n"); break; } printf ( "GOODBYEn" ); return 0; } Higher Technological Institute
The Continue statement o There are times when you want to stay in a loop but skip over some statements within the loop. o To do this, the continue statement causes execution to jump to the top of the loop immediately. o The statement can be used within a while, do…while or for statement to terminate the current iteration of the loop and begin the next. C Programming 183 Higher Technological Institute
The goto statement o Do not use the goto statement unless it’s absolutely necessary because its usage may make the C program unreliable and hard to debug. o The Syntax of goto Statement: … lablename : statment1; statment2; .. goto lablename ; … C Programming 184 Higher Technological Institute
goto Example # include <stdio.h> main ( ) { int x; guess_lbl: printf (“Guess integer number in the range 1 to 10 n”); scanf (“%d”, &x ); if ( x == 7) goto rght_lbl; printf (“NO, wrong guess, try again n”); goto guess_lbl; rght_lbl: printf (“WELL DONE your guess = %d is rightn” , x); return 0; } C Programming Higher Technological Institute 185
goto Example # include <stdio.h> main ( ) { int x; guess_lbl: printf (“Guess integer number in the range 1 to 10 n”); scanf (“%d”, &x ); if ( x == 7) goto rght_lbl; printf (“NO, wrong guess, try again n”); goto guess_lbl; rght_lbl: printf (“WELL DONE your guess = %d is rightn” , x); return 0; } C Programming 186 Higher Technological Institute
Course Contents 1 Introduction 2 Program Development 3 The Essential of C Programs 4 Manipulating Data with Operators 5 Reading from and Writing to Standard I/O 6 Decision 7 Iteration 8 Arrays 9 C Functions C Programming 187 Higher Technological Institute
Course Contents 7 Iteration C Programming 188 Higher Technological Institute
Course Contents 7 Iteration  The for statement  The Null Statement  The while statement  The infinite while Loop  The do-while Statement  The Nested Loop  Examples C Programming 189 Higher Technological Institute
Iteration o Iteration (looping) is used in programming to perform the same set of statements over and over until certain specified conditions are met. Repeat the same statement(s) until certain condition C Programming 190 Higher Technological Institute
Iteration Example Draw a flow chart to generate a table of squares and cubes of integers from 1 to 9. C Programming 191 Higher Technological Institute
Iteration Example Draw a flow chart to generate a table of squares and cubes of integers from 1 to 9. From 1 to 9 Step 1 C Programming 192 Higher Technological Institute
The for statement for Statement Syntax One Statement for ( initialization ; Test Expression ; Step) statement; … for Statement Syntax Multiple Statements for ( initialization ; Test Expression ; Step) { statement1; statement2; … } C Programming 193 Higher Technological Institute
The for statement for ( i=1 ; i <= 10 ; i++ ) printf (“ Hello n ”); printf (“ Goodbye n ”); for ( i=1 ; i <= 10 ; i++ ) { printf (“ Hello n ”); printf (“ Goodbye n ”); } C Programming 194 Will Print Hello 10 Times Then Print Goodbye Will Print Hello Goodbye 10 Times Higher Technological Institute
Example # include <stdio.h> main ( ) { int i=1; int j,k; for ( i=1 ; i <= 9 ; i++ ) { j=i*i; k=j*i; printf (“ i = %d ”, i ) ; printf (“ j = %d ”, j ) ; printf (“ k = %d n”, k ) ; } return 0; } C Programming 195 Higher Technological Institute
Null statement for ( i=1 ; i <= 10 ; i++ ) ; printf (“ Hello n ”); printf (“ Goodbye n ”); C Programming 196 Higher Technological Institute
The while statement while Statement Syntax Initialization while ( Test Expression ) { … Increment Or Decrement ; } C Programming 197 Higher Technological Institute
The while statement int w = 1; while ( w <= 10 ) { printf (“ Hello n ”); w = w++; } printf (“ Goodbye n ”); C Programming 198 Will Print Hello 10 Times Then Print Goodbye Higher Technological Institute
While Loop Example # include <stdio.h> main ( ) { int i=1; int j,k; while (i<=10) { j=i*i; k=j*i; printf (“ i = %d ”, i ) ; printf (“ j = %d ”, j ) ; printf (“ k = %d n”, k ) ; i=i+1; } return 0; } C Programming 199 Higher Technological Institute
The Infinite while loop while(1) { Statement1; Statement2; } Always returns 1, the statements inside the statement block will be executed over and over- that is, the while loop will continue forever. You can set certain conditions inside the while loop to break the infinite loop as soon as the conditions are met. C Programming 200 Higher Technological Institute
The do-while statement do-while Statement Syntax Initialization do { … Increment Or Decrement ; ; } while ( Test Expression ) C Programming 201 Higher Technological Institute
The do-while statement do-while Statement Syntax Initialization do { … Increment Or Decrement ; ; } while ( Test Expression ) Only after do-while loop Don’t forget to write C Programming ; 202 Higher Technological Institute
The do-while statement int w = 1; do { printf (“ Hello n ”); w = w++; } while ( w <= 10 ) ; Will Print Hello 10 Times Then Print Goodbye printf (“ Goodbye n ”); C Programming 203 Higher Technological Institute
do-while Loop Example # include <stdio.h> main ( ) { int i=1; int j,k; do { j=i*i; k=j*i; printf (“ i = %d ”, i ) ; printf (“ j = %d ”, j ) ; printf (“ k = %d n”, k ) ; i=i+1; } while (i<=10); return 0; } C Programming 204 Higher Technological Institute
Examples Example 1 Write a program to calculate the summation and Average of 20 values read from a data statement. C Programming 205 Higher Technological Institute
Examples # include <stdio.h> main ( ) { int i,x,sum; float av; sum=0; for ( i=1 ; i<=20 ; i++ ) { printf(“Please enter new no n”); scanf(“%d”,&x); sum=sum+x; } av=sum/20; printf(“Sum=%d n Av=%fn”, sum , av); return 0; } C Programming 206 Higher Technological Institute
Examples Example 2 Write a program to calculate the summation and Average of N numbers read from a data statement. C Programming 207 Higher Technological Institute
Examples # include <stdio.h> main ( ) { int i,n,x,sum; float av; sum=0; printf(“How many Numbers ? n”); scanf(“%d”,&n); for ( i=1 ; i<=n ; i++ ) { printf(“Please enter new no n”); scanf(“%d”,&x); sum=sum+x; } av=sum/n; printf(“Sum=%d n Av=%fn”, sum , av); return 0; } C Programming 208 Higher Technological Institute
Flowcharts Examples Example 3 Nested Loop Write a program and Draw its flowchart to compute all possible products of X and Y X and Y varying from 1 through 9 (100 products) 1x0=0 1x1=0 1x2=0 1x3=0 . . 1x9=0 C Programming 2x0=0 2x1=1 2x2=2 2x3=3 . . 2x9=9 209 … … … … 9x0=0 9x1=9 9x2=18 9x3=27 … 9x9=81 Higher Technological Institute
Flowcharts Examples Example 3 Nested Loop # include <stdio.h> int main ( ) { int x,y; for ( x=1 ; x <= 9 ; x++) for ( y=1 ; y <= 9 ; y++) printf(“%d x %d = %dn”,x,y,x*y); return 0; } C Programming 210 Higher Technological Institute
Flowcharts Examples Example 4 Draw a flowchart and write a Program that Calculate and Display The Factorial of n 𝒏! = 𝒏 × 𝒏 − 𝟏 × 𝒏 − 𝟐 … × 𝟑 × 𝟐 × 𝟏 C Programming 211 Higher Technological Institute
Flowcharts Examples # include <stdio.h> int main ( ) { int n,fact; fact=1; printf(“Enter your N n”); scanf(“%d”,&n); for( int i=1;i<=n;i++) fact=fact*i; printf(“ N! =%d n”,fact); return 0; } C Programming 212 Higher Technological Institute
Home Work..!! Rewrite The previous examples using: a) while Loop b) do-while Loop C Programming 213 Higher Technological Institute
Course Contents 1 Introduction 2 Program Development 3 The Essential of C Programs 4 Manipulating Data with Operators 5 Reading from and Writing to Standard I/O 6 Decision 7 Iteration 8 Arrays 9 C Functions C Programming 214 Higher Technological Institute
Course Contents 8 Arrays C Programming 215 Higher Technological Institute
Examples Example 2 Write a program to calculate the summation and Average of N numbers read from a data statement. C Programming 216 Higher Technological Institute
Examples # include <stdio.h> main ( ) { int i,n,x,sum; float av; sum=0; printf(“How many Numbers ? n”); scanf(“%d”,&n); for ( i=1 ; i<=n ; i++ ) { printf(“Please enter new no n”); scanf(“%d”,&x); sum=sum+x; } av=sum/n; printf(“Sum=%d n Av=%fn”, sum , av); return 0; } C Programming 217 Higher Technological Institute
Arrays  An array is a collection of variables that are of the same data type.  Each item in an array is called an element.  All elements in an array are referenced by the name of the array and are stored in a set of consecutive memory slots.  The array takes two forms :  One dimensional array (1-D) ; where the data is arranged horizontally or vertically.  Multi-dimensional array; where the data is arranged in two dimensional (2-D), three dimensional (3-D),…etc. C Programming 218 Higher Technological Institute
Arrays  The following is the syntax form to declare an array: data-type Array-Name [Array-Size];  The data-type is the type specifier that indicates what data type the declared array will be.  Array-Name is the name of the declared array. When choosing a name for an array, you should follow the same rules of naming a variable.  Array-Size defines how many elements the array can contain. Note that the brackets are required in declaring an array. C Programming 219 Higher Technological Institute
Arrays Example int array_int [8];  Where int specifies the data type of the array whose name is arrat_int.  The size of the array is 8, which means that the array can store 8 elements C Programming 220 Higher Technological Institute
Indexing Arrays  You can access each of the elements in the array separately.  The following declaration declares an array called day of integer numbers: int day [7];  You can access the elements in the array of day one after another: day[0], day[1], …, day[6].  The important thing to remember is that all arrays in C are indexed starting at 0.  The first element in the array of day is day[0]. C Programming 221 Higher Technological Institute
Initializing Arrays  You can initialize each element in an array by two way.  For instance if we have the array : int number [5];  Initialize the first element in the array: like this: number[0] = 24;  Here the value 24 is assigned to the first element of the array number, number[0]. C Programming 222 Higher Technological Institute
Initializing Arrays  The second way to initialize an array is to initialize all elements in the array together.  For instance, the following statement initializes all elements of the array, number: int number [5]= {100, 4, 24, 34,5, 16};  Here the integers inside the braces are assigned to the corresponding elements of the array number.  That is, 100 is given to the first element (number[0]), 4 to the second element (number[1]), and so on. C Programming 223 Higher Technological Institute
Initializing Arrays  The second way to initialize an array is to initialize all elements in the array together.  For instance, the following statement initializes all elements of the array, number: int number [5]= {100, 4, 24};  Here the integers inside the braces are assigned to the corresponding elements of the array number.  That is, 100 is given to the first element (number[0]), 4 to the second element (number[1]), and so on. C Programming 224 Higher Technological Institute
Initializing Arrays # include <stdio.h> main ( ) { int i; int A[10]; for ( i=0 ; i<10 ; i++ ) { A[i]=i+1; printf(“A[%d]=%d n”,i,A[i]); } return 0; } C Programming 225 Higher Technological Institute
Initializing Arrays # include <stdio.h> main ( ) { int i; int A[10]; for ( i=0 ; i<10 ; i++ ) { A[i]=i+1; printf(“A[%d]=%d n”,i,A[i]); } return 0; } C Programming 226 Higher Technological Institute
Example Example Write a program to calculate the Summation and Average of 10 numbers read from a data statement.( Using Array ) C Programming 227 Higher Technological Institute
Example # include <stdio.h> main ( ) { int i; int A[10]; int sum=0; float av; for ( i=0 ; i<10 ; i++ ) { printf(“Enter the value of Element [%d] n”,i); scanf(“%d”,A[i]); sum=sum+A[i] } av=sum/10; printf(“Sum=%d n Av=%fn”, sum , av); return 0; } C Programming 228 Higher Technological Institute
Two Dimensional Arrays Rows int A[3][4] ; Columns C Programming 229 Higher Technological Institute
Two Dimensional Arrays Assigning Static Value int A[3][4] = { { 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 }, { 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 }, { 9 , 8 , 7 , 6 }} ; OR A[3][4] = { { 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 }, { 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 }, { 9 , 8 , 7 , 6 }} ; C Programming 230 Higher Technological Institute
Two Dimensional Arrays Example 1 Write a program to calculate and display the Summation of two Matrices A and B. A= 𝟏 𝟒 𝟕 C Programming 𝟐 𝟓 𝟖 𝟑 𝟔 𝟗 ,B= 231 𝟗 𝟔 𝟑 𝟖 𝟓 𝟐 𝟕 𝟒 𝟏 Higher Technological Institute
Example # include <stdio.h> main ( ) { int A[3][3] = { {1,2,3}, {4,5,6}, { 7 , 8, 9 } } ; int B[3][3] = { {9,8,7}, {6,5,4}, { 3 , 2, 1 } } ; return 0; } C Programming 232 Higher Technological Institute
Example # include <stdio.h> main ( ) { int A[3][3] = { { 1 , 2 , 3 } , { 4 , 5 , 6 } , { 7 , 8, 9 } } ; int B[3][3] = { { 9 , 8 , 7 } , { 6 , 5 , 4 } , { 3 , 2, 1 } } ; return 0; C Programming } 233 Higher Technological Institute
Example # include <stdio.h> main ( ) { int A[3][3] = { { 1 , 2 , 3 } , { 4 , 5 , 6 } , { 7 , 8, 9 } } ; int B[3][3] = { { 9 , 8 , 7 } , { 6 , 5 , 4 } , { 3 , 2, 1 } } ; int S[3][3] ; int i,j; for ( i=0 ; i<3 ; i++ ) /* Rows*/ for ( j=0 ; j<3 ; j++ ) /* Columns*/ { S[i][j]=A[i][j]+B[i][j]; printf(“S[%d][%d] = %d n ”, i , j , S [ i ][ j ] ) ; } return 0; } C Programming 234 Higher Technological Institute
Example S3,3 = A3,3 + B3,3 = 𝟏 𝟒 𝟕 𝟐 𝟓 𝟖 𝟑 𝟗 𝟔 + 𝟔 𝟗 𝟑 𝟖 𝟓 𝟐 𝟕 𝟒 = 𝟏 𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟎 at i = 0 for ( i=0 ; i<3 ; i++ ) /* Rows*/ j=0 for ( j=0 ; j<3 ; j++ ) /* Columns*/ { S[i][j]=A[i][j]+B[i][j]; printf(“S[%d][%d] = %d n ”, i , j , S [ i ][ j ] ) ; } return 0; } C Programming 235 Higher Technological Institute
Example S3,3 = A3,3 + B3,3 = 𝟏 𝟒 𝟕 𝟐 𝟓 𝟖 𝟑 𝟗 𝟔 + 𝟔 𝟗 𝟑 𝟖 𝟓 𝟐 𝟕 𝟒 = 𝟏 𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟎 at i = 0 for ( i=0 ; i<3 ; i++ ) /* Rows*/ j=1 for ( j=0 ; j<3 ; j++ ) /* Columns*/ { S[i][j]=A[i][j]+B[i][j]; printf(“S[%d][%d] = %d n ”, i , j , S [ i ][ j ] ) ; } return 0; } C Programming 236 Higher Technological Institute
Example S3,3 = A3,3 + B3,3 = 𝟏 𝟒 𝟕 𝟐 𝟓 𝟖 𝟑 𝟗 𝟔 + 𝟔 𝟗 𝟑 𝟖 𝟓 𝟐 𝟕 𝟒 = 𝟏 𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟎 at i = 1 for ( i=0 ; i<3 ; i++ ) /* Rows*/ j=1 for ( j=0 ; j<3 ; j++ ) /* Columns*/ { S[i][j]=A[i][j]+B[i][j]; printf(“S[%d][%d] = %d n ”, i , j , S [ i ][ j ] ) ; } return 0; } C Programming 237 Higher Technological Institute
Example S3,3 = A3,3 + B3,3 = 𝟏 𝟒 𝟕 𝟐 𝟓 𝟖 𝟑 𝟗 𝟔 + 𝟔 𝟗 𝟑 𝟖 𝟓 𝟐 𝟕 𝟒 = 𝟏 𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟎 at i = 2 for ( i=0 ; i<3 ; i++ ) /* Rows*/ j=0 for ( j=0 ; j<3 ; j++ ) /* Columns*/ { S[i][j]=A[i][j]+B[i][j]; printf(“S[%d][%d] = %d n ”, i , j , S [ i ][ j ] ) ; } return 0; } C Programming 238 Higher Technological Institute
Example S3,3 = A3,3 + B3,3 = 𝟏 𝟒 𝟕 𝟐 𝟓 𝟖 𝟑 𝟗 𝟔 + 𝟔 𝟗 𝟑 𝟖 𝟓 𝟐 𝟕 𝟒 = 𝟏 𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟎 at i = 2 for ( i=0 ; i<3 ; i++ ) /* Rows*/ j=2 for ( j=0 ; j<3 ; j++ ) /* Columns*/ { S[i][j]=A[i][j]+B[i][j]; printf(“S[%d][%d] = %d n ”, i , j , S [ i ][ j ] ) ; } return 0; } C Programming 239 Higher Technological Institute
Example # include <stdio.h> main ( ) { int A[3][3] = { { 1 , 2 , 3 } , { 4 , 5 , 6 } , { 7 , 8, 9 } } ; int B[3][3] = { { 9 , 8 , 7 } , { 6 , 5 , 4 } , { 3 , 2, 1 } } ; int S[3][3] ; int i,j; for ( i=0 ; i<3 ; i++ ) /* Rows*/ for ( j=0 ; j<3 ; j++ ) /* Columns*/ { S[i][j]=A[i][j]+B[i][j]; printf(“S[%d][%d] = %d n ”, i , j , S [ i ][ j ] ) ; } return 0; } C Programming 240 Higher Technological Institute
Two Dimensional Arrays Example 2 Write a program to calculate and display the Summation of any two 3x3 Matrices. C Programming 241 Higher Technological Institute
Example 2 # include <stdio.h> main ( ) { int A[3][3] , B[3][3] , S[3][3]; int i,j ; . . . . for ( i=0 ; i<3 ; i++ ) /* Rows*/ for ( j=0 ; j<3 ; j++ ) /* Columns*/ { S[i][j]=A[i][j]+B[i][j]; printf(“S[%d][%d] = %d n ”, i , j , S [ i ][ j ] ) ; } return 0; } C Programming 242 Higher Technological Institute
Example 2 # include <stdio.h> main ( ) { int A[3][3] , B[3][3] , S[3][3]; int i,j ; for ( i=0 ; i<3 ; i++ ) /* Rows of Metrics A*/ for ( j=0 ; j<3 ; j++ ) /* Columns of Metrics A */ { printf(“Please Enter A[%d][%d] = n ”, i , j ) ; scanf(“%d”,A[i][j]); } for ( i=0 ; i<3 ; i++ ) /* Rows*/ for ( j=0 ; j<3 ; j++ ) /* Columns*/ { S[i][j]=A[i][j]+B[i][j]; printf(“S[%d][%d] = %d n ”, i , j , S [ i ][ j ] ) ; } return 0; } C Programming 243 Higher Technological Institute
Example 2 # include <stdio.h> main ( ) { int A[3][3] , B[3][3] , S[3][3]; int i,j ; for ( i=0 ; i<3 ; i++ ) /* Rows of Metrics A*/ for ( j=0 ; j<3 ; j++ ) /* Columns of Metrics A */ { printf(“Please Enter A[%d][%d] = n ”, i , j ) ; scanf(“%d”,A[i][j]); for ( i=0 ; i<3 ; i++ ) /* Rows of Metrics B*/ for ( j=0 ; j<3 ; j++ ) /* Columns of Metrics B */ { printf(“Please Enter B[%d][%d] = n ”, i , j ) ; scanf(“%d”, B[i][j]); for ( i=0 ; i<3 ; i++ ) /* Rows*/ for ( j=0 ; j<3 ; j++ ) /* Columns*/ { S[i][j]=A[i][j]+B[i][j]; printf(“S[%d][%d] = %d n ”, i , j , S [ i ][ j ] ) ; } return 0; } C Programming 244 } } Higher Technological Institute
Two Dimensional Arrays Example 3 Write a program to calculate and display the Summation of any two 3x3 Matrices. Then from Summation Matrix Find : a) The Largest and Smallest element. b) The average c) Matrix Transpose C Programming 245 Higher Technological Institute
Example 3 # include <stdio.h> main ( ) { int A[3][3] , B[3][3] , S[3][3]; int i,j ; for ( i=0 ; i<3 ; i++ ) /* Rows of Metrics A*/ for ( j=0 ; j<3 ; j++ ) /* Columns of Metrics A */ { printf(“Please Enter A[%d][%d] = n ”, i , j ) ; scanf(“%d”,A[i][j]); for ( i=0 ; i<3 ; i++ ) /* Rows of Metrics B*/ for ( j=0 ; j<3 ; j++ ) /* Columns of Metrics B */ { printf(“Please Enter B[%d][%d] = n ”, i , j ) ; scanf(“%d”, B[i][j]); for ( i=0 ; i<3 ; i++ ) /* Rows*/ for ( j=0 ; j<3 ; j++ ) /* Columns*/ S[i][j]=A[i][j]+B[i][j]; return 0; } C Programming 246 } } Higher Technological Institute
Example 3 # include <stdio.h> main ( ) { int A[3][3] , B[3][3] , S[3][3]; { { int i,j ; for ( i=0 ; i<3 ; i++ ) /* Rows of Metrics A*/ for ( j=0 ; j<3 ; j++ ) /* Columns of Metrics A */ printf(“Please Enter A[%d][%d] = n ”, i , j ) ; scanf(“%d”,A[i][j]); for ( i=0 ; i<3 ; i++ ) /* Rows of Metrics B*/ for ( j=0 ; j<3 ; j++ ) /* Columns of Metrics B */ printf(“Please Enter B[%d][%d] = n ”, i , j ) ; scanf(“%d”, B[i][j]); for ( i=0 ; i<3 ; i++ ) /* Rows*/ for ( j=0 ; j<3 ; j++ ) /* Columns*/ } } S[i][j]=A[i][j]+B[i][j]; int L=S[0][0], M=S[0][0]; for ( i=0 ; i<3 ; i++ ) /* Rows*/ for ( j=0 ; j<3 ; j++ ) /* Columns*/ if (L<S[i][j]) L=S[i][j]; return 0; } C Programming 247 Higher Technological Institute
Example 3 (a) # include <stdio.h> main ( ) { int A[3][3] , B[3][3] , S[3][3]; int i,j ; for ( i=0 ; i<3 ; i++ ) for ( j=0 ; j<3 ; j++ ) { printf(“Please Enter A[%d][%d] = n ”, i , j ) ; scanf(“%d”,A[i][j]); } for ( i=0 ; i<3 ; i++ ) for ( j=0 ; j<3 ; j++ ) { printf(“Please Enter B[%d][%d] = n ”, i , j ) ; scanf(“%d”, B[i][j]); } for ( i=0 ; i<3 ; i++ ) for ( j=0 ; j<3 ; j++ ) S[i][j]=A[i][j]+B[i][j]; int L=S[0][0], M=S[0][0]; for ( i=0 ; i<3 ; i++ ) for ( j=0 ; j<3 ; j++ ) if (L<S[i][j]) L=S[i][j]; C Programming 248 for ( i=0 ; i<3 ; i++ ) for ( j=0 ; j<3 ; j++ ) if (M>S[i][j]) M=S[i][j]; printf(“Largest Element = %d n ”, L ) ; printf(“Smallest Element = %d n ”, M ) ; return 0; } Higher Technological Institute
Example 3 (a) (b) # include <stdio.h> main ( ) { int A[3][3] , B[3][3] , S[3][3]; int i,j ; for ( i=0 ; i<3 ; i++ ) for ( j=0 ; j<3 ; j++ ) { printf(“Please Enter A[%d][%d] = n ”, i , j ) ; scanf(“%d”,A[i][j]); } for ( i=0 ; i<3 ; i++ ) for ( j=0 ; j<3 ; j++ ) { printf(“Please Enter B[%d][%d] = n ”, i , j ) ; scanf(“%d”, B[i][j]); } for ( i=0 ; i<3 ; i++ ) for ( j=0 ; j<3 ; j++ ) S[i][j]=A[i][j]+B[i][j]; int L=S[0][0], M=S[0][0]; for ( i=0 ; i<3 ; i++ ) for ( j=0 ; j<3 ; j++ ) if (L<S[i][j]) L=S[i][j]; C Programming 249 for ( i=0 ; i<3 ; i++ ) for ( j=0 ; j<3 ; j++ ) if (M>S[i][j]) M=S[i][j]; printf(“Largest Element = %d n ”, L ) ; printf(“Smallest Element = %d n ”, M ) ; int sum = 0 ; for ( i=0 ; i<3 ; i++ ) for ( j=0 ; j<3 ; j++ ) sum=sum + S[i][j]; float average =sum/9 ; printf(“Average = %d n ”, average ) ; return 0; } Higher Technological Institute
Example 3 (a) (b) (c) # include <stdio.h> main ( ) { int A[3][3] , B[3][3] , S[3][3]; int i,j ; for ( i=0 ; i<3 ; i++ ) for ( j=0 ; j<3 ; j++ ) { printf(“Please Enter A[%d][%d] = n ”, i , j ) ; scanf(“%d”,A[i][j]); } for ( i=0 ; i<3 ; i++ ) for ( j=0 ; j<3 ; j++ ) { printf(“Please Enter B[%d][%d] = n ”, i , j ) ; scanf(“%d”, B[i][j]); } for ( i=0 ; i<3 ; i++ ) for ( j=0 ; j<3 ; j++ ) S[i][j]=A[i][j]+B[i][j]; int L=S[0][0], M=S[0][0]; for ( i=0 ; i<3 ; i++ ) for ( j=0 ; j<3 ; j++ ) if (L<S[i][j]) L=S[i][j]; C Programming 250 for ( i=0 ; i<3 ; i++ ) for ( j=0 ; j<3 ; j++ ) if (M>S[i][j]) M=S[i][j]; printf(“Largest Element = %d n ”, L ) ; printf(“Smallest Element = %d n ”, M ) ; int sum = 0 ; for ( i=0 ; i<3 ; i++ ) for ( j=0 ; j<3 ; j++ ) sum=sum + S[i][j]; float average =sum/9 ; printf(“Average = %d n ”, average ) ; int ST[3][3]; for ( i=0 ; i<3 ; i++ ) for ( j=0 ; j<3 ; j++ ) ST[i][j]=S[j][i]; return 0; } Higher Technological Institute
Example 3 (a) (b) (c) # include <stdio.h> main ( ) { int A[3][3] , B[3][3] , S[3][3]; int i,j ; for ( i=0 ; i<3 ; i++ ) for ( j=0 ; j<3 ; j++ ) { printf(“Please Enter A[%d][%d] = n ”, i , j ) ; scanf(“%d”,A[i][j]); } for ( i=0 ; i<3 ; i++ ) for ( j=0 ; j<3 ; j++ ) { printf(“Please Enter B[%d][%d] = n ”, i , j ) ; scanf(“%d”, B[i][j]); } for ( i=0 ; i<3 ; i++ ) for ( j=0 ; j<3 ; j++ ) S[i][j]=A[i][j]+B[i][j]; int L=S[0][0], M=S[0][0]; for ( i=0 ; i<3 ; i++ ) for ( j=0 ; j<3 ; j++ ) if (L<S[i][j]) L=S[i][j]; C Programming 251 for ( i=0 ; i<3 ; i++ ) for ( j=0 ; j<3 ; j++ ) if (M>S[i][j]) M=S[i][j]; printf(“Largest Element = %d n ”, L ) ; printf(“Smallest Element = %d n ”, M ) ; int sum = 0 ; for ( i=0 ; i<3 ; i++ ) for ( j=0 ; j<3 ; j++ ) sum=sum + S[i][j]; float average =sum/9 ; printf(“Average = %d n ”, average ) ; int ST[3][3]; for ( i=0 ; i<3 ; i++ ) for ( j=0 ; j<3 ; j++ ) Do Not Forget to ST[i][j]=S[j][i]; add the display statements for ST return 0; } Higher Technological Institute
Example 3 (a) (b) (c) # include <stdio.h> main ( ) { int A[3][3] , B[3][3] , S[3][3]; int i,j ; for ( i=0 ; i<3 ; i++ ) for ( j=0 ; j<3 ; j++ ) { printf(“Please Enter A[%d][%d] = n ”, i , j ) ; scanf(“%d”,A[i][j]); } for ( i=0 ; i<3 ; i++ ) for ( j=0 ; j<3 ; j++ ) { printf(“Please Enter B[%d][%d] = n ”, i , j ) ; scanf(“%d”, B[i][j]); } for ( i=0 ; i<3 ; i++ ) for ( j=0 ; j<3 ; j++ ) S[i][j]=A[i][j]+B[i][j]; int L=S[0][0], M=S[0][0]; for ( i=0 ; i<3 ; i++ ) for ( j=0 ; j<3 ; j++ ) if (L<S[i][j]) L=S[i][j]; C Programming 252 for ( i=0 ; i<3 ; i++ ) for ( j=0 ; j<3 ; j++ ) if (M>S[i][j]) M=S[i][j]; printf(“Largest Element = %d n ”, L ) ; printf(“Smallest Element = %d n ”, M ) ; int sum = 0 ; for ( i=0 ; i<3 ; i++ ) for ( j=0 ; j<3 ; j++ ) sum=sum + S[i][j]; float average =sum/9 ; printf(“Average = %d n ”, average ) ; int ST[3][3]; for ( i=0 ; i<3 ; i++ ) for ( j=0 ; j<3 ; j++ ) { printf (“n”); ST[i][j]=S[j][i]; printf (“%d”, ST[i][j]); } return 0; } Higher Technological Institute
Matrix Multiplication Example 4 Write a program to calculate and display the Multiplication of any two 3x3 Matrices. C Programming 253 Higher Technological Institute
Two Dimensional Arrays Remember = New Matrix Dimensions C Programming 254 Higher Technological Institute
Example 4 # include <stdio.h> main ( ) { int A[4][3]={ 2 , 3 , 4 , 1, 2 ,1, 2 , 1 ,0, 1 , 0 , 2 }; int B[3][4]={ 10 , 0 , 20 , 10 , 0 , 20 , 0 , 20, 20 , 10 , 10 , 0 }; int M[4][4]; int ra = 4 , ca = 3 , rb = 3, cb = 4 ; int i , j , k ; for (i=0;i<ra;i++) for (j=0;j<cb;j++) { M[i][j]=0; for(k=0;k<ca;k++) M[i][j]= M[i][j]+ A[i][k]*B[k][j]; } C Programming 255 printf("n The M is n"); for(i=0;i<ra;i++) { printf("n"); for (j=0;j<cb;j++) printf("%4d",M[i][j]); } return 0 ; } Higher Technological Institute
Home Work ..!! Write a program to calculate the determent of 3x3 Matrix. C Programming 256 Higher Technological Institute
Course Contents 1 Introduction 2 Program Development 3 The Essential of C Programs 4 Manipulating Data with Operators 5 Reading from and Writing to Standard I/O 6 Decision 7 Iteration 8 Arrays 9 C Functions C Programming 257 Higher Technological Institute
Course Contents 9 C Functions C Programming 258 Higher Technological Institute
Functions Why Function o To make large programs Manageable, Programmers modularize them into subprograms. o These subprograms are called Functions C Programming 259 Higher Technological Institute
Functions C Standard Functions OR Built in Function C Programming 260 Higher Technological Institute
C Standard Functions  The C language has a standard library which is a collection of predefined functions and other program elements which are accessed through header files.  One of the most important header file <math.h> contains useful mathematical functions. Note Every mathematical function return double data type C Programming 261 Higher Technological Institute
Some Mathematical in <math.h> Function Description cos(x) exp(x) log(x) log10(x) pow(x,p) sin(x) sqrt(x) tan(x) Cosine of x in Radian Exponential of x (base e) Natural Logarithm of x (base e) Common Logarithm of x (base e) x to the power p = xP Sine of x in Radian Square root of x = 𝒙 Tangent of x in Radian C Programming 262 Higher Technological Institute
Example 1 Write a program to calculate the following: a) cos (x) b) e x c) x 3/2 d) 𝒙 Test your program with x = 8, 16, 32 C Programming 263 Higher Technological Institute
Example 1 # include <stdio.h> # include <math.h> main ( ) { int x=8; double a,b,c,d; do { a = cos(x*180/(22/7)); b=exp(x); c=pow(x, 3/2); d=sqrt(x); printf(“At x = %d n A = %f n B= %f n C= %f n D=%f n ”,x,a,b,c,d); x=x*2; } while ( x<=32 ); return 0; } C Programming 264 Higher Technological Institute
Example 1 # include <stdio.h> # include <math.h> main ( ) { int x=8; double a,b,c,d; do { a = cos(x*180/(22/7)); b=exp(x); c=pow(x, 3/2); d=sqrt(x); printf(“At x = %d n A = %f n B= %f n C= %f n D=%f n ”,x,a,b,c,d); x=x*2; } while ( x<=32 ); return 0; } C Programming 265 Higher Technological Institute
Example 1 # include <stdio.h> # include <math.h> main ( ) { int x=8; double math b Function 1 Function 2 … … exponential Function … … ; b=exp(x); main x 8 b return 0; } C Programming 266 Higher Technological Institute
Example 1 # include <stdio.h> # include <math.h> main ( ) { int x=8; double math b ; 8 Function 1 Function 2 … … exponential Function … … b=exp(x); main x 8 b return 0; } C Programming 267 Higher Technological Institute
Example 1 # include <stdio.h> # include <math.h> main ( ) { int x=8; double math b ; 8 Function 1 Function 2 … … exponential Function … … b=exp(x); main x 8 b 8886110.520508 return 0; } C Programming 268 Higher Technological Institute
Some Header Files in C Library Header Description File <ctype.h> Defines function to test characters <float.h> Defines constant to float Defines the integer limits on your local <limits.h> computer <math.h> <stdio.h> <stdlib.h> <string.h> <time.h> C Programming Defines mathematical function Defines functions for standard input and output Defines utility functions Defines functions for processing string Defines time and date functions 269 Higher Technological Institute
User Defined Function You Have to Know o Function Type o Function Name o Arguments to the function Type Name Arguments void Func_1 with returnable n1 without C Programming 270 Higher Technological Institute
Build Your Function Func_Type Func_name( type1 Arg1, type2 Arg2 ) { statment1 ; statment2 ; . . . Function’s Body return variable; } C Programming 271 Higher Technological Institute
Where I can put my Function ?? # include <stdio.h> func_type Func_1( Argument1, Argument2 ) { statment1 ; statment2 ; … … return ; } main ( ) { … Func1 Call ; … return 0; } Function’s Body Main Function C Programming 272 Higher Technological Institute
Where I can put my Function ?? OR Function Declaration # include <stdio.h> func_type main ( ) { … Func1 Call ; … return 0; } func_type { statment1 ; statment2 ; … … return ; } C Programming Func_1( typeArgument1, typeArgument2 ) ; Main Function Func_1( Argument1, Argument2 ) Function’s Body 273 Higher Technological Institute
Where I can put my Function ?? Function Declaration # include <stdio.h> func_type main ( ) { … Func1 Call ; … return 0; } func_type { statment1 ; statment2 ; … … return ; } C Programming Func_1( typeArgument1, typeArgument2 ) ; Main Function Func_1( Argument1, Argument2 ) Please Do not forget ; after Declaration Statement Function’s Body 274 Higher Technological Institute
Simple Example # include <stdio.h> int sum ( int x, int y) { z = x + y; return z ; } main ( ) { int a, b, c; a = 3; b = 5; c = sum( a , b ); printf("C=%d n", c); return 0; } C Programming 275 Higher Technological Institute
Simple Example # include <stdio.h> int sum ( int x, int y) { z = x + y; return z ; } main ( ) { int a, b, c; a = 3; b = 5; c = sum( a , b ); printf("C=%d n", c); return 0; } C Programming 276 Higher Technological Institute
Simple Example # include <stdio.h> int sum ( int x, int y) { z = x + y; return z ; } main ( ) { int a, b, c; a = 3; b = 5; c = sum( a , b ); printf("C=%d n", c); return 0; } C Programming 277 Higher Technological Institute
Simple Example # include <stdio.h> int sum ( int x, int y) { z = x + y; return z ; } • Why we use x, y,z in Function’s Body main ( ) While use a,b,c in main Function …? { • Effect of use the same variable name. int a, b, c; a = 3; b = 5; c = sum( a , b ); printf("C=%d n", c); return 0; } C Programming 278 Higher Technological Institute
Simple Example by Method 2 # include <stdio.h> int sum ( int, int ) ; main ( ) { int a, b, c; a = 3; b = 5; c = sum( a , b ); printf("C=%d n", c); return 0; } int sum ( int x, int y) { z = x + y; return z ; } C Programming 279 Higher Technological Institute
Simple Example by Method 2 # include <stdio.h> int sum ( int, int ) ; main ( ) Again Do not { forget ; after Declaration Statement int a, b, c; a = 3; b = 5; c = sum( a , b ); printf("C=%d n", c); return 0; } int sum ( int x, int y) { z = x + y; return z ; } C Programming 280 Higher Technological Institute
Why Functions Example Write a program to calculate the factorial of any integer number. Then use your program to calculate the value of Y. 𝒏! − 𝒌! 𝒀= 𝒏− 𝒌 ! C Programming 281 Higher Technological Institute
Example # include <stdio.h> main ( ) { int n ; printf(“Please Enter The Value of n n"); scanf(“%d”,&n); int factorial =1; for ( int i=n ; i>=1 ; i-- ) factorial = factorial * i ; printf(“Factorial =%d n", factorial); return 0; } C Programming 282 Higher Technological Institute
Example # include <stdio.h> int fact ( int ) ; main ( ) { int n, k, y; printf(“Please Enter The Value of n and k n"); scanf(“%d %d”,&n,&k); y = ( fact(n) * fact(k) ) / fact( n – k ) ; printf(“Y=%d n", y); return 0; } int fact ( int fc ) { int factorial =1; for ( int i=fc ; i>=1 ; i-- ) factorial = factorial * i ; return factorial ; } C Programming 283 Higher Technological Institute
LOGO Higher Technological Institute 10th of Ramadan City 6th of October Branch Electrical and Computer Engineering Department Eng. Ibrahim Elewah HTI Student Book Main Reference “C For Dummies” by Dan Gookin 2nd Edition 28
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Computer programming all chapters

  • 1. LOGO Higher Technological Institute 10th of Ramadan City 6th of October Branch Electrical and Computer Engineering Department Lecture Notes in Prepaid By: Eng. Ibrahim Elewah Main Reference HTI Student Book and “C For Dummies” by Dan Gookin 2nd Edition 1
  • 2. Course Contents 1 Introduction 2 Program Development 3 The Essential of C Programs 4 Manipulating Data with Operators 5 Reading from and Writing to Standard I/O 6 Decision 7 Iteration 8 Arrays 9 C Functions C Programming 2 Higher Technological Institute
  • 3. Course Contents Introduction 1  Computer Program  Programming Language  Machine Language  Assembly Language  High Level Language  The C Programming Language  Interpreter, Compiler and Assembler C Programming 3 Higher Technological Institute
  • 4. Computer Program A Computer Program is a sequence of instructions written to perform a specified task with a computer. The program has an executable form that the computer can use directly to execute the instructions. The Executable program in its human-readable form is called the source code. Computer source code is often written by computer programmers. It is written in a programming language. Source Code may be converted into an executable file ( an executable program or a binary) by a compiler and later executed by a central processing unit. Alternatively, computer programs may be executed with the aid of an interpreter, or may be embedded directly into hardware. C Programming 4 Higher Technological Institute
  • 5. Programming Language A Programming language is an artificial language designed to communicate instructions to a computer. Most programming language are purely textual; they use sequences of text including words, numbers and punctuation. The programming languages are divided into three groups: 1. Machine Language 2. Assembly Language 3. High Level Language C Programming 5 Higher Technological Institute
  • 6. Machine Language Essentially, computers really understand only one language, which consists of zeroes and ones, also known as machine language. But o Difficult and take a Long Time to Read and Write o Difficult to Detect and Correct the Errors o It is also called C Programming Binary Code
  • 7. Assembly Language o It uses some Mnemonic English codes instead of Binary Codes. o Assembly language programs are easier to Read and Write than machine language programs. o It Needs an Assembler to translate Mnemonic codes into Machine Language. Example ADD 5,9 SUB 7,3 C Programming 7 Higher Technological Institute
  • 8. Assembly Language o It uses some Mnemonic English codes instead of Binary Codes. o Assembly language programs are easier to Read and Write than machine language programs. o It Needs an Assembler to translate Mnemonic codes into Machine Language. Example ADD 5,9 SUB 7,3 C Programming But in Large Programs Writing a program in assembly language can prove extremely Time-consuming, and complicated. 8 Higher Technological Institute
  • 9. High Level Language Because writing machine- or assembly-language programs was so Difficult and Confusing, people developed additional languages that look more like human languages With names such as JAVA, BASIC, and C. o High Level Language needs Compiler or Interpreter. C Programming 9 Higher Technological Institute
  • 10. High Level Language Readability Programs are easy to Read Maintainability Programs are easy to Maintain Portability Programs are easy to port across Different computer Platforms Reusability Saving your programs into library and invoke them in next programs C Programming 10 Higher Technological Institute
  • 11. C Programming Language 1. High Level Language. 2. C allows you to get control of computer Hardware. 3. Many other high level language developed based on C. 4. The American National Standard Institute ANSI define the standard for the C programming language. 5. Your HTI Book focuses on the functions defined in ANSI See Page C Programming 11 3 Higher Technological Institute
  • 12. Interpreter, Compiler and Assembler Lower Level Language High Level Language Interpreter Assembly Language Binary Language High Level Language Compiler Computer Instruction Assembler Lower Level Language Binary 0’s and 1’s Read more Pages 3 and 4 C Programming 12 Higher Technological Institute
  • 13. Your First C Program /* This is my First C Program */ #include<stdio.h> int main () { printf(" Hello World! n ") ; return 0 ; } C Programming 13 Higher Technological Institute
  • 14. Comments /* This is my First C Program */ o The compiler ignore everything between two slashes and asterisks. o Just to help you document your program. o C compilers allows to write comments like /* This comment does not increase the size of the executable file (Binary Code), nor does it affect the performance speed */ C Programming 14 Higher Technological Institute
  • 15. Your First C Program /* This is my First C Program */ #include<stdio.h> int main () { printf(" Hello World! n ") ; return 0 ; } C Programming 15 Higher Technological Institute
  • 16. Header Files stdio.h Header File #include<stdio.h> o This Header Files required by include directive o Header Files extensions .h means header o The stdio.h header file numerous prototypes and macros to perform input or output I/O for C Program C Programming 16 Higher Technological Institute
  • 17. Your First C Program /* This is my First C Program */ #include<stdio.h> int main () { printf(" Hello World! n ") ; return 0 ; } C Programming 17 Higher Technological Institute
  • 18. Main Function o Very special function o Each C Program MUST have a main() function o The main() function syntax as follows int main () { return 0 ; } C Programming 18 Higher Technological Institute
  • 19. Your First C Program /* This is my First C Program */ #include<stdio.h> int main () { printf(" Hello World! n ") ; return 0 ; } C Programming 19 Higher Technological Institute
  • 20. Printing On Screen o To print a text or numbers printf is used. o Syntax printf(“ ”); o The new line character n o To print Hello World! write the following statement printf(" Hello World! n ") ; C Programming 20 Higher Technological Institute
  • 21. Your First C Program /* This is my First C Program */ #include<stdio.h> int main () { printf(" Hello World! n ") ; return 0 ; } C Programming 21 Higher Technological Institute
  • 23. References Logic Design A 23 Higher Technological Institute
  • 24. Course Contents 1 Introduction 2 Program Development 3 The Essential of C Programs 4 Manipulating Data with Operators 5 Reading from and Writing to Standard I/O 6 Decision 7 Iteration 8 Arrays 9 C Functions C Programming 24 Higher Technological Institute
  • 25. Course Contents Program Development 2  Phases of Computer Program Development  Problem Definition and Analysis  Algorithms and Flowcharts  Program Coding  Program Execute and Testing  Exercise C Programming 25 Higher Technological Institute
  • 26. Problem Definition and Analysis o The problem which you write a program for should be completely understood by gathering information about it. o This information is the program input. o How information is processed to give the required output. oExample 𝟐 𝒂𝒙 + 𝒃𝒙 + 𝒄 = 𝟎 C Programming 26 Higher Technological Institute
  • 27. Problem Definition and Analysis o The General Quadratic Equation 𝟐 𝒂𝒙 + 𝒃𝒙 + 𝒄 = 𝟎 C Programming 27 Higher Technological Institute
  • 28. Problem Definition and Analysis o The General Quadratic Equation 𝒙= −𝒃 ± 𝒃 𝟐 − 𝟒𝒂𝒄 𝟐𝒂 𝟐 𝒂𝒙 + 𝒃𝒙 + 𝒄 = 𝟎 C Programming 28 Higher Technological Institute
  • 29. Problem Definition and Analysis o The General Quadratic Equation 𝒙= 𝒙𝟏 = −𝒃 + 𝒃 𝟐 − 𝟒𝒂𝒄 𝟐𝒂 −𝒃 ± 𝒃 𝟐 − 𝟒𝒂𝒄 𝟐𝒂 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒙𝟐 = −𝒃 − 𝒃 𝟐 − 𝟒𝒂𝒄 𝟐𝒂 𝟐 𝒂𝒙 + 𝒃𝒙 + 𝒄 = 𝟎 C Programming 29 Higher Technological Institute
  • 30. Problem Definition and Analysis o The General Quadratic Equation 𝒙= 𝒙𝟏 = −𝒃 + 𝒃 𝟐 − 𝟒𝒂𝒄 𝟐𝒂 −𝒃 ± 𝒃 𝟐 − 𝟒𝒂𝒄 𝟐𝒂 Discriminator 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒙𝟐 = −𝒃 − 𝒃 𝟐 − 𝟒𝒂𝒄 𝟐𝒂 𝟐 𝒂𝒙 + 𝒃𝒙 + 𝒄 = 𝟎 C Programming 30 Higher Technological Institute
  • 31. Problem Definition and Analysis o The General Quadratic Equation 𝒙= 𝒃 𝟐 − 𝟒𝒂𝒄 𝟐𝒂 −𝒃 ± 𝒃 𝟐 − 𝟒𝒂𝒄 𝒙𝟏 = 𝟐𝒂 𝑫 = 𝒃 𝟐 − 𝟒𝒂𝒄 𝒊𝒇 𝑫 < 𝟎 𝒙 𝟏 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒙 𝟐 𝒊𝒇 𝑫 > 𝟎 𝒙 𝟏 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒙 𝟐 −𝒃 + Discriminator 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒙𝟐 = −𝒃 − 𝒃 𝟐 − 𝟒𝒂𝒄 𝟐𝒂 𝒂𝒓𝒆 𝑰𝒎𝒂𝒈𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒓𝒚 𝒄𝒂𝒏 𝒃𝒆 𝑪𝒂𝒍𝒄𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒅 𝟐 𝒂𝒙 + 𝒃𝒙 + 𝒄 = 𝟎 C Programming 31 Higher Technological Institute
  • 32. Problem Definition and Analysis o How information is processed to give the required output ? 𝒂 , 𝒃 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒄 𝒂𝒓𝒆 𝑮𝒊𝒗𝒆𝒏 = 𝑰𝒏𝒑𝒖𝒕𝒔 𝟐 𝑫 = 𝒃 − 𝟒𝒂𝒄 Question D >0 ? YES 𝒙 𝟏 = NO −𝒃+ 𝒙 𝟏 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒃 𝟐 −𝟒𝒂𝒄 𝟐𝒂 𝒙𝟐 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒂𝒓𝒆 𝒙𝟐 = −𝒃− 𝒃 𝟐 −𝟒𝒂𝒄 𝟐𝒂 𝑰𝒎𝒂𝒈𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒓𝒚 𝟐 𝒂𝒙 + 𝒃𝒙 + 𝒄 = 𝟎 C Programming 32 Higher Technological Institute
  • 33. Algorithms and Flowcharts C Programming 33 Higher Technological Institute
  • 34. Flowchart Start, Stop ( Begin , End) Input , Output Processing Program Instruction Decision Connector Comment Preparation C Programming 34 ( Instruction that change the program) Higher Technological Institute
  • 35. Flowcharts 𝑫 = 𝒃 𝟐 − 𝟒𝒂𝒄 𝒙 𝟏,𝟐 = C Programming −𝒃 ± 𝒃 𝟐 − 𝟒𝒂𝒄 𝟐𝒂 35 Higher Technological Institute
  • 36. Flowcharts 𝑫 = 𝒃 𝟐 − 𝟒𝒂𝒄 𝒙 𝟏,𝟐 = C Programming −𝒃 ± 𝒃 𝟐 − 𝟒𝒂𝒄 𝟐𝒂 36 Higher Technological Institute
  • 37. Flowcharts 𝑫 = 𝒃 𝟐 − 𝟒𝒂𝒄 𝒙 𝟏,𝟐 = C Programming −𝒃 ± 𝒃 𝟐 − 𝟒𝒂𝒄 𝟐𝒂 37 Higher Technological Institute
  • 38. Flowcharts 𝑫 = 𝒃 𝟐 − 𝟒𝒂𝒄 YES 𝒙 𝟏,𝟐 = C Programming −𝒃 ± NO 𝒃 𝟐 − 𝟒𝒂𝒄 𝟐𝒂 38 Higher Technological Institute
  • 39. Flowcharts 𝑫 = 𝒃 𝟐 − 𝟒𝒂𝒄 YES 𝒙 𝟏,𝟐 = C Programming −𝒃 ± NO 𝒃 𝟐 − 𝟒𝒂𝒄 𝟐𝒂 39 Higher Technological Institute
  • 40. Flowcharts 𝑫 = 𝒃 𝟐 − 𝟒𝒂𝒄 YES 𝒙 𝟏,𝟐 = C Programming −𝒃 ± NO 𝒃 𝟐 − 𝟒𝒂𝒄 𝟐𝒂 40 Higher Technological Institute
  • 41. Flowcharts Examples Example 1 Draw a flow chart to read two numbers and compare between both if they are equal or not. C Programming 41 Higher Technological Institute
  • 42. Flowcharts Examples Example 1 Draw a flow chart to read two numbers and compare between both if they are equal or not. C Programming 42 Higher Technological Institute
  • 43. Flowcharts Examples Example 2 Draw a flow chart to generate a table of squares and cubes of integers from 1 to 9. C Programming 43 Higher Technological Institute
  • 44. Flowcharts Examples Example 2 Draw a flow chart to generate a table of squares and cubes of integers from 1 to 9. C Programming 44 Higher Technological Institute
  • 45. Flowcharts Examples Example 3 Draw a flow chart to determine the minimum value of three input numbers. C Programming 45 Higher Technological Institute
  • 46. Flowcharts Examples Example 3 Draw a flow chart to determine the minimum value of three input numbers. C Programming 46 Higher Technological Institute
  • 47. Flowcharts Examples Example 4 Draw a flow chart to generates the famous sequence of numbers called the Fibonacci series. Here are the first few terms of the series: 0 1 1 2 3 5 8 13 21 34 55 C Programming 47 Higher Technological Institute
  • 48. Flowcharts Examples Example 4 Draw a flow chart to generates the famous sequence of numbers called the Fibonacci series. Here are the first few terms of the series: 0 1 1 2 3 5 8 13 21 34 55 Each term is found by adding the two previous ones: 1+1 is 2, 1+2 is 3, 2+3 is 5, 3+5 is 8, and so on. C Programming 48 Higher Technological Institute
  • 49. Flowcharts Examples Example 4 Draw a flow chart to generates the famous sequence of numbers called the Fibonacci series. Here are the first few terms of the series: 0 1 1 2 3 5 8 13 21 34 55 Each term is found by adding the two previous ones: 1+1 is 2, 1+2 is 3, 2+3 is 5, 3+5 is 8, and so on. 𝒇𝟎 = 𝟎 , 𝒇𝟏 = 𝟏 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒇 𝒏 = 𝒇 𝒏−𝟏 + 𝒇 𝒏−𝟐 Terminate the program after calculation the first 10 numbers of the Fibonacci series and print them. C Programming 49 Higher Technological Institute
  • 50. Flowcharts Examples Example 4 0 1 𝒇𝟎 = 𝟎 1 𝒇𝟏 = 𝟏 2 𝒇 𝒏 = 𝒇 𝒏−𝟏 + 𝒇 𝒏−𝟐 3 5 8 13 21 34 55 C Programming 50 Higher Technological Institute
  • 51. Flowcharts Examples Example 5 It is desired to compute income Tax for a given income as per the following table: Income Amount of tax Up to Rs 35000 Nil From Rs 35001 To Rs 60000 20% of income in Excess of Rs 35000 From Rs 60001 To Rs 120000 Rs 5000 + 30% of income in Excess of Rs 60000 More than Rs 120000 Rs 23000+ 40% of income in Excess of Rs 120000 C Programming 51 Higher Technological Institute
  • 53. Flowcharts Examples Example 6 It is desired to sum 20 values read from a data statement. This can be done by means of a loop. It uses the following algorithm for summation. Sj+1 = Sj + A Where: j = 1,2,3,..20 Sj+1 : The new sum Sj : The old sum A : The variable whose values are to be added C Programming 53 Higher Technological Institute
  • 55. Flowcharts Examples Example 7 Draw a flowchart of Program that Calculate and Display The Factorial of C Programming n 55 Higher Technological Institute
  • 56. Flowcharts Examples Example 7 Draw a flowchart of Program that Calculate and Display The Factorial of n 𝒏! = 𝒏 × 𝒏 − 𝟏 × 𝒏 − 𝟐 … × 𝟑 × 𝟐 × 𝟏 C Programming 56 Higher Technological Institute
  • 57. Flowcharts Examples Example 7 Draw a flowchart of Program that Calculate and Display The Factorial of n 𝒏! = 𝒏 × 𝒏 − 𝟏 × 𝒏 − 𝟐 … × 𝟑 × 𝟐 × 𝟏 C Programming 57 Higher Technological Institute
  • 58. Flowcharts Examples Example 8 Draw a flowchart to compute all possible products of X and Y X and Y varying from 0 through 9 (100 products) 0x0=0 0x1=0 0x2=0 0x3=0 . . 0x9=0 C Programming 1x0=0 … 1x1=1 … 1x2=2 … 1x3=3 … . . 1x9=9 … 9x0=0 9x1=9 9x2=18 9x3=27 Home Work ..! 9x9=81 58 Higher Technological Institute
  • 59. Flowcharts Examples Example 8 0x0=0 0x1=0 0x2=0 0x3=0 . . 0x9=0 C Programming 1x0=0 … 1x1=1 … 1x2=2 … 1x3=3 … . . 1x9=9 … 9x0=0 9x1=9 9x2=18 9x3=27 9x9=81 59 Higher Technological Institute
  • 61. Program Coding o In this phase, the algorithm ( or Flowchart ) is transferred into program using codes of one of programming language. o Machine Language ( Binary Code ). o Assembly Language. o High Level Language. C Programming 61 Higher Technological Institute
  • 62. Program Executing and Testing Editing Compiling Linking Executing C Programming 62 Higher Technological Institute
  • 63. Program Executing and Testing Editing C Programming Means to use any editing program to convert the program into electronic form and save it with a suitable and valid name with the extension (.c) The program becomes an electronic source code 63 Higher Technological Institute
  • 64. Program Executing and Testing Compiling C Programming Means to use a compiler program matches with the programming language the source program written with, to detect the linguistic errors and convert the source code program into a binary codes. The program becomes an object program, saved with the source code name but with the extension (.0). 64 Higher Technological Institute
  • 65. Program Executing and Testing Linking C Programming The program when it is written contains some functions, as printf( ) function which is saved in the library of the compiler and may be some external functions written to do certain jobs by the program after linking with libraries functions is converted to an executable program, with the same name entered by the user but with the extension .exe (dot exe). 65 Higher Technological Institute
  • 66. Program Executing and Testing The program in this step i.e., after linking is ready to be run or debugged on the computer. Executing C Programming 66 Higher Technological Institute
  • 67. Program Executing and Testing Editing Compiling Linking Executing C Programming 67 Higher Technological Institute
  • 68. Steps of Obtaining an Executable Program C Programming 68 Higher Technological Institute
  • 69. Course Contents 1 Introduction 2 Program Development 3 The Essential of C Programs 4 Manipulating Data with Operators 5 Reading from and Writing to Standard I/O 6 Decision 7 Iteration 8 Arrays 9 C Functions C Programming 69 Higher Technological Institute
  • 70. Course Contents 3 The Essential of C Programs  Constants and variables  Expressions  Arithmetic operators  Statements  Statement blocks  Data Types and Names in C  Naming a Variable C Programming 70 Higher Technological Institute
  • 71. Expressions o An expression is a combination of constants, variables, and operators that are used to denote computations 𝑨= 𝟐∗ 𝑨 − 𝟏 1. Taking the value contained in the drawer (variable) A 2. Multiply this value by 2 3. Subtract 1 from result obtained from 2 4. The value contained in drawer A is omitted, then putting the result obtained from 3 into drawer A. C Programming 71 Higher Technological Institute
  • 72. Arithmetic Operations Addition Subtraction Multiplication Division Reminder The Reminder operator % is used to obtain the reminder of the first operand divided by the second operand C Programming 72 Higher Technological Institute
  • 73. Arithmetic Operations Addition Subtraction Multiplication Division Reminder Example 𝟔% 𝟒= 𝟐 C Programming 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟏%𝟐 = 𝟏 73 𝟒𝟖%𝟓 = Higher Technological Institute
  • 74. Arithmetic Operations Addition Subtraction Multiplication Division Reminder Example 𝟔% 𝟒= 𝟐 C Programming 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟏%𝟐 = 𝟏 74 𝟒𝟖%𝟓 = 𝟑 Higher Technological Institute
  • 75. Constants and Variables o As its name implies, a constant is a value that never changes. o A variable, on the other hand, can be used to present different values. o For instance, consider the following: 𝒊 = 𝟏 ; o Where the symbol i is a constant because it always has the same value (1) and the symbol i is assigned the constant 1. o In other words, i contains the value of 1 after the statement is executed. C Programming 75 Higher Technological Institute
  • 76. Data Types and Names o The C language reserves some keywords words that have special meanings to the language. o Those reserved words should not be used as variables, constants, or function names in your program. o All C keywords must be written in lowercase letters, for instance INT will not be treated as a keyword, it must be written as int. C Programming 76 Higher Technological Institute
  • 77. The computer list of C keywords auto const double float int short struct unsigned C Programming break continue else for long signed switch void case default enum goto register sizeof typedef volatile 77 char do extern if return static union while Higher Technological Institute
  • 78. Naming a Variable Valid Variable Name Can Use o Characters A through Z and a through z o Digit characters 0 through 9, which can be used in any position except the first of a variable name. o The underscore character _ Examples stop_sign C Programming loop3 78 and_pause Higher Technological Institute
  • 79. Naming a Variable Invalid Variable Name Can NOT be Used o o o o A variable name can’t contain any C arithmetic signs. A variable name can’t contain any dots. A variable name can’t contain any apostrophes. A variable name can’t contain any other special symbols such as *, @, #, and so on. Examples 4flags return C Programming sum-result what_size? 79 method*4 ahmed.ali Higher Technological Institute
  • 80. Data Types C Data Type char int float double a, B, $, # 5, 17, 128 2.5 , 0.3 23433.3455 C Programming 80 Higher Technological Institute
  • 81. Declaration Statement Type Name Value char int float double c1 N1 F1 d1 char c1 = ‘&’ ; int ‘&’ 100 32/10 5e3 = 100 ; n1 C Programming 81 Higher Technological Institute
  • 82. Declaration Statement Type char int float double Name Value ‘&’ 100 32/10 5e3 c1 N1 F1 d1 char c1 ; c1 = ‘&’ ; int ; n1 = 100 ; n1 C Programming 82 Higher Technological Institute
  • 83. Declaration Statement Type Name Value char int float double float c1 n1 f1 d1 ‘&’ 100 32/10 5e3 f1= 32/100 ; double C Programming d1=5e3 ; 83 Higher Technological Institute
  • 85. Some special characters in C b Backspace f Form feed n New line r Return t Tab C Programming Moves the cursor to the left one character Goes to the top of a new page Carriage return and line feeds Returns to the beginning of the current line Advances to the next tab stop 85 Higher Technological Institute
  • 86. Examples /* Example1 : Printing out characters */ # include <stdio.h> /* the header file for the printf () function */ main ( ) { /* the main function body till line 13 */ char c1; /* declaration of the character variable c1 */ char c2; /* declaration of the character variable c2 */ c1 = ‘A’; /* assigning c1 with the character constant A */ c2 = ‘a’; /* assigning c2 with the character constant a */ return 0; } C Programming 86 Higher Technological Institute
  • 87. Examples /* Example1 : Printing out characters */ # include <stdio.h> /* the header file for the printf () function */ main ( ) { /* the main function body till line 13 */ char c1; /* declaration of the character variable c1 */ char c2; /* declaration of the character variable c2 */ c1 = ‘A’; /* assigning c1 with the character constant A */ c2 = ‘a’; /* assigning c2 with the character constant a */ printf ( “ The character c1 is : %c n ”, c1); printf ( “ The character c1 is : %c ” , c1); printf ( “ while the character c2 is : %c n”, c2); return 0; } C Programming 87 Higher Technological Institute
  • 88. Examples /* Example1 : Printing out characters */ # include <stdio.h> /* the header file for the printf () function */ main ( ) { /* the main function body till line 13 */ char c1; /* declaration of the character variable c1 */ printf ( “ The character c1 is : variablen */”, c1); %c c2 char c2; /* declaration of the character c1 = ‘A’; /* assigning c1 with the character constant A */ c2 = ‘a’; /* assigning c2 with the character constant a */ printf ( “ The character c1 is : %c n ”, c1); printf ( “ The character c1 is : %c ” , c1); printf ( “ while the character c2 is : %c n”, c2); return 0; } C Programming 88 Higher Technological Institute
  • 89. Examples /* Example1 : Printing out characters */ # include <stdio.h> /* the header file for the printf () function */ main ( ) { /* the main function body till line 13 */ char c1; /* declaration of the character variable c1 */ printf ( “ The character c1 is : variablen */”, c1); %c c2 char c2; /* declaration of the character c1 = ‘A’; /* assigning c1 with the character constant A */ c2 = ‘a’; /* assigning c2 with the character constant a */ printf ( “ The character c1 is : %c n ”, c1); printf ( “ The character c1 is : %c ” , c1); printf ( “ while the character c2 is : %c n”, c2); return 0; } C Programming 89 Higher Technological Institute
  • 90. Examples /* Example1 : Printing out characters */ # include <stdio.h> /* the header file for the printf () function */ main ( ) { /* the main function body till line 13 */ char c1; /* declaration of the character variable c1 */ printf ( “ The character c1 is : variablen */”, c1); %c c2 char c2; /* declaration of the character c1 = ‘A’; /* assigning c1 with the character constant A */ c2 = ‘a’; /* assigning c2 with the character constant a */ printf ( “ The character c1 is : %c n ”, c1); printf ( “ The character c1 is : %c ” , c1); printf ( “ while the character c2 is : %c n”, c2); return 0; } C Programming 90 Higher Technological Institute
  • 91. Examples /* Example1 : Printing out characters */ # include <stdio.h> /* the header file for the printf () function */ main ( ) { /* the main function body till line 13 */ char c1; /* declaration of the character variable c1 */ printf ( “ The character c1 is : variablen */”, c1); %c c2 char c2; /* declaration of the character c1 = ‘A’; /* assigning c1 with the character constant A */ c2 = ‘a’; /* assigning c2 with the character constant a */ printf ( “ The character c1 is : %c n ”, c1); printf ( “ The character c1 is : %c ” , c1); printf ( “ while the character c2 is : %c n”, c2); return 0; } New Line Specifier for Character Data Type C Programming 91 Higher Technological Institute
  • 92. Examples /* Example1 : Printing out characters */ # include <stdio.h> /* the header file for the printf () function */ main ( ) { /* the main function body till line 13 */ char c1; /* declaration of the character variable c1 */ char c2; /* declaration of the character variable c2 */ c1 = ‘A’; /* assigning c1 with the character constant A */ c2 = ‘a’; /* assigning c2 with the character constant a */ printf ( “ The character c1 is : %c n ”, c1); printf ( “ The character c1 is : %c ” , c1); printf ( “ while the character c2 is : %c n”, c2); return 0; } C Programming 92 Higher Technological Institute
  • 93. You Have To Know about Data Types Type Name Value Specifier char c1 ‘&’ %c int n1 100 %d float f1 32/10 %f double d1 5e3 %e,%E C Programming 93 Higher Technological Institute
  • 94. Examples /* The arithmetic operations on integers */ # include<stdio.h> /* the header file for the printf () function */ main ( ) { /* the main function body till line 15 */ int m = 3; int n=2; printf ( "The summation of %d and %d is : %d.n", m, n, m+n); printf ( "The difference between %d and %d is : %d.n", m, n, m-n); printf ( "The multiplication of %d by %d is : %d.n", m, n, m*n); printf ( "The division of %d by %d is : %d.n", m, n, m/n); printf ( "The remainder of division of %d by %d is : %d.n", m, n, m%n); return 0 ; } C Programming 94 Higher Technological Institute
  • 95. Operators Precedence Operator Sign ( ) / * + - C Programming Name Brackets Division Multiplication Addition Subtraction 95 Higher Technological Institute
  • 96. Logic Operators Operator Sign || && != C Programming Name OR AND NOT 96 Higher Technological Institute
  • 97. Examples /* Example3 : Integer vs. floating point divisions */ # include <stdio.h> /* the header file for the printf () function */ main ( ) { int n1,n2,n3; float m1,m2,m3; n1 = 32/10; m1= 32/10; n2 = 32.0/10; m2= 32.0/10; n3 = 32/10.0; m3 = 32/10.0; return 0; } C Programming 97 Higher Technological Institute
  • 98. Examples /* Example3 : Integer vs. floating point divisions */ # include <stdio.h> /* the header file for the printf () function */ main ( ) { int n1,n2,n3; float m1,m2,m3; n1 = 32/10; m1= 32/10; n2 = 32.0/10; m2= 32.0/10; n3 = 32/10.0; m3 = 32/10.0; printf ( “ The integer division of 32/10 is : %d n”, n1); printf ( “The floating point division of 32/10 is : %f n”, m1); printf ( “The integer division of 32.0/10 is : %d n”, n2); printf ( “The floating point division of 32.0/10 is : %f n”, m2); printf ( “The integer division of 32/10.0 is : %d n”, n3); printf ( “The floating point division of 32/10.0 is : %f n”, m3); return 0; } C Programming 98 Higher Technological Institute
  • 99. Double Data Type o Here are two examples: [mantissa] e [exponent] [mantissa] E [exponent] Example 5000 -300 0.0025 5e3. -3e2 2.5e-3. Specifier %e or %E With printf ( ) C Programming 99 Higher Technological Institute
  • 100. Precedence Example # include<stdio.h> main ( ) { int A,B,C,D,E, X, Y, Z; A = 20 ; B = 6 ; C = 3 ; D = 10 ; E = 2 ; X= E*D – B/C + A ; Y=(E*D)–(B/C)+ A ; Z= A*(D–B)/(C+ E); printf ( “ X= %d n Y= %d n Z=%d n”, X,Y,Z); return 0 ; } C Programming 100 Higher Technological Institute
  • 101. Precedence Example # include<stdio.h> main ( ) { int A,B,C,D,E, X, Y, Z; A = 20 ; B = 6 ; C = 3 ; D = 10 ; E = 2 ; X= E*D – B/C + A ; Y=(E*D)–(B/C)+ A ; Z= A*(D–B)/(C+ E); printf ( “ X= %d n Y= %d n Z=%d n”, X,Y,Z); return 0 ; } C Programming 101 Higher Technological Institute
  • 102. Precedence Example # include<stdio.h> X( B/C + A ; main = ) E * D – { int A,B,C,D,E, X, Y, Z; A = 20 ; B = 6 ; C = 3 ; D = 10 ; E = 2 ; X= E*D – B/C + A ; Y=(E*D)–(B/C)+ A ; Z= A*(D–B)/(C+ E); printf ( “ X= %d n Y= %d n Z=%d n”, X,Y,Z); return 0 ; } C Programming 102 Higher Technological Institute
  • 103. Precedence Example X= E*D – X= E*D – C Programming B/C B/C + A ; + A ; 103 Higher Technological Institute
  • 104. Precedence Example X= E*D – C Programming B/C + A ; 104 Higher Technological Institute
  • 105. Precedence Example X= E*D – B/C + A ; A = 20 B=6 C=3 D = 10 E=2 C Programming ( ) * / +- 105 Higher Technological Institute
  • 106. Precedence Example X= E*D – 2 * 10 – A = 20 B/C + A ; 6 / 3 + 20 B=6 C=3 D = 10 E=2 C Programming 106 ( ) * / +- Higher Technological Institute
  • 107. Precedence Example X= E*D – 2 * 10 – A = 20 B=6 C=3 D = 10 E=2 C Programming 20 B/C + A ; 6 / 3 + 20 – 2 107 + 20 ( ) * / +- Higher Technological Institute
  • 108. Precedence Example X= E*D – 2 * 10 – A = 20 B=6 C=3 D = 10 E=2 C Programming 20 B/C + A ; 6 / 3 + 20 – 2 38 108 + 20 ( ) * / +- Higher Technological Institute
  • 109. Precedence Example # include<stdio.h> main ( ) { int A,B,C,D,E, X, Y, Z; A = 20 ; B = 6 ; C = 3 ; D = 10 ; E = 2 ; X= E*D – B/C + A ; Y=(E*D)–(B/C)+ A ; Z= A*(D–B)/(C+ E); printf ( “ X= %d n Y= %d n Z=%d n”, X,Y,Z); return 0 ; } C Programming 109 Higher Technological Institute
  • 110. Precedence Example # include<stdio.h> main ( ) { int A,B,C,D,E, X, Y, Z; A = 20 ; B = 6 ; C = 3 ; D = 10 ; E = 2 ; X= E*D – B/C + A ; Y=(E*D)–(B/C)+ A ; Z= A*(D–B)/(C+ E); printf ( “ X= %d n Y= %d n Z=%d n”, X,Y,Z); return 0 ; } C Programming 110 Higher Technological Institute
  • 111. Precedence Example # include<stdio.h> main = )( E * D ) – ( B / C ) + A ; Y ( { int A,B,C,D,E, X, Y, Z; A = 20 ; B = 6 ; C = 3 ; D = 10 ; E = 2 ; X= E*D – B/C + A ; Y=(E*D)–(B/C)+ A ; Z= A*(D–B)/(C+ E); printf ( “ X= %d n Y= %d n Z=%d n”, X,Y,Z); return 0 ; } C Programming 111 Higher Technological Institute
  • 112. Precedence Example Y=(E*D)–(B/C)+ A ; . . . C Programming 112 Higher Technological Institute
  • 113. Precedence Example Y=(E*D)–(B/C)+ A ; . . . 38 C Programming 113 Higher Technological Institute
  • 114. Precedence Example # include<stdio.h> main ( ) { int A,B,C,D,E, X, Y, Z; A = 20 ; B = 6 ; C = 3 ; D = 10 ; E = 2 ; X= E*D – B/C + A ; Y=(E*D)–(B/C)+ A ; Z= A*(D–B)/(C+ E); printf ( “ X= %d n Y= %d n Z=%d n”, X,Y,Z); return 0 ; } C Programming 114 Higher Technological Institute
  • 115. Precedence Example # include<stdio.h> Z( = A * ( D – B ) / ( C + E ) ; main ) { int A,B,C,D,E, X, Y, Z; A = 20 ; B = 6 ; C = 3 ; D = 10 ; E = 2 ; X= E*D – B/C + A ; Y=(E*D)–(B/C)+ A ; Z= A*(D–B)/(C+ E); printf ( “ X= %d n Y= %d n Z=%d n”, X,Y,Z); return 0 ; } C Programming 115 Higher Technological Institute
  • 116. Precedence Example Z= A*(D–B)/(C+ E); A = 20 B=6 C=3 D = 10 E=2 C Programming ( ) * / +- 116 Higher Technological Institute
  • 117. Precedence Example Z= A*(D–B)/(C+ E); A = 20 B=6 C=3 D = 10 E=2 C Programming ( ) * / +- 117 Higher Technological Institute
  • 118. Precedence Example Z= A*(D–B)/(C+ E); A = 20 B=6 C=3 D = 10 E=2 C Programming 20 * 4 / 118 5 ( ) * / +- Higher Technological Institute
  • 119. Precedence Example Z= A*(D–B)/(C+ E); A = 20 B=6 C=3 D = 10 E=2 C Programming 20 * 4 / 16 119 5 ( ) * / +- Higher Technological Institute
  • 120. Precedence Example # include<stdio.h> main ( ) { int A,B,C,D,E, X, Y, Z; A = 20 ; B = 6 ; C = 3 ; D = 10 ; E = 2 ; X= E*D – B/C + A ; Y=(E*D)–(B/C)+ A ; Z= A*(D–B)/(C+ E); printf ( “ X= %d n Y= %d n Z=%d n”, X,Y,Z); return 0 ; } C Programming 120 Higher Technological Institute
  • 121. Precedence Example # include<stdio.h> main ( ) { int A,B,C,D,E, X, Y, Z; A = 20 ; B = 6 ; C = 3 ; D = 10 ; E = 2 ; X= E*D – B/C + A ; Y=(E*D)–(B/C)+ A ; Z= A*(D–B)/(C+ E); printf ( “ X= %d n Y= %d n Z=%d n”, X,Y,Z); return 0 ; } C Programming 121 Higher Technological Institute
  • 122. Home Work ..!! Exercises 3 Page 44 C Programming 122 Higher Technological Institute
  • 123. Course Contents 1 Introduction 2 Program Development 3 The Essential of C Programs 4 Manipulating Data with Operators 5 Reading from and Writing to Standard I/O 6 Decision 7 Iteration 8 Arrays 9 C Functions C Programming 123 Higher Technological Institute
  • 124. Course Contents 4 Manipulating Data with Operators C Programming 124 Higher Technological Institute
  • 125. Course Contents 4 Manipulating Data with Operators  Errors Types  Arithmetic Assignment Operators  Unary Minus Operator  The Cast Operator C Programming 125 Higher Technological Institute
  • 127. Error Types Syntax Example C Programming They are errors that you have made in the form Or syntax of the language o Spelling a keyword incorrectly o Errors that are detected during running of a program are shown in a dialog box that appears and the error is highlighted in the program. 127 Higher Technological Institute
  • 128. Error Types Execution Example C Programming If the program has no syntax errors. The computer can execute it. During execution, execution errors may be detected. o If a number is divided by zero causes an execution error. Whenever an execution error is detected, the computer displays a dialog box with an error message and stops executing the program. 128 Higher Technological Institute
  • 129. Error Types Logic C Programming If the output of the program does not agree with what is expected, this is logic error. The computer cannot detect such an error because it does not know the logic of the program should be. So, it is your responsibility to detect logic errors in the program. 129 Higher Technological Institute
  • 131. Arithmetic Assignment Operators o Here the statement causes the value of the right-handoperand to be assigned to the memory location of the left-hand-operand. left-hand-operand = right-hand-operand a=5 ; o Statement writes the value of the right-hand-operand (5) into the memory location of the integer variable a (which is the left-hand-operand in this case). b=a=5 ; C Programming 131 Higher Technological Institute
  • 132. Assignment and Arithmetic Operators Operator += -= *= /= %= C Programming Description Addition Assignment Operator Subtraction Assignment Operator Multiplication Assignment Operator Division Assignment Operator Remainder Assignment Operator 132 Higher Technological Institute
  • 133. Equivalence of Statements Statement x+ = y; x- = y; x* = y; x/ = y; x% = y; z=z*x+y; C Programming Equivalence x = x + y; x = x - y; x = x * y; x = x / y; x = x % y; ? 133 z *= x + y ; Higher Technological Institute
  • 134. Equivalence of Statements Statement x+ = y; x- = y; x* = y; x/ = y; x% = y; z=z*x+y; C Programming Equivalence x = x + y; x = x - y; x = x * y; x = x / y; x = x % y; ≠ 134 z *= x + y ; Higher Technological Institute
  • 135. Example # include <stdio.h> main ( ) { int x, y, z; x =1; y =3; printf (“Given x = %d, y = %d, and z = %d,n”, x, y, z); x= x + y; printf ( “ x= x +y assigns %d to x;n”, x); x = 1; x+= y ; printf ( “ x+= y assigns %d to x;n”, x); x = 1; z = z* x + y; printf ( “z = z*x+y assigns %d to z;n”, z); z = 10; z = z* (x + y); printf ( “z = z*( x+ y) assigns %d to z;n”, z); z = 10; z *= x + y; printf ( “z *= x+ y assigns %d to z;n”, z); return 0; } C Programming 135 z= 10; Higher Technological Institute
  • 136. Unary Minus Operator o Given an integer, you can get its negation by changing the sign of the integer by using, -, the minus operator, which is called the unary minus operator. x = 1.234 ; -x equals -1.234 o Differ between the unary minus operator and the subtraction operator. z = x- -y; OR z = x- (-y); o The first – symbol is used as the subtraction operator while the second –symbol is the unary minus operator. C Programming 136 Higher Technological Institute
  • 137. X++ ++X Increment X-- --X Decrement Post- Pre- Incrementing or Decrementing by ONE C Programming 137 Higher Technological Institute
  • 138. Example # include <stdio.h> main ( ) { int x=5; printf (“ X++ %d ,n”, x++); printf (“++X %d ,n”, ++x); printf (“ X-- %d ,n”, x--); printf (“ --X %d ,n”, --x); return 0; } C Programming 138 Higher Technological Institute
  • 139. Relational Operators Operator Description == != > < >= <= Equal to Not equal to Greater than Less than Greater than or equal to Less than or equal to C Programming 139 Higher Technological Institute
  • 140. Relational Operators x*y < z+3 (x * y) < ( z + 3 ) oAll relational expressions produce a result of either 0 or 1. oGiven x = 3 and y = 5, for instance, the relational expression x < y gives a result of 1 C Programming 140 Higher Technological Institute
  • 141. Example # include <stdio.h> main ( ) { int x, y; double z; x = 7; y = 25; z = 24.46; printf (“ Given x = %d, y = %d and z = %2f, n”, x, y, z); printf ( “ x > = y produces: %d n”, x > =y); printf ( “x = = y produces: %d n”, x = =y); printf ( “x < y produces: %d n”, x < y); printf ( “x > y produces: %d n”, x > y); printf ( “x != y - 18 produces: %d n”, x ! =y -18); printf ( “x + y ! = z produces: %d n”, x +y ! = z); return 0; } C Programming 141 Higher Technological Institute
  • 142. Relational Operators 1/2+1/2==1 1 Or 0 This is algebraically True and is supposed to return 1. o However, the expression returns 0 which means that the equal to relationship does not hold. o This is because the truncation of the integer division – that is , 1 /2 – produces 0 not 0.5. C Programming 142 Higher Technological Institute
  • 143. The Cast Operator o You can convert one data type to a different one by prefixing and cast operator to the operand. o The general form of the cast operator is (data-type) x o Here data-type specifies the data type you want to convert to x is a variable ( or, expression) that contains the value of the current data type. o You have to include the parentheses (and) to make up a cast operator. C Programming 143 Higher Technological Institute
  • 144. Example # include <stdio.h> main ( ) { int x, y; x = 7; y = 5; printf ( “ Given x = %d, y = %d, n”, x, y); printf ( “ x / y produces: %d n”, x /y); printf ( “(float) x / y produces: %f n”, (float) x / y); return 0 ; } C Programming 144 Higher Technological Institute
  • 145. Course Contents 1 Introduction 2 Program Development 3 The Essential of C Programs 4 Manipulating Data with Operators 5 Reading from and Writing to Standard I/O 6 Decision 7 Iteration 8 Arrays 9 C Functions C Programming 145 Higher Technological Institute
  • 146. Course Contents 5 Reading from and Writing to Standard I/O C Programming 146 Higher Technological Institute
  • 147. scanf ( ) function o The scanf ( ) function is a very important function in C. o It is used to read data from the standard input device; the keyboard. o The syntax for the scanf ( ) function is : scanf(“ % % ”, & & ); o Example : to input two variables integer x and float y scanf(“ C Programming %d %f ”, 147 &x &y ); Higher Technological Institute
  • 148. scanf ( ) function o The scanf ( ) function is a very important function in C. o It is used to read data from the standard input device; the keyboard. o One thing you need to be aware of; is that the scanf ( ) function doesn’t actually start reading the input until the Enter key is pressed. o Data entered from the keyboard is placed in an input buffer. o When the Enter key is pressed, the scanf () function looks for its input in the buffer. C Programming 148 Higher Technological Institute
  • 149. printf( ) function o The printf ( ) function is a very important function in C. o It is used to print out messages on the screen. o The syntax for the printf ( ) function is printf(“ % % ”, ); o Example : to print two variables integer x and float y printf(“ %d C Programming %f ”, 149 x y ); Higher Technological Institute
  • 150. printf( ) function o The printf ( ) function is a very important function in C. o It is used to print out messages on the screen. o The number of expressions is determined by the number of the format specifiers inside the first argument. o The format specifiers and the expressions are matched in order from left to right, and you should use exactly the same number of expressions as the number of format specifiers within the format string. C Programming 150 Higher Technological Institute
  • 151. Adding the Minimum Field Width o A integer is added between the percent sign (%) and the letter in a format specifier to specify the minimum field width and ensures that the output reaches the minimum width. o For example in %10f printf(“ %10f ”, x ); 10 is a minimum field width specifier that ensures that the output is at least 10 character spacers wide. C Programming 151 Higher Technological Institute
  • 152. Example # include <stdio.h> main ( ) { int x=12; int y=12345; printf (“%d n”, x); printf (“%d n”, y); printf (“%5d n”, x); printf (“%05d n”, x); printf (“%2d n”, y); return 0; } C Programming 152 Higher Technological Institute
  • 153. Example # include <stdio.h> main ( ) { int x=12; int y=12345; printf (“%d n”, x); printf (“%d n”, y); printf (“%5d n”, x); printf (“%05d n”, x); printf (“%2d n”, y); return 0; } C Programming 153 12 12345 12 00012 12345 Higher Technological Institute
  • 154. Aligning Output o By default, all output is placed on the Right edge of the field, as long as the field width is longer than the width of the output. o You can change this and force output to be leftjustified. o To do so, you need to prefix the minimum field specifier with the minus sign (-). %-12d o Specifies the minimum field width as 12, and justifies the output from the left edge of the field. C Programming 154 Higher Technological Institute
  • 155. Example # include <stdio.h> main ( ) { int x,y,z,m,n; m=1234; printf (“%8d %-8d printf (“%8d %-8d printf (“%8d %-8d printf (“%8d %-8d printf (“%8d %-8d return 0; } C Programming x=1; y=12; z=123; n=12345; n”, x, x ); n”, y, y ); n”, z, z ); n”, m, m ); n”, n, n ); 155 Higher Technological Institute
  • 156. Example # include <stdio.h> main ( ) { int x,y,z,m,n; m=1234; printf (“%8d %-8d printf (“%8d %-8d printf (“%8d %-8d printf (“%8d %-8d printf (“%8d %-8d return 0; } C Programming x=1; y=12; z=123; n=12345; n”, x, x ); n”, y, y ); n”, z, z ); n”, m, m ); n”, n, n ); 1 12 123 1234 12345 156 1 12 123 1234 12345 Higher Technological Institute
  • 157. The Precision Specifier o You can put a period (.) and an integer right after the minimum field width specifier. o The combination of the period and the integer make up a precision specifier. o The precision specifier is another important specifier you can use to determine the number of decimal places for floating-point numbers, or to specify the maximum field width for integers or strings. %10.3f o The minimum field width length is specified as 10 character long, and the number of decimal places is set to 3. C Programming 157 Higher Technological Institute
  • 158. The Precision Specifier o You can put a period (.) and an integer right after the minimum field width specifier. o The combination of the period and the integer make up a precision specifier. o The precision specifier is another important specifier you can use to determine the number of decimal places for floating-point numbers, or to specify the maximum field width for integers or strings. o Remember, the default number of decimal places is 6. C Programming 158 Higher Technological Institute
  • 159. Example # include <stdio.h> main ( ) { int x=123; float y=123.456789; printf (“Default integer format n printf (“With precision specifier n printf (“Default float format n printf (“With precision specifier n printf (“With precision specifier n return 0; } C Programming 159 %d n”, x ); %2.8d n”, x ); %f n”, y ); %10.2f n”, y ); %-10.2f n”, y ); Higher Technological Institute
  • 160. Example # include <stdio.h> main ( ) { int x=123; float y=123.456789; printf (“Default integer format n printf (“With precision specifier n printf (“Default float format n printf (“With precision specifier n printf (“With precision specifier n return 0; } C Programming 160 %d n”, x ); %2.8d n”, x ); %f n”, y ); %10.2f n”, y ); %-10.2f n”, y ); Higher Technological Institute
  • 161. Course Contents 1 Introduction 2 Program Development 3 The Essential of C Programs 4 Manipulating Data with Operators 5 Reading from and Writing to Standard I/O 6 Decision 7 Iteration 8 Arrays 9 C Functions C Programming 161 Higher Technological Institute
  • 163. Course Contents Decision 6  The if statement  Flowchart of if statement  The if else statement and flowchart  Nested if statements and their flowcharts  The switch statement  The break and continue statement  The goto statements C Programming 163 Higher Technological Institute
  • 164. The if statement o The if statement is the most popular conditional branching statement. o It can be used to evaluate the conditions as well as to make the decision whether the block of code controlled by the statement is going to be executed. o Here if condition is logical TRUE, the statements inside the braces are executed. o If condition is logical FALSE, then the statements are skipped. C Programming 164 Higher Technological Institute
  • 165. The if statement Flowchart IF Statement Syntax ….. if ( Test Expression) { statement1; statement2; … } …. C Programming 165 Higher Technological Institute
  • 166. The if statement Flowchart IF Statement Syntax … if ( Test Expression) statement; … Example if ( x>5) printf( “ X > 5 ” ); … C Programming 166 Higher Technological Institute
  • 167. Example # include <stdio.h> main ( ) { int i; printf (“Integers that can be divided by 3 n ” ); printf (“Enter a positive number : n ”, x ); scanf(“%d”, &i ); if ( i %3 == 0 ) printf (“The number %d is divisible by 3 n ”, i ); return 0; } C Programming 167 Higher Technological Institute
  • 168. Output Integers that can be divided by 3 Enter a positive number : 12 The number 12 is divisible by 3 Integers that can be divided by 3 Enter a positive number : 7 C Programming 168 Higher Technological Institute
  • 169. The if else statement if else Statement Syntax … if ( Test Expression) { statement1; statement2; … } else { statement_A statement_B … } … C Programming 169 Higher Technological Institute
  • 170. The if else statement if else Statement Syntax … if ( Test Expression) statement1; else statementA; … Example if ( X > 5) printf( “ X > 5 ” ); else printf( “ X < 5 ” ); C Programming 170 Higher Technological Institute
  • 171. if else Example Draw a flow chart to read two numbers and compare between both if they are equal or not. C Programming 171 Higher Technological Institute
  • 172. if else Example # include <stdio.h> main ( ) { int x,y; printf (“Please Enter X and Y n ” ); scanf(“%d %d”, &x , &y ); if ( x == y ) printf (“ X = Y n ” ); else printf (“ X != Y n ” ); return 0; } C Programming 172 Higher Technological Institute
  • 173. Nested if Flowchart Nest IF Statement Syntax if ( Test Expression1) { if ( Test Expression2) { statement1; statement2; } else { statementA; statementB; } }else { statement X ; } C Programming 173 Higher Technological Institute
  • 174. Nested if Flowchart Draw a flow chart to determine the minimum value of three input numbers. C Programming 174 Higher Technological Institute
  • 175. Nested if Example # include <stdio.h> main ( ) { int A,B,C; printf (“Please Enter A,B and C n ” ); scanf(“%d %d %d”, &A , &B , &C ); if ( A<B ) { if ( A<C ) printf (“ A The is the Smallest n ” ); else printf (“ C The is the Smallest n ” ); } else if ( B<C ) printf (“ B The is the Smallest n ” ); else printf (“ C The is the Smallest n ” ); return 0; } C Programming 175 Higher Technological Institute
  • 176. The switch statement o The nested if statements will become very complex if there are many decisions that need to be made. o The switch statement, can be used to make unlimited decisions or choices based on the value of a conditional expression and specified cases. o The conditional expression is evaluated first, if the return value of the conditional expression is equal to the constant expression expression 1, the statement statement 1 is executed. o the value of the conditional expression is not equal to any values of the constant expressions labeled by the case keyword, the statement (statement-default) following by the default keyword is executed. C Programming 176 Higher Technological Institute
  • 177. The Switch Statement Syntax switch ( Conditional Expression ) { case expression1; statment1; case expression2; statment2; … default; statement-default; } C Programming 177 Higher Technological Institute
  • 178. The Switch Statement Syntax switch ( Conditional Expression ) { case expression1; statment1; case expression2; statment2; … default; statement-default; } o You have to use the case keyword to label each case. o The default keyword is recommended to be used for the default case. o Note that no constant expressions are identical in the switch statement. C Programming 178 Higher Technological Institute
  • 179. The break statement o An important feature of the switch statement is that the computer continues to execute the statements following the selected case until the end of the switch statement. o You can add a break statement at the end of the statement list following every case label, if you want to exit the switch construct after the statements within a selected case are executed C Programming 179 Higher Technological Institute
  • 180. The Break Statement Syntax switch ( Conditional Expression ) { case expression1; statment1; break ; case expression2; statment2; break; … default; statement-default; } C Programming 180 Higher Technological Institute
  • 181. Example Write Program that compute the grade for a student, the grade is based on Total Score T ( from 0 to 100) The Grading Scale Is Illustrated In The Following Table: Total Score 85 <= T <= 100 80 <= T < 85 75 <= T < 80 70 <= T < 75 65 <= T < 70 55 <= T < 65 50 <= T < 55 T < 50 C Programming Letter Grade A B+ B C+ C D+ D F 181 Higher Technological Institute
  • 182. Example # include <stdio.h> main ( ) { int score; printf (" Enter Scorre: n"); scanf ("%d", &score); switch (score / 10 ) { case 10: printf ("your grade is A n"); break; case 9: printf ("your grade is A n"); break; case 8: printf ("your grade is B n"); break; case 7: printf ("your grade is C n"); break; C Programming case 6: printf ("your grade is D n"); break; case 5: printf ("your grade is D n"); break; case 4: printf ("your grade is F n"); break; case 3: printf ("your grade is F n"); break; case 2: printf ("your grade is F n"); break; case 1: printf ("your grade is F n"); break; 182 case 0: printf ("your grade is F n"); break; default: printf ( "illegal input n"); break; } printf ( "GOODBYEn" ); return 0; } Higher Technological Institute
  • 183. The Continue statement o There are times when you want to stay in a loop but skip over some statements within the loop. o To do this, the continue statement causes execution to jump to the top of the loop immediately. o The statement can be used within a while, do…while or for statement to terminate the current iteration of the loop and begin the next. C Programming 183 Higher Technological Institute
  • 184. The goto statement o Do not use the goto statement unless it’s absolutely necessary because its usage may make the C program unreliable and hard to debug. o The Syntax of goto Statement: … lablename : statment1; statment2; .. goto lablename ; … C Programming 184 Higher Technological Institute
  • 185. goto Example # include <stdio.h> main ( ) { int x; guess_lbl: printf (“Guess integer number in the range 1 to 10 n”); scanf (“%d”, &x ); if ( x == 7) goto rght_lbl; printf (“NO, wrong guess, try again n”); goto guess_lbl; rght_lbl: printf (“WELL DONE your guess = %d is rightn” , x); return 0; } C Programming Higher Technological Institute 185
  • 186. goto Example # include <stdio.h> main ( ) { int x; guess_lbl: printf (“Guess integer number in the range 1 to 10 n”); scanf (“%d”, &x ); if ( x == 7) goto rght_lbl; printf (“NO, wrong guess, try again n”); goto guess_lbl; rght_lbl: printf (“WELL DONE your guess = %d is rightn” , x); return 0; } C Programming 186 Higher Technological Institute
  • 187. Course Contents 1 Introduction 2 Program Development 3 The Essential of C Programs 4 Manipulating Data with Operators 5 Reading from and Writing to Standard I/O 6 Decision 7 Iteration 8 Arrays 9 C Functions C Programming 187 Higher Technological Institute
  • 189. Course Contents 7 Iteration  The for statement  The Null Statement  The while statement  The infinite while Loop  The do-while Statement  The Nested Loop  Examples C Programming 189 Higher Technological Institute
  • 190. Iteration o Iteration (looping) is used in programming to perform the same set of statements over and over until certain specified conditions are met. Repeat the same statement(s) until certain condition C Programming 190 Higher Technological Institute
  • 191. Iteration Example Draw a flow chart to generate a table of squares and cubes of integers from 1 to 9. C Programming 191 Higher Technological Institute
  • 192. Iteration Example Draw a flow chart to generate a table of squares and cubes of integers from 1 to 9. From 1 to 9 Step 1 C Programming 192 Higher Technological Institute
  • 193. The for statement for Statement Syntax One Statement for ( initialization ; Test Expression ; Step) statement; … for Statement Syntax Multiple Statements for ( initialization ; Test Expression ; Step) { statement1; statement2; … } C Programming 193 Higher Technological Institute
  • 194. The for statement for ( i=1 ; i <= 10 ; i++ ) printf (“ Hello n ”); printf (“ Goodbye n ”); for ( i=1 ; i <= 10 ; i++ ) { printf (“ Hello n ”); printf (“ Goodbye n ”); } C Programming 194 Will Print Hello 10 Times Then Print Goodbye Will Print Hello Goodbye 10 Times Higher Technological Institute
  • 195. Example # include <stdio.h> main ( ) { int i=1; int j,k; for ( i=1 ; i <= 9 ; i++ ) { j=i*i; k=j*i; printf (“ i = %d ”, i ) ; printf (“ j = %d ”, j ) ; printf (“ k = %d n”, k ) ; } return 0; } C Programming 195 Higher Technological Institute
  • 196. Null statement for ( i=1 ; i <= 10 ; i++ ) ; printf (“ Hello n ”); printf (“ Goodbye n ”); C Programming 196 Higher Technological Institute
  • 197. The while statement while Statement Syntax Initialization while ( Test Expression ) { … Increment Or Decrement ; } C Programming 197 Higher Technological Institute
  • 198. The while statement int w = 1; while ( w <= 10 ) { printf (“ Hello n ”); w = w++; } printf (“ Goodbye n ”); C Programming 198 Will Print Hello 10 Times Then Print Goodbye Higher Technological Institute
  • 199. While Loop Example # include <stdio.h> main ( ) { int i=1; int j,k; while (i<=10) { j=i*i; k=j*i; printf (“ i = %d ”, i ) ; printf (“ j = %d ”, j ) ; printf (“ k = %d n”, k ) ; i=i+1; } return 0; } C Programming 199 Higher Technological Institute
  • 200. The Infinite while loop while(1) { Statement1; Statement2; } Always returns 1, the statements inside the statement block will be executed over and over- that is, the while loop will continue forever. You can set certain conditions inside the while loop to break the infinite loop as soon as the conditions are met. C Programming 200 Higher Technological Institute
  • 201. The do-while statement do-while Statement Syntax Initialization do { … Increment Or Decrement ; ; } while ( Test Expression ) C Programming 201 Higher Technological Institute
  • 202. The do-while statement do-while Statement Syntax Initialization do { … Increment Or Decrement ; ; } while ( Test Expression ) Only after do-while loop Don’t forget to write C Programming ; 202 Higher Technological Institute
  • 203. The do-while statement int w = 1; do { printf (“ Hello n ”); w = w++; } while ( w <= 10 ) ; Will Print Hello 10 Times Then Print Goodbye printf (“ Goodbye n ”); C Programming 203 Higher Technological Institute
  • 204. do-while Loop Example # include <stdio.h> main ( ) { int i=1; int j,k; do { j=i*i; k=j*i; printf (“ i = %d ”, i ) ; printf (“ j = %d ”, j ) ; printf (“ k = %d n”, k ) ; i=i+1; } while (i<=10); return 0; } C Programming 204 Higher Technological Institute
  • 205. Examples Example 1 Write a program to calculate the summation and Average of 20 values read from a data statement. C Programming 205 Higher Technological Institute
  • 206. Examples # include <stdio.h> main ( ) { int i,x,sum; float av; sum=0; for ( i=1 ; i<=20 ; i++ ) { printf(“Please enter new no n”); scanf(“%d”,&x); sum=sum+x; } av=sum/20; printf(“Sum=%d n Av=%fn”, sum , av); return 0; } C Programming 206 Higher Technological Institute
  • 207. Examples Example 2 Write a program to calculate the summation and Average of N numbers read from a data statement. C Programming 207 Higher Technological Institute
  • 208. Examples # include <stdio.h> main ( ) { int i,n,x,sum; float av; sum=0; printf(“How many Numbers ? n”); scanf(“%d”,&n); for ( i=1 ; i<=n ; i++ ) { printf(“Please enter new no n”); scanf(“%d”,&x); sum=sum+x; } av=sum/n; printf(“Sum=%d n Av=%fn”, sum , av); return 0; } C Programming 208 Higher Technological Institute
  • 209. Flowcharts Examples Example 3 Nested Loop Write a program and Draw its flowchart to compute all possible products of X and Y X and Y varying from 1 through 9 (100 products) 1x0=0 1x1=0 1x2=0 1x3=0 . . 1x9=0 C Programming 2x0=0 2x1=1 2x2=2 2x3=3 . . 2x9=9 209 … … … … 9x0=0 9x1=9 9x2=18 9x3=27 … 9x9=81 Higher Technological Institute
  • 210. Flowcharts Examples Example 3 Nested Loop # include <stdio.h> int main ( ) { int x,y; for ( x=1 ; x <= 9 ; x++) for ( y=1 ; y <= 9 ; y++) printf(“%d x %d = %dn”,x,y,x*y); return 0; } C Programming 210 Higher Technological Institute
  • 211. Flowcharts Examples Example 4 Draw a flowchart and write a Program that Calculate and Display The Factorial of n 𝒏! = 𝒏 × 𝒏 − 𝟏 × 𝒏 − 𝟐 … × 𝟑 × 𝟐 × 𝟏 C Programming 211 Higher Technological Institute
  • 212. Flowcharts Examples # include <stdio.h> int main ( ) { int n,fact; fact=1; printf(“Enter your N n”); scanf(“%d”,&n); for( int i=1;i<=n;i++) fact=fact*i; printf(“ N! =%d n”,fact); return 0; } C Programming 212 Higher Technological Institute
  • 213. Home Work..!! Rewrite The previous examples using: a) while Loop b) do-while Loop C Programming 213 Higher Technological Institute
  • 214. Course Contents 1 Introduction 2 Program Development 3 The Essential of C Programs 4 Manipulating Data with Operators 5 Reading from and Writing to Standard I/O 6 Decision 7 Iteration 8 Arrays 9 C Functions C Programming 214 Higher Technological Institute
  • 216. Examples Example 2 Write a program to calculate the summation and Average of N numbers read from a data statement. C Programming 216 Higher Technological Institute
  • 217. Examples # include <stdio.h> main ( ) { int i,n,x,sum; float av; sum=0; printf(“How many Numbers ? n”); scanf(“%d”,&n); for ( i=1 ; i<=n ; i++ ) { printf(“Please enter new no n”); scanf(“%d”,&x); sum=sum+x; } av=sum/n; printf(“Sum=%d n Av=%fn”, sum , av); return 0; } C Programming 217 Higher Technological Institute
  • 218. Arrays  An array is a collection of variables that are of the same data type.  Each item in an array is called an element.  All elements in an array are referenced by the name of the array and are stored in a set of consecutive memory slots.  The array takes two forms :  One dimensional array (1-D) ; where the data is arranged horizontally or vertically.  Multi-dimensional array; where the data is arranged in two dimensional (2-D), three dimensional (3-D),…etc. C Programming 218 Higher Technological Institute
  • 219. Arrays  The following is the syntax form to declare an array: data-type Array-Name [Array-Size];  The data-type is the type specifier that indicates what data type the declared array will be.  Array-Name is the name of the declared array. When choosing a name for an array, you should follow the same rules of naming a variable.  Array-Size defines how many elements the array can contain. Note that the brackets are required in declaring an array. C Programming 219 Higher Technological Institute
  • 220. Arrays Example int array_int [8];  Where int specifies the data type of the array whose name is arrat_int.  The size of the array is 8, which means that the array can store 8 elements C Programming 220 Higher Technological Institute
  • 221. Indexing Arrays  You can access each of the elements in the array separately.  The following declaration declares an array called day of integer numbers: int day [7];  You can access the elements in the array of day one after another: day[0], day[1], …, day[6].  The important thing to remember is that all arrays in C are indexed starting at 0.  The first element in the array of day is day[0]. C Programming 221 Higher Technological Institute
  • 222. Initializing Arrays  You can initialize each element in an array by two way.  For instance if we have the array : int number [5];  Initialize the first element in the array: like this: number[0] = 24;  Here the value 24 is assigned to the first element of the array number, number[0]. C Programming 222 Higher Technological Institute
  • 223. Initializing Arrays  The second way to initialize an array is to initialize all elements in the array together.  For instance, the following statement initializes all elements of the array, number: int number [5]= {100, 4, 24, 34,5, 16};  Here the integers inside the braces are assigned to the corresponding elements of the array number.  That is, 100 is given to the first element (number[0]), 4 to the second element (number[1]), and so on. C Programming 223 Higher Technological Institute
  • 224. Initializing Arrays  The second way to initialize an array is to initialize all elements in the array together.  For instance, the following statement initializes all elements of the array, number: int number [5]= {100, 4, 24};  Here the integers inside the braces are assigned to the corresponding elements of the array number.  That is, 100 is given to the first element (number[0]), 4 to the second element (number[1]), and so on. C Programming 224 Higher Technological Institute
  • 225. Initializing Arrays # include <stdio.h> main ( ) { int i; int A[10]; for ( i=0 ; i<10 ; i++ ) { A[i]=i+1; printf(“A[%d]=%d n”,i,A[i]); } return 0; } C Programming 225 Higher Technological Institute
  • 226. Initializing Arrays # include <stdio.h> main ( ) { int i; int A[10]; for ( i=0 ; i<10 ; i++ ) { A[i]=i+1; printf(“A[%d]=%d n”,i,A[i]); } return 0; } C Programming 226 Higher Technological Institute
  • 227. Example Example Write a program to calculate the Summation and Average of 10 numbers read from a data statement.( Using Array ) C Programming 227 Higher Technological Institute
  • 228. Example # include <stdio.h> main ( ) { int i; int A[10]; int sum=0; float av; for ( i=0 ; i<10 ; i++ ) { printf(“Enter the value of Element [%d] n”,i); scanf(“%d”,A[i]); sum=sum+A[i] } av=sum/10; printf(“Sum=%d n Av=%fn”, sum , av); return 0; } C Programming 228 Higher Technological Institute
  • 229. Two Dimensional Arrays Rows int A[3][4] ; Columns C Programming 229 Higher Technological Institute
  • 230. Two Dimensional Arrays Assigning Static Value int A[3][4] = { { 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 }, { 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 }, { 9 , 8 , 7 , 6 }} ; OR A[3][4] = { { 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 }, { 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 }, { 9 , 8 , 7 , 6 }} ; C Programming 230 Higher Technological Institute
  • 231. Two Dimensional Arrays Example 1 Write a program to calculate and display the Summation of two Matrices A and B. A= 𝟏 𝟒 𝟕 C Programming 𝟐 𝟓 𝟖 𝟑 𝟔 𝟗 ,B= 231 𝟗 𝟔 𝟑 𝟖 𝟓 𝟐 𝟕 𝟒 𝟏 Higher Technological Institute
  • 232. Example # include <stdio.h> main ( ) { int A[3][3] = { {1,2,3}, {4,5,6}, { 7 , 8, 9 } } ; int B[3][3] = { {9,8,7}, {6,5,4}, { 3 , 2, 1 } } ; return 0; } C Programming 232 Higher Technological Institute
  • 233. Example # include <stdio.h> main ( ) { int A[3][3] = { { 1 , 2 , 3 } , { 4 , 5 , 6 } , { 7 , 8, 9 } } ; int B[3][3] = { { 9 , 8 , 7 } , { 6 , 5 , 4 } , { 3 , 2, 1 } } ; return 0; C Programming } 233 Higher Technological Institute
  • 234. Example # include <stdio.h> main ( ) { int A[3][3] = { { 1 , 2 , 3 } , { 4 , 5 , 6 } , { 7 , 8, 9 } } ; int B[3][3] = { { 9 , 8 , 7 } , { 6 , 5 , 4 } , { 3 , 2, 1 } } ; int S[3][3] ; int i,j; for ( i=0 ; i<3 ; i++ ) /* Rows*/ for ( j=0 ; j<3 ; j++ ) /* Columns*/ { S[i][j]=A[i][j]+B[i][j]; printf(“S[%d][%d] = %d n ”, i , j , S [ i ][ j ] ) ; } return 0; } C Programming 234 Higher Technological Institute
  • 235. Example S3,3 = A3,3 + B3,3 = 𝟏 𝟒 𝟕 𝟐 𝟓 𝟖 𝟑 𝟗 𝟔 + 𝟔 𝟗 𝟑 𝟖 𝟓 𝟐 𝟕 𝟒 = 𝟏 𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟎 at i = 0 for ( i=0 ; i<3 ; i++ ) /* Rows*/ j=0 for ( j=0 ; j<3 ; j++ ) /* Columns*/ { S[i][j]=A[i][j]+B[i][j]; printf(“S[%d][%d] = %d n ”, i , j , S [ i ][ j ] ) ; } return 0; } C Programming 235 Higher Technological Institute
  • 236. Example S3,3 = A3,3 + B3,3 = 𝟏 𝟒 𝟕 𝟐 𝟓 𝟖 𝟑 𝟗 𝟔 + 𝟔 𝟗 𝟑 𝟖 𝟓 𝟐 𝟕 𝟒 = 𝟏 𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟎 at i = 0 for ( i=0 ; i<3 ; i++ ) /* Rows*/ j=1 for ( j=0 ; j<3 ; j++ ) /* Columns*/ { S[i][j]=A[i][j]+B[i][j]; printf(“S[%d][%d] = %d n ”, i , j , S [ i ][ j ] ) ; } return 0; } C Programming 236 Higher Technological Institute
  • 237. Example S3,3 = A3,3 + B3,3 = 𝟏 𝟒 𝟕 𝟐 𝟓 𝟖 𝟑 𝟗 𝟔 + 𝟔 𝟗 𝟑 𝟖 𝟓 𝟐 𝟕 𝟒 = 𝟏 𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟎 at i = 1 for ( i=0 ; i<3 ; i++ ) /* Rows*/ j=1 for ( j=0 ; j<3 ; j++ ) /* Columns*/ { S[i][j]=A[i][j]+B[i][j]; printf(“S[%d][%d] = %d n ”, i , j , S [ i ][ j ] ) ; } return 0; } C Programming 237 Higher Technological Institute
  • 238. Example S3,3 = A3,3 + B3,3 = 𝟏 𝟒 𝟕 𝟐 𝟓 𝟖 𝟑 𝟗 𝟔 + 𝟔 𝟗 𝟑 𝟖 𝟓 𝟐 𝟕 𝟒 = 𝟏 𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟎 at i = 2 for ( i=0 ; i<3 ; i++ ) /* Rows*/ j=0 for ( j=0 ; j<3 ; j++ ) /* Columns*/ { S[i][j]=A[i][j]+B[i][j]; printf(“S[%d][%d] = %d n ”, i , j , S [ i ][ j ] ) ; } return 0; } C Programming 238 Higher Technological Institute
  • 239. Example S3,3 = A3,3 + B3,3 = 𝟏 𝟒 𝟕 𝟐 𝟓 𝟖 𝟑 𝟗 𝟔 + 𝟔 𝟗 𝟑 𝟖 𝟓 𝟐 𝟕 𝟒 = 𝟏 𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟎 at i = 2 for ( i=0 ; i<3 ; i++ ) /* Rows*/ j=2 for ( j=0 ; j<3 ; j++ ) /* Columns*/ { S[i][j]=A[i][j]+B[i][j]; printf(“S[%d][%d] = %d n ”, i , j , S [ i ][ j ] ) ; } return 0; } C Programming 239 Higher Technological Institute
  • 240. Example # include <stdio.h> main ( ) { int A[3][3] = { { 1 , 2 , 3 } , { 4 , 5 , 6 } , { 7 , 8, 9 } } ; int B[3][3] = { { 9 , 8 , 7 } , { 6 , 5 , 4 } , { 3 , 2, 1 } } ; int S[3][3] ; int i,j; for ( i=0 ; i<3 ; i++ ) /* Rows*/ for ( j=0 ; j<3 ; j++ ) /* Columns*/ { S[i][j]=A[i][j]+B[i][j]; printf(“S[%d][%d] = %d n ”, i , j , S [ i ][ j ] ) ; } return 0; } C Programming 240 Higher Technological Institute
  • 241. Two Dimensional Arrays Example 2 Write a program to calculate and display the Summation of any two 3x3 Matrices. C Programming 241 Higher Technological Institute
  • 242. Example 2 # include <stdio.h> main ( ) { int A[3][3] , B[3][3] , S[3][3]; int i,j ; . . . . for ( i=0 ; i<3 ; i++ ) /* Rows*/ for ( j=0 ; j<3 ; j++ ) /* Columns*/ { S[i][j]=A[i][j]+B[i][j]; printf(“S[%d][%d] = %d n ”, i , j , S [ i ][ j ] ) ; } return 0; } C Programming 242 Higher Technological Institute
  • 243. Example 2 # include <stdio.h> main ( ) { int A[3][3] , B[3][3] , S[3][3]; int i,j ; for ( i=0 ; i<3 ; i++ ) /* Rows of Metrics A*/ for ( j=0 ; j<3 ; j++ ) /* Columns of Metrics A */ { printf(“Please Enter A[%d][%d] = n ”, i , j ) ; scanf(“%d”,A[i][j]); } for ( i=0 ; i<3 ; i++ ) /* Rows*/ for ( j=0 ; j<3 ; j++ ) /* Columns*/ { S[i][j]=A[i][j]+B[i][j]; printf(“S[%d][%d] = %d n ”, i , j , S [ i ][ j ] ) ; } return 0; } C Programming 243 Higher Technological Institute
  • 244. Example 2 # include <stdio.h> main ( ) { int A[3][3] , B[3][3] , S[3][3]; int i,j ; for ( i=0 ; i<3 ; i++ ) /* Rows of Metrics A*/ for ( j=0 ; j<3 ; j++ ) /* Columns of Metrics A */ { printf(“Please Enter A[%d][%d] = n ”, i , j ) ; scanf(“%d”,A[i][j]); for ( i=0 ; i<3 ; i++ ) /* Rows of Metrics B*/ for ( j=0 ; j<3 ; j++ ) /* Columns of Metrics B */ { printf(“Please Enter B[%d][%d] = n ”, i , j ) ; scanf(“%d”, B[i][j]); for ( i=0 ; i<3 ; i++ ) /* Rows*/ for ( j=0 ; j<3 ; j++ ) /* Columns*/ { S[i][j]=A[i][j]+B[i][j]; printf(“S[%d][%d] = %d n ”, i , j , S [ i ][ j ] ) ; } return 0; } C Programming 244 } } Higher Technological Institute
  • 245. Two Dimensional Arrays Example 3 Write a program to calculate and display the Summation of any two 3x3 Matrices. Then from Summation Matrix Find : a) The Largest and Smallest element. b) The average c) Matrix Transpose C Programming 245 Higher Technological Institute
  • 246. Example 3 # include <stdio.h> main ( ) { int A[3][3] , B[3][3] , S[3][3]; int i,j ; for ( i=0 ; i<3 ; i++ ) /* Rows of Metrics A*/ for ( j=0 ; j<3 ; j++ ) /* Columns of Metrics A */ { printf(“Please Enter A[%d][%d] = n ”, i , j ) ; scanf(“%d”,A[i][j]); for ( i=0 ; i<3 ; i++ ) /* Rows of Metrics B*/ for ( j=0 ; j<3 ; j++ ) /* Columns of Metrics B */ { printf(“Please Enter B[%d][%d] = n ”, i , j ) ; scanf(“%d”, B[i][j]); for ( i=0 ; i<3 ; i++ ) /* Rows*/ for ( j=0 ; j<3 ; j++ ) /* Columns*/ S[i][j]=A[i][j]+B[i][j]; return 0; } C Programming 246 } } Higher Technological Institute
  • 247. Example 3 # include <stdio.h> main ( ) { int A[3][3] , B[3][3] , S[3][3]; { { int i,j ; for ( i=0 ; i<3 ; i++ ) /* Rows of Metrics A*/ for ( j=0 ; j<3 ; j++ ) /* Columns of Metrics A */ printf(“Please Enter A[%d][%d] = n ”, i , j ) ; scanf(“%d”,A[i][j]); for ( i=0 ; i<3 ; i++ ) /* Rows of Metrics B*/ for ( j=0 ; j<3 ; j++ ) /* Columns of Metrics B */ printf(“Please Enter B[%d][%d] = n ”, i , j ) ; scanf(“%d”, B[i][j]); for ( i=0 ; i<3 ; i++ ) /* Rows*/ for ( j=0 ; j<3 ; j++ ) /* Columns*/ } } S[i][j]=A[i][j]+B[i][j]; int L=S[0][0], M=S[0][0]; for ( i=0 ; i<3 ; i++ ) /* Rows*/ for ( j=0 ; j<3 ; j++ ) /* Columns*/ if (L<S[i][j]) L=S[i][j]; return 0; } C Programming 247 Higher Technological Institute
  • 248. Example 3 (a) # include <stdio.h> main ( ) { int A[3][3] , B[3][3] , S[3][3]; int i,j ; for ( i=0 ; i<3 ; i++ ) for ( j=0 ; j<3 ; j++ ) { printf(“Please Enter A[%d][%d] = n ”, i , j ) ; scanf(“%d”,A[i][j]); } for ( i=0 ; i<3 ; i++ ) for ( j=0 ; j<3 ; j++ ) { printf(“Please Enter B[%d][%d] = n ”, i , j ) ; scanf(“%d”, B[i][j]); } for ( i=0 ; i<3 ; i++ ) for ( j=0 ; j<3 ; j++ ) S[i][j]=A[i][j]+B[i][j]; int L=S[0][0], M=S[0][0]; for ( i=0 ; i<3 ; i++ ) for ( j=0 ; j<3 ; j++ ) if (L<S[i][j]) L=S[i][j]; C Programming 248 for ( i=0 ; i<3 ; i++ ) for ( j=0 ; j<3 ; j++ ) if (M>S[i][j]) M=S[i][j]; printf(“Largest Element = %d n ”, L ) ; printf(“Smallest Element = %d n ”, M ) ; return 0; } Higher Technological Institute
  • 249. Example 3 (a) (b) # include <stdio.h> main ( ) { int A[3][3] , B[3][3] , S[3][3]; int i,j ; for ( i=0 ; i<3 ; i++ ) for ( j=0 ; j<3 ; j++ ) { printf(“Please Enter A[%d][%d] = n ”, i , j ) ; scanf(“%d”,A[i][j]); } for ( i=0 ; i<3 ; i++ ) for ( j=0 ; j<3 ; j++ ) { printf(“Please Enter B[%d][%d] = n ”, i , j ) ; scanf(“%d”, B[i][j]); } for ( i=0 ; i<3 ; i++ ) for ( j=0 ; j<3 ; j++ ) S[i][j]=A[i][j]+B[i][j]; int L=S[0][0], M=S[0][0]; for ( i=0 ; i<3 ; i++ ) for ( j=0 ; j<3 ; j++ ) if (L<S[i][j]) L=S[i][j]; C Programming 249 for ( i=0 ; i<3 ; i++ ) for ( j=0 ; j<3 ; j++ ) if (M>S[i][j]) M=S[i][j]; printf(“Largest Element = %d n ”, L ) ; printf(“Smallest Element = %d n ”, M ) ; int sum = 0 ; for ( i=0 ; i<3 ; i++ ) for ( j=0 ; j<3 ; j++ ) sum=sum + S[i][j]; float average =sum/9 ; printf(“Average = %d n ”, average ) ; return 0; } Higher Technological Institute
  • 250. Example 3 (a) (b) (c) # include <stdio.h> main ( ) { int A[3][3] , B[3][3] , S[3][3]; int i,j ; for ( i=0 ; i<3 ; i++ ) for ( j=0 ; j<3 ; j++ ) { printf(“Please Enter A[%d][%d] = n ”, i , j ) ; scanf(“%d”,A[i][j]); } for ( i=0 ; i<3 ; i++ ) for ( j=0 ; j<3 ; j++ ) { printf(“Please Enter B[%d][%d] = n ”, i , j ) ; scanf(“%d”, B[i][j]); } for ( i=0 ; i<3 ; i++ ) for ( j=0 ; j<3 ; j++ ) S[i][j]=A[i][j]+B[i][j]; int L=S[0][0], M=S[0][0]; for ( i=0 ; i<3 ; i++ ) for ( j=0 ; j<3 ; j++ ) if (L<S[i][j]) L=S[i][j]; C Programming 250 for ( i=0 ; i<3 ; i++ ) for ( j=0 ; j<3 ; j++ ) if (M>S[i][j]) M=S[i][j]; printf(“Largest Element = %d n ”, L ) ; printf(“Smallest Element = %d n ”, M ) ; int sum = 0 ; for ( i=0 ; i<3 ; i++ ) for ( j=0 ; j<3 ; j++ ) sum=sum + S[i][j]; float average =sum/9 ; printf(“Average = %d n ”, average ) ; int ST[3][3]; for ( i=0 ; i<3 ; i++ ) for ( j=0 ; j<3 ; j++ ) ST[i][j]=S[j][i]; return 0; } Higher Technological Institute
  • 251. Example 3 (a) (b) (c) # include <stdio.h> main ( ) { int A[3][3] , B[3][3] , S[3][3]; int i,j ; for ( i=0 ; i<3 ; i++ ) for ( j=0 ; j<3 ; j++ ) { printf(“Please Enter A[%d][%d] = n ”, i , j ) ; scanf(“%d”,A[i][j]); } for ( i=0 ; i<3 ; i++ ) for ( j=0 ; j<3 ; j++ ) { printf(“Please Enter B[%d][%d] = n ”, i , j ) ; scanf(“%d”, B[i][j]); } for ( i=0 ; i<3 ; i++ ) for ( j=0 ; j<3 ; j++ ) S[i][j]=A[i][j]+B[i][j]; int L=S[0][0], M=S[0][0]; for ( i=0 ; i<3 ; i++ ) for ( j=0 ; j<3 ; j++ ) if (L<S[i][j]) L=S[i][j]; C Programming 251 for ( i=0 ; i<3 ; i++ ) for ( j=0 ; j<3 ; j++ ) if (M>S[i][j]) M=S[i][j]; printf(“Largest Element = %d n ”, L ) ; printf(“Smallest Element = %d n ”, M ) ; int sum = 0 ; for ( i=0 ; i<3 ; i++ ) for ( j=0 ; j<3 ; j++ ) sum=sum + S[i][j]; float average =sum/9 ; printf(“Average = %d n ”, average ) ; int ST[3][3]; for ( i=0 ; i<3 ; i++ ) for ( j=0 ; j<3 ; j++ ) Do Not Forget to ST[i][j]=S[j][i]; add the display statements for ST return 0; } Higher Technological Institute
  • 252. Example 3 (a) (b) (c) # include <stdio.h> main ( ) { int A[3][3] , B[3][3] , S[3][3]; int i,j ; for ( i=0 ; i<3 ; i++ ) for ( j=0 ; j<3 ; j++ ) { printf(“Please Enter A[%d][%d] = n ”, i , j ) ; scanf(“%d”,A[i][j]); } for ( i=0 ; i<3 ; i++ ) for ( j=0 ; j<3 ; j++ ) { printf(“Please Enter B[%d][%d] = n ”, i , j ) ; scanf(“%d”, B[i][j]); } for ( i=0 ; i<3 ; i++ ) for ( j=0 ; j<3 ; j++ ) S[i][j]=A[i][j]+B[i][j]; int L=S[0][0], M=S[0][0]; for ( i=0 ; i<3 ; i++ ) for ( j=0 ; j<3 ; j++ ) if (L<S[i][j]) L=S[i][j]; C Programming 252 for ( i=0 ; i<3 ; i++ ) for ( j=0 ; j<3 ; j++ ) if (M>S[i][j]) M=S[i][j]; printf(“Largest Element = %d n ”, L ) ; printf(“Smallest Element = %d n ”, M ) ; int sum = 0 ; for ( i=0 ; i<3 ; i++ ) for ( j=0 ; j<3 ; j++ ) sum=sum + S[i][j]; float average =sum/9 ; printf(“Average = %d n ”, average ) ; int ST[3][3]; for ( i=0 ; i<3 ; i++ ) for ( j=0 ; j<3 ; j++ ) { printf (“n”); ST[i][j]=S[j][i]; printf (“%d”, ST[i][j]); } return 0; } Higher Technological Institute
  • 253. Matrix Multiplication Example 4 Write a program to calculate and display the Multiplication of any two 3x3 Matrices. C Programming 253 Higher Technological Institute
  • 254. Two Dimensional Arrays Remember = New Matrix Dimensions C Programming 254 Higher Technological Institute
  • 255. Example 4 # include <stdio.h> main ( ) { int A[4][3]={ 2 , 3 , 4 , 1, 2 ,1, 2 , 1 ,0, 1 , 0 , 2 }; int B[3][4]={ 10 , 0 , 20 , 10 , 0 , 20 , 0 , 20, 20 , 10 , 10 , 0 }; int M[4][4]; int ra = 4 , ca = 3 , rb = 3, cb = 4 ; int i , j , k ; for (i=0;i<ra;i++) for (j=0;j<cb;j++) { M[i][j]=0; for(k=0;k<ca;k++) M[i][j]= M[i][j]+ A[i][k]*B[k][j]; } C Programming 255 printf("n The M is n"); for(i=0;i<ra;i++) { printf("n"); for (j=0;j<cb;j++) printf("%4d",M[i][j]); } return 0 ; } Higher Technological Institute
  • 256. Home Work ..!! Write a program to calculate the determent of 3x3 Matrix. C Programming 256 Higher Technological Institute
  • 257. Course Contents 1 Introduction 2 Program Development 3 The Essential of C Programs 4 Manipulating Data with Operators 5 Reading from and Writing to Standard I/O 6 Decision 7 Iteration 8 Arrays 9 C Functions C Programming 257 Higher Technological Institute
  • 258. Course Contents 9 C Functions C Programming 258 Higher Technological Institute
  • 259. Functions Why Function o To make large programs Manageable, Programmers modularize them into subprograms. o These subprograms are called Functions C Programming 259 Higher Technological Institute
  • 260. Functions C Standard Functions OR Built in Function C Programming 260 Higher Technological Institute
  • 261. C Standard Functions  The C language has a standard library which is a collection of predefined functions and other program elements which are accessed through header files.  One of the most important header file <math.h> contains useful mathematical functions. Note Every mathematical function return double data type C Programming 261 Higher Technological Institute
  • 262. Some Mathematical in <math.h> Function Description cos(x) exp(x) log(x) log10(x) pow(x,p) sin(x) sqrt(x) tan(x) Cosine of x in Radian Exponential of x (base e) Natural Logarithm of x (base e) Common Logarithm of x (base e) x to the power p = xP Sine of x in Radian Square root of x = 𝒙 Tangent of x in Radian C Programming 262 Higher Technological Institute
  • 263. Example 1 Write a program to calculate the following: a) cos (x) b) e x c) x 3/2 d) 𝒙 Test your program with x = 8, 16, 32 C Programming 263 Higher Technological Institute
  • 264. Example 1 # include <stdio.h> # include <math.h> main ( ) { int x=8; double a,b,c,d; do { a = cos(x*180/(22/7)); b=exp(x); c=pow(x, 3/2); d=sqrt(x); printf(“At x = %d n A = %f n B= %f n C= %f n D=%f n ”,x,a,b,c,d); x=x*2; } while ( x<=32 ); return 0; } C Programming 264 Higher Technological Institute
  • 265. Example 1 # include <stdio.h> # include <math.h> main ( ) { int x=8; double a,b,c,d; do { a = cos(x*180/(22/7)); b=exp(x); c=pow(x, 3/2); d=sqrt(x); printf(“At x = %d n A = %f n B= %f n C= %f n D=%f n ”,x,a,b,c,d); x=x*2; } while ( x<=32 ); return 0; } C Programming 265 Higher Technological Institute
  • 266. Example 1 # include <stdio.h> # include <math.h> main ( ) { int x=8; double math b Function 1 Function 2 … … exponential Function … … ; b=exp(x); main x 8 b return 0; } C Programming 266 Higher Technological Institute
  • 267. Example 1 # include <stdio.h> # include <math.h> main ( ) { int x=8; double math b ; 8 Function 1 Function 2 … … exponential Function … … b=exp(x); main x 8 b return 0; } C Programming 267 Higher Technological Institute
  • 268. Example 1 # include <stdio.h> # include <math.h> main ( ) { int x=8; double math b ; 8 Function 1 Function 2 … … exponential Function … … b=exp(x); main x 8 b 8886110.520508 return 0; } C Programming 268 Higher Technological Institute
  • 269. Some Header Files in C Library Header Description File <ctype.h> Defines function to test characters <float.h> Defines constant to float Defines the integer limits on your local <limits.h> computer <math.h> <stdio.h> <stdlib.h> <string.h> <time.h> C Programming Defines mathematical function Defines functions for standard input and output Defines utility functions Defines functions for processing string Defines time and date functions 269 Higher Technological Institute
  • 270. User Defined Function You Have to Know o Function Type o Function Name o Arguments to the function Type Name Arguments void Func_1 with returnable n1 without C Programming 270 Higher Technological Institute
  • 271. Build Your Function Func_Type Func_name( type1 Arg1, type2 Arg2 ) { statment1 ; statment2 ; . . . Function’s Body return variable; } C Programming 271 Higher Technological Institute
  • 272. Where I can put my Function ?? # include <stdio.h> func_type Func_1( Argument1, Argument2 ) { statment1 ; statment2 ; … … return ; } main ( ) { … Func1 Call ; … return 0; } Function’s Body Main Function C Programming 272 Higher Technological Institute
  • 273. Where I can put my Function ?? OR Function Declaration # include <stdio.h> func_type main ( ) { … Func1 Call ; … return 0; } func_type { statment1 ; statment2 ; … … return ; } C Programming Func_1( typeArgument1, typeArgument2 ) ; Main Function Func_1( Argument1, Argument2 ) Function’s Body 273 Higher Technological Institute
  • 274. Where I can put my Function ?? Function Declaration # include <stdio.h> func_type main ( ) { … Func1 Call ; … return 0; } func_type { statment1 ; statment2 ; … … return ; } C Programming Func_1( typeArgument1, typeArgument2 ) ; Main Function Func_1( Argument1, Argument2 ) Please Do not forget ; after Declaration Statement Function’s Body 274 Higher Technological Institute
  • 275. Simple Example # include <stdio.h> int sum ( int x, int y) { z = x + y; return z ; } main ( ) { int a, b, c; a = 3; b = 5; c = sum( a , b ); printf("C=%d n", c); return 0; } C Programming 275 Higher Technological Institute
  • 276. Simple Example # include <stdio.h> int sum ( int x, int y) { z = x + y; return z ; } main ( ) { int a, b, c; a = 3; b = 5; c = sum( a , b ); printf("C=%d n", c); return 0; } C Programming 276 Higher Technological Institute
  • 277. Simple Example # include <stdio.h> int sum ( int x, int y) { z = x + y; return z ; } main ( ) { int a, b, c; a = 3; b = 5; c = sum( a , b ); printf("C=%d n", c); return 0; } C Programming 277 Higher Technological Institute
  • 278. Simple Example # include <stdio.h> int sum ( int x, int y) { z = x + y; return z ; } • Why we use x, y,z in Function’s Body main ( ) While use a,b,c in main Function …? { • Effect of use the same variable name. int a, b, c; a = 3; b = 5; c = sum( a , b ); printf("C=%d n", c); return 0; } C Programming 278 Higher Technological Institute
  • 279. Simple Example by Method 2 # include <stdio.h> int sum ( int, int ) ; main ( ) { int a, b, c; a = 3; b = 5; c = sum( a , b ); printf("C=%d n", c); return 0; } int sum ( int x, int y) { z = x + y; return z ; } C Programming 279 Higher Technological Institute
  • 280. Simple Example by Method 2 # include <stdio.h> int sum ( int, int ) ; main ( ) Again Do not { forget ; after Declaration Statement int a, b, c; a = 3; b = 5; c = sum( a , b ); printf("C=%d n", c); return 0; } int sum ( int x, int y) { z = x + y; return z ; } C Programming 280 Higher Technological Institute
  • 281. Why Functions Example Write a program to calculate the factorial of any integer number. Then use your program to calculate the value of Y. 𝒏! − 𝒌! 𝒀= 𝒏− 𝒌 ! C Programming 281 Higher Technological Institute
  • 282. Example # include <stdio.h> main ( ) { int n ; printf(“Please Enter The Value of n n"); scanf(“%d”,&n); int factorial =1; for ( int i=n ; i>=1 ; i-- ) factorial = factorial * i ; printf(“Factorial =%d n", factorial); return 0; } C Programming 282 Higher Technological Institute
  • 283. Example # include <stdio.h> int fact ( int ) ; main ( ) { int n, k, y; printf(“Please Enter The Value of n and k n"); scanf(“%d %d”,&n,&k); y = ( fact(n) * fact(k) ) / fact( n – k ) ; printf(“Y=%d n", y); return 0; } int fact ( int fc ) { int factorial =1; for ( int i=fc ; i>=1 ; i-- ) factorial = factorial * i ; return factorial ; } C Programming 283 Higher Technological Institute
  • 284. LOGO Higher Technological Institute 10th of Ramadan City 6th of October Branch Electrical and Computer Engineering Department Eng. Ibrahim Elewah HTI Student Book Main Reference “C For Dummies” by Dan Gookin 2nd Edition 28