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Core java questions

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Dinesh Reddy G
Dinesh Reddy G

1. The document discusses various Java concepts and questions related to classes, interfaces, threads, variables, and more. 2. Key points include that an abstract class can have no abstract methods, interfaces cannot be final or have private/protected variables, and interfaces can contain inner classes and static variables/methods. 3. The questions cover topics such as the purpose of the Externalizable interface, modifiers allowed for interface methods, types of variables, thread states, alternatives to inheritance like delegation, why operator overloading is not supported in Java, and more.

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1. Can there be an abstract class with no abstract methods in it? - Yes 2. Can an Interface be final? - No 3. Can an Interface have an inner class? - Yes. 4. public interface abc 5. { 6. static int i=0; void dd(); 7. class a1 8. { 9. a1() 10. { 11. int j; 12. System.out.println("inside"); 13. }; 14. public static void main(String a1[]) 15. { 16. System.out.println("in interfia"); 17. } 18. } 19. } 20. Can we define private and protected modifiers for variables in interfaces? - No 21. What is Externalizable? - Externalizable is an Interface that extends Serializable Interface. And sends data into Streams in Compressed Format. It has two methods, writeExternal(ObjectOuput out) and readExternal(ObjectInput in) 22. What modifiers are allowed for methods in an Interface? - Only public and abstract modifiers are allowed for methods in interfaces. 23. What is a local, member and a class variable? - Variables declared within a method are “local” variables. Variables declared within the class i.e not within any methods are “member” variables (global variables). Variables declared within the class i.e not within any methods and are defined as “static” are class variables
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24. What are the different identifier states of a Thread? - The different identifiers of a Thread are: R - Running or runnable thread, S - Suspended thread, CW - Thread waiting on a condition variable, MW - Thread waiting on a monitor lock, MS - Thread suspended waiting on a monitor lock 25. What are some alternatives to inheritance? - Delegation is an alternative to inheritance. Delegation means that you include an instance of another class as an instance variable, and forward messages to the instance. It is often safer than inheritance because it forces you to think about each message you forward, because the instance is of a known class, rather than a new class, and because it doesn’t force you to accept all the methods of the super class: you can provide only the methods that really make sense. On the other hand, it makes you write more code, and it is harder to re-use (because it is not a subclass). 26. Why isn’t there operator overloading? - Because C++ has proven by example that operator overloading makes code almost impossible to maintain. In fact there very nearly wasn’t even method overloading in Java, but it was thought that this was too useful for some very basic methods like print(). Note that some of the classes like DataOutputStream have unoverloaded methods like writeInt() and writeByte(). 27. What does it mean that a method or field is “static”? - Static variables and methods are instantiated only once per class. In other words they are class variables, not instance variables. If you change the value of a static variable in a particular object, the value of that variable changes for all instances of that class. Static methods can be referenced with the name of the class rather than the name of a particular object of the class (though that works too). That’s how library methods like System.out.println() work. out is a static field in the java.lang.System class. 28. How do I convert a numeric IP address like 192.18.97.39 into a hostname like java.sun.com? String host=InetAddress.getByName("192.18.97.39").getHostN ame(); 29. Difference between JRE/JVM/JDK?
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30. Why do threads block on I/O? - Threads block on i/o (that is enters the waiting state) so that other threads may execute while the I/O operation is performed. 31. What is synchronization and why is it important? - With respect to multithreading, synchronization is the capability to control the access of multiple threads to shared resources. Without synchronization, it is possible for one thread to modify a shared object while another thread is in the process of using or updating that object’s value. This often leads to significant errors. 32. Is null a keyword? - The null value is not a keyword. 33. Which characters may be used as the second character of an identifier,but not as the first character of an identifier? - The digits 0 through 9 may not be used as the first character of an identifier but they may be used after the first character of an identifier. 34. What modifiers may be used with an inner class that is a member of an outer class? - A (non-local) inner class may be declared as public, protected, private, static, final, or abstract. 35. How many bits are used to represent Unicode, ASCII, UTF-16, and UTF-8 characters? - Unicode requires 16 bits and ASCII require 7 bits. Although the ASCII character set uses only 7 bits, it is usually represented as 8 bits. UTF-8 represents characters using 8, 16, and 18 bit patterns. UTF-16 uses 16-bit and larger bit patterns. 36. What are wrapped classes? - Wrapped classes are classes that allow primitive types to be accessed as objects. 37. What restrictions are placed on the location of a package statement within a source code file? - A package statement must appear as the first line in a source code file (excluding blank lines and comments). 38. What is the difference between preemptive scheduling and time slicing? - Under preemptive scheduling, the highest priority task executes until it enters the waiting or dead states or a higher priority task comes into existence. Under time slicing, a task executes for a predefined slice of time and then reenters the pool of ready tasks. The scheduler then determines which task should execute next, based on priority and other factors.
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39. What is a native method? - A native method is a method that is implemented in a language other than Java. 40. What are order of precedence and associativity, and how are they used? - Order of precedence determines the order in which operators are evaluated in expressions. Associatity determines whether an expression is evaluated left-to-right or right-to-left 41. What is the catch or declare rule for method declarations? - If a checked exception may be thrown within the body of a method, the method must either catch the exception or declare it in its throws clause. 42. Can an anonymous class be declared as implementing an interface and extending a class? - An anonymous class may implement an interface or extend a superclass, but may not be declared to do both. 43. What is the range of the char type? - The range of the char type is 0 to 2^16 - 1. 1. What is garbage collection? What is the process that is responsible for doing that in java? - Reclaiming the unused memory by the invalid objects. Garbage collector is responsible for this process 2. What kind of thread is the Garbage collector thread? - It is a daemon thread. 3. What is a daemon thread? - These are the threads which can run without user intervention. The JVM can exit when there are daemon thread by killing them abruptly. 4. How will you invoke any external process in Java? - Runtime.getRuntime().exec(….) 5. What is the finalize method do? - Before the invalid objects get garbage collected, the JVM give the user a chance to clean up some resources before it got garbage collected. 6. What is mutable object and immutable object? - If a object value is changeable then we can call it as Mutable object. (Ex., StringBuffer, …) If you are not allowed to change the value of an object, it is immutable object. (Ex., String, Integer, Float, …)
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7. What is the basic difference between string and stringbuffer object? - String is an immutable object. StringBuffer is a mutable object. 8. What is the purpose of Void class? – The Void class is an uninstantiable placeholder class to hold a reference to the Class object representing the primitive Java type void. 9. What is reflection? - Reflection allows programmatic access to information about the fields, methods and constructors of loaded classes, and the use reflected fields, methods, and constructors to operate on their underlying counterparts on objects, within security restrictions. 10. What is the base class for Error and Exception? - Throwable 11. What is the byte range? -128 to 127 12. What is the implementation of destroy method in java.. is it native or java code? - This method is not implemented. 13. What is a package? - To group set of classes into a single unit is known as packaging. Packages provides wide namespace ability. 14. What are the approaches that you will follow for making a program very efficient? - By avoiding too much of static methods avoiding the excessive and unnecessary use of synchronized methods Selection of related classes based on the application (meaning synchronized classes for multiuser and non-synchronized classes for single user) Usage of appropriate design patterns Using cache methodologies for remote invocations Avoiding creation of variables within a loop and lot more. 15. What is a DatabaseMetaData? - Comprehensive information about the database as a whole. 16. What is Locale? - A Locale object represents a specific geographical, political, or cultural region 17. How will you load a specific locale? - Using ResourceBundle.getBundle(…); 18. What is JIT and its use? - Really, just a very fast compiler… In this incarnation, pretty much a one-pass compiler — no offline computations. So you can’t look at the whole method, rank the expressions according to which
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ones are re-used the most, and then generate code. In theory terms, it’s an on-line problem. 19. Is JVM a compiler or an interpreter? - Interpreter 20. When you think about optimization, what is the best way to findout the time/memory consuming process? - Using profiler 21. What is the purpose of assert keyword used in JDK1.4.x? - In order to validate certain expressions. It effectively replaces the if block and automatically throws the AssertionError on failure. This keyword should be used for the critical arguments. Meaning, without that the method does nothing. 22. How will you get the platform dependent values like line separator, path separator, etc., ? - Using Sytem.getProperty(…) (line.separator, path.separator, …) 23. What is skeleton and stub? what is the purpose of those? - Stub is a client side representation of the server, which takes care of communicating with the remote server. Skeleton is the server side representation. But that is no more in use… it is deprecated long before in JDK. 24. What is the final keyword denotes? - final keyword denotes that it is the final implementation for that method or variable or class. You can’t override that method/variable/class any more. 25. What is the significance of ListIterator? - You can iterate back and forth. 26. What is the major difference between LinkedList and ArrayList? - LinkedList are meant for sequential accessing. ArrayList are meant for random accessing. 27. What is nested class? - If all the methods of a inner class is static then it is a nested class. 28. What is inner class? - If the methods of the inner class can only be accessed via the instance of the inner class, then it is called inner class. 29. What is composition? - Holding the reference of the other class within some other class is known as composition.
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30. What is aggregation? - It is a special type of composition. If you expose all the methods of a composite class and route the method call to the composite method through its reference, then it is called aggregation. 31. What are the methods in Object? – clone, equals, wait, finalize, getClass, hashCode, notify, notifyAll, toString 32. Can you instantiate the Math class? - You can’t instantiate the math class. All the methods in this class are static. And the constructor is not public. 33. What is singleton? - It is one of the design pattern. This falls in the creational pattern of the design pattern. There will be only one instance for that entire JVM. You can achieve this by having the private constructor in the class. For eg., public class Singleton { private static final Singleton s = new Singleton(); private Singleton() { } public static Singleton getInstance() { return s; } // all non static methods … } 34. What is DriverManager? - The basic service to manage set of JDBC drivers. What is Class.forName() does and how it is useful? - It loads the class into the ClassLoader. It returns the Class. Using that you can get the instance ( “class-instance”.newInstance() ). 35. Inq adds a question: Expain the reason for each keyword of public static void main(String args[]) . 1. Are enterprise beans allowed to use Thread.sleep()? - Enterprise beans make use of the services provided by the EJB container, such as life-cycle management. To avoid conflicts with these services, enterprise beans are restricted from performing certain operations: Managing or synchronizing threads 2. Is it possible to write two EJB’s that share the same Remote and Home interfaces, and have different bean classes? if so, what are the advantages/disadvantages? - It’s certainly possible. In fact, there’s an example that ships with the Inprise Application Server of an Account interface with separate implementations for CheckingAccount and SavingsAccount, one of which was CMP and one of which was BMP.
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3. Is it possible to specify multiple JNDI names when deploying an EJB? - No. To achieve this you have to deploy your EJB multiple times each specifying a different JNDI name. 4. Is there any way to force an Entity Bean to store itself to the db? I don’t wanna wait for the container to update the db, I want to do it NOW! Is it possible? - Specify the transaction attribute of the bean as RequiresNew. Then as per section 11.6.2.4 of the EJB v 1.1 spec EJB container automatically starts a new transaction before the method call. The container also performs the commit protocol before the method result is sent to the client. 5. I am developing a BMP Entity bean. I have noticed that whenever the create method is invoked, the ejbLoad() and the ejbStore() methods are also invoked. I feel that once my database insert is done, having to do a select and update SQL queries is major overhead. is this behavior typical of all EJB containers? Is there any way to suppress these invocations? - This is the default behaviour for EJB. The specification states that ejbLoad() will be called before every transaction and ejbStore() after every transaction. Each Vendor has optimizations, which are proprietary for this scenario. 6. Can an EJB send asynchronous notifications to its clients? - Asynchronous notification is a known hole in the first versions of the EJB spec. The recommended solution to this is to use JMS, which is becoming available in J2EE-compliant servers. The other option, of course, is to use client-side threads and polling. This is not an ideal solution, but it’s workable for many scenarios. 7. How can I access EJB from ASP? - You can use the Java 2 Platform, Enterprise Edition Client Access Services (J2EETM CAS) COM Bridge 1.0, currently downloadable from Sun 8. Is there a guarantee of uniqueness for entity beans? - There is no such guarantee. The server (or servers) can instantiate as many instances of the same underlying Entity Bean (with the same PK) as it wants. However, each instance is guaranteed to have up-to-date data values, and be transactionally consistent, so uniqueness is not required. This allows the server to scale the system to support multiple threads, multiple concurrent requests, and multiple hosts.
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9. How do the six transaction attributes map to isolation levels like “dirty read”? Will an attribute like “Required” lock out other readers until I’m finished updating? - The Transaction Attributes in EJB do not map to the Transaction Isolation levels used in JDBC. This is a common misconception. Transaction Attributes specify to the container when a Transaction should be started, suspended(paused) and committed between method invocations on Enterprise JavaBeans. For more details and a summary of Transaction Attributes refer to section 11.6 of the EJB 1.1 specification. 10. I have created a remote reference to an EJB in FirstServlet. Can I put the reference in a servlet session and use that in SecondServlet? - Yes. The EJB client (in this case your servlet) acquires a remote reference to an EJB from the Home Interface; that reference is serializable and can be passed from servlet to servlet. If it is a session bean, then the EJB server will consider your web client’s servlet session to correspond to a single EJB session, which is usually (but not always) what you want. 11. Can the primary key in the entity bean be a Java primitive type such as int? - The primary key can’t be a primitive type–use the primitive wrapper classes, instead. For example, you can use java.lang.Integer as the primary key class, but not int (it has to be a class, not a primitive) 12. What’s new in the EJB 2.0 specification? - Following are the main features supported in EJB 2.0: Integration of EJB with JMS, Message Driven Beans, Implement additional Business methods in Home interface which are not specific for bean instance, EJB QL. 13. How many types of protocol implementations does RMI have? - RMI has at least three protocol implementations: Java Remote Method Protocol(JRMP), Internet Inter ORB Protocol(IIOP), and Jini Extensible Remote Invocation(JERI). These are alternatives, not part of the same thing, All three are indeed layer 6 protocols for those who are still speaking OSI reference model. 14. What is the need of Remote and Home interfaces. Why can’t there be one? - In a few words, I would say that the main reason is because there is a clear division of roles and responsabilities between the two interfaces. The home interface is your way to communicate with the container, that is who is responsable of creating, locating even removing one or more beans. The remote interface is your link to the bean, that will allow you to remotely access to all its methods and members. As you can see there are two distinct
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elements (the container and the beans) and you need two different interfaces for accessing to both of them. 15. What is the difference between Java Beans and EJB? - Java Beans are client-side objects and EJBs are server side object, and they have completely different development, lifecycle, purpose. 16. Question With regard to Entity Beans, what happens if both my EJB Server and Database crash, what will happen to unsaved changes? Is there any transactional log file used? - Actually, if your EJB server crashes, you will not even be able to make a connection to the server to perform a bean lookup, as the server will no longer be listening on the port for incoming JNDI lookup requests. You will lose any data that wasn’t committed prior to the crash. This is where you should start looking into clustering your EJB server. Any unsaved and uncommited changes are lost the moment your EJB Server crashes. If your database also crashes, then all the saved changes are also lost unless you have some backup or some recovery mechanism to retrieve the data. So consider database replication and EJB Clustering for such scenarios, though the occurence of such a thing is very very rare. Thx, Uma All databse have the concept of log files(for exampe oracle have redo log files concept). So if data bases crashes then on starting up they fill look up the log files to perform all pending jobs. But is EJB crashes, It depend upon the container how frequenlty it passivates or how frequesntly it refreshes the data with Database. 17. Question Can you control when passivation occurs? - The developer, according to the specification, cannot directly control when passivation occurs. Although for Stateful Session Beans, the container cannot passivate an instance that is inside a transaction. So using transactions can be a a strategy to control passivation. The ejbPassivate() method is called during passivation, so the developer has control over what to do during this exercise and can implement the require optimized logic. Some EJB containers, such as BEA WebLogic, provide the ability to tune the container to minimize passivation calls. Taken from the WebLogic 6.0 DTD - “The passivation- strategy can be either “default” or “transaction”. With the default setting the container will attempt to keep a working set of beans in the cache. With the “transaction” setting, the container will passivate the bean after every transaction (or method call for a non-transactional invocation).”
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18. Does RMI-IIOP support dynamic downloading of classes? - No, RMI- IIOP doesn’t support dynamic downloading of the classes as it is done with CORBA in DII (Dynamic Interface Invocation).Actually RMI-IIOP combines the usability of Java Remote Method Invocation (RMI) with the interoperability of the Internet Inter-ORB Protocol (IIOP).So in order to attain this interoperability between RMI and CORBA,some of the features that are supported by RMI but not CORBA and vice versa are eliminated from the RMI-IIOP specification. 19. Does EJB 1.1 support mandate the support for RMI-IIOP ? What is the meaning of “the client API must support the Java RMI-IIOP programming model for portability, but the underlying protocol can be anything” ? - EJB1.1 does mandate the support of RMI-IIOP. There are 2 types of implementations that an EJB Server might provide: CORBA-based EJB Servers and Proprietry EJB Servers. Both support the RMI-IIOP API but how that API is implemented is a different story. (NB: By API we mean the interface provided to the client by the stub or proxy). A CORBA-based EJB Server actually implements its EJB Objects as CORBA Objects (it therefore encorporates an ORB and this means that EJB’s can be contacted by CORBA clients (as well as RMI-IIOP clients) A proprietry EJB still implements the RMI-IIOP API (in the client’s stub) but the underlying protocol can be anything. Therefore your EJB’s CANNOT be contacted by CORBA clients. The difference is that in both cases, your clients see the same API (hence, your client portability) BUT how the stubs communicate with the server is different. 20. The EJB specification says that we cannot use Bean Managed Transaction in Entity Beans. Why? - The short, practical answer is… because it makes your entity beans useless as a reusable component. Also, transaction management is best left to the application server - that’s what they’re there for. It’s all about atomic operations on your data. If an operation updates more than one entity then you want the whole thing to succeed or the whole thing to fail, nothing in between. If you put commits in the entity beans then it’s very difficult to rollback if an error occurs at some point late in the operation. 21. Can I invoke Runtime.gc() in an EJB? - You shouldn’t. What will happen depends on the implementation, but the call will most likely be ignored. You should leave system level management like garbage collection for the container to deal with. After all, that’s part of the benefit of using EJBs, you don’t have to manage resources yourself.
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22. What is clustering? What are the different algorithms used for clustering? - Clustering is grouping machines together to transparantly provide enterprise services.The client does not now the difference between approaching one server or approaching a cluster of servers.Clusters provide two benefits: scalability and high availability. Further information can be found in the JavaWorld article J2EE Clustering. 23. What is the advantage of using Entity bean for database operations, over directly using JDBC API to do database operations? When would I use one over the other? - Entity Beans actually represents the data in a database. It is not that Entity Beans replaces JDBC API. There are two types of Entity Beans Container Managed and Bean Mananged. In Container Managed Entity Bean - Whenever the instance of the bean is created the container automatically retrieves the data from the DB/Persistance storage and assigns to the object variables in bean for user to manipulate or use them. For this the developer needs to map the fields in the database to the variables in deployment descriptor files (which varies for each vendor). In the Bean Managed Entity Bean - The developer has to specifically make connection, retrive values, assign them to the objects in the ejbLoad() which will be called by the container when it instatiates a bean object. Similarly in the ejbStore() the container saves the object values back the the persistance storage. ejbLoad and ejbStore are callback methods and can be only invoked by the container. Apart from this, when you use Entity beans you dont need to worry about database transaction handling, database connection pooling etc. which are taken care by the ejb container. But in case of JDBC you have to explicitly do the above features. what suresh told is exactly perfect. ofcourse, this comes under the database transations, but i want to add this. the great thing about the entity beans of container managed, whenever the connection is failed during the transaction processing, the database consistancy is mantained automatically. the container writes the data stored at persistant storage of the entity beans to the database again to provide the database consistancy. where as in jdbc api, we, developers has to do manually. 24. What is the role of serialization in EJB? - A big part of EJB is that it is a framework for underlying RMI: remote method invocation. You’re invoking methods remotely from JVM space ‘A’ on objects which are in JVM space ‘B’ — possibly running on another machine on the network. To make this happen, all arguments of each method call must have their current state plucked out of JVM ‘A’ memory, flattened into a byte stream which can be sent over a TCP/IP network connection, and then deserialized for
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reincarnation on the other end in JVM ‘B’ where the actual method call takes place. If the method has a return value, it is serialized up for streaming back to JVM A. Thus the requirement that all EJB methods arguments and return values must be serializable. The easiest way to do this is to make sure all your classes implement java.io.Serializable. 25. What is EJB QL? - EJB QL is a Query Language provided for navigation across a network of enterprise beans and dependent objects defined by means of container managed persistence. EJB QL is introduced in the EJB 2.0 specification. The EJB QL query language defines finder methods for entity beans with container managed persistenceand is portable across containers and persistence managers. EJB QL is used for queries of two types of finder methods: Finder methods that are defined in the home interface of an entity bean and which return entity objects. Select methods, which are not exposed to the client, but which are used by the Bean Provider to select persistent values that are maintained by the Persistence Manager or to select entity objects that are related to the entity bean on which the query is defined. 26. What is the query used to display all tables names in SQL Server (Query analyzer)? 27. select * from information_schema.tables 28. How many types of JDBC Drivers are present and what are they?- There are 4 types of JDBC Drivers 1. JDBC-ODBC Bridge Driver 2. Native API Partly Java Driver 3. Network protocol Driver 4. JDBC Net pure Java Driver 29. Can we implement an interface in a JSP?- No 30. What is the difference between ServletContext and PageContext?- ServletContext: Gives the information about the container. PageContext: Gives the information about the Request 31. What is the difference in using request.getRequestDispatcher() and context.getRequestDispatcher()?- request.getRequestDispatcher(path): In order to create it we need to give the relative path of the resource,
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context.getRequestDispatcher(path): In order to create it we need to give the absolute path of the resource. 32. How to pass information from JSP to included JSP?- Using < %jsp:param> tag. 33. What is the difference between directive include and jsp include?- <%@ include>: Used to include static resources during translation time. JSP include: Used to include dynamic content or static content during runtime. 34. What is the difference between RequestDispatcher and sendRedirect?- RequestDispatcher: server-side redirect with request and response objects. sendRedirect : Client-side redirect with new request and response objects. 35. How does JSP handle runtime exceptions?- Using errorPage attribute of page directive and also we need to specify isErrorPage=true if the current page is intended to URL redirecting of a JSP. 36. How do you delete a Cookie within a JSP? 37. Cookie mycook = new Cookie("name","value"); 38. response.addCookie(mycook); 39. Cookie killmycook = new Cookie("mycook","value"); 40. killmycook.setMaxAge(0); 41. killmycook.setPath("/"); 42. killmycook.addCookie(killmycook); 43. How do I mix JSP and SSI #include?- If you’re just including raw HTML, use the #include directive as usual inside your .jsp file. 44. <!--#include file="data.inc"--> But it’s a little trickier if you want the server to evaluate any JSP code that’s inside the included file. If your data.inc file contains jsp code you will have to use <%@ vinclude="data.inc" %> The <!–#include file="data.inc"–> is used for including non-JSP files. 45. I made my class Cloneable but I still get Can’t access protected method clone. Why?- Some of the Java books imply that all you have to do in order to have your class support clone() is implement the Cloneable interface. Not
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so. Perhaps that was the intent at some point, but that’s not the way it works currently. As it stands, you have to implement your own public clone() method, even if it doesn’t do anything special and just calls super.clone(). 46. Why is XML such an important development?- It removes two constraints which were holding back Web developments: dependence on a single, inflexible document type (HTML) which was being much abused for tasks it was never designed for; the complexity of full SGML, whose syntax allows many powerful but hard-to-program options. XML allows the flexible development of user-defined document types. It provides a robust, non-proprietary, persistent, and verifiable file format for the storage and transmission of text and data both on and off the Web; and it removes the more complex options of SGML, making it easier to program for. 47. What is the fastest type of JDBC driver?- JDBC driver performance will depend on a number of issues: 1. the quality of the driver code, 2. the size of the driver code, 3. the database server and its load, 4. network topology, 5. the number of times your request is translated to a different API. In general, all things being equal, you can assume that the more your request and response change hands, the slower it will be. This means that Type 1 and Type 3 drivers will be slower than Type 2 drivers (the database calls are make at least three translations versus two), and Type 4 drivers are the fastest (only one translation). How do I find whether a parameter exists in the request object? 48. 49. boolean hasFoo = !(request.getParameter("foo") == null 50. || request.getParameter("foo").equals("")); or boolean hasParameter = request.getParameterMap().contains(theParameter); //(which works in Servlet 2.3+)
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51. How can I send user authentication information while makingURLConnection?- You’ll want to use HttpURLConnection.setRequestProperty and set all the appropriate headers to HTTP authorization. 52. Is “abc” a primitive value? - The String literal “abc” is not a primitive value. It is a String object. 53. What restrictions are placed on the values of each case of a switch statement? - During compilation, the values of each case of a switch statement must evaluate to a value that can be promoted to an int value. 54. What modifiers may be used with an interface declaration? - An interface may be declared as public or abstract. 55. Is a class a subclass of itself? - A class is a subclass of itself. 56. What is the difference between a while statement and a do statement? - A while statement checks at the beginning of a loop to see whether the next loop iteration should occur. A do statement checks at the end of a loop to see whether the next iteration of a loop should occur. The do statement will always execute the body of a loop at least once. 57. What modifiers can be used with a local inner class? - A local inner class may be final or abstract. 58. What is the purpose of the File class? - The File class is used to create objects that provide access to the files and directories of a local file system. 59. Can an exception be rethrown? - Yes, an exception can be rethrown. 60. When does the compiler supply a default constructor for a class? - The compiler supplies a default constructor for a class if no other constructors are provided. 61. If a method is declared as protected, where may the method be accessed? - A protected method may only be accessed by classes or interfaces of the same package or by subclasses of the class in which it is declared. 62. Which non-Unicode letter characters may be used as the first character of an identifier? - The non-Unicode letter characters $ and _ may appear as the first character of an identifier
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63. What restrictions are placed on method overloading? - Two methods may not have the same name and argument list but different return types. 64. What is casting? - There are two types of casting, casting between primitive numeric types and casting between object references. Casting between numeric types is used to convert larger values, such as double values, to smaller values, such as byte values. Casting between object references is used to refer to an object by a compatible class, interface, or array type reference. 65. What is the return type of a program’s main() method? - A program’s main() method has a void return type. 66. What class of exceptions are generated by the Java run-time system? - The Java runtime system generates RuntimeException and Error exceptions. 67. What class allows you to read objects directly from a stream? - The ObjectInputStream class supports the reading of objects from input streams. 68. What is the difference between a field variable and a local variable? - A field variable is a variable that is declared as a member of a class. A local variable is a variable that is declared local to a method. 69. How are this() and super() used with constructors? - this() is used to invoke a constructor of the same class. super() is used to invoke a superclass constructor. 70. What is the relationship between a method’s throws clause and the exceptions that can be thrown during the method’s execution? - A method’s throws clause must declare any checked exceptions that are not caught within the body of the method. 71. Why are the methods of the Math class static? - So they can be invoked as if they are a mathematical code library. 72. What are the legal operands of the instanceof operator? - The left operand is an object reference or null value and the right operand is a class, interface, or array type. 73. What an I/O filter? - An I/O filter is an object that reads from one stream and writes to another, usually altering the data in some way as it is passed from one stream to another.
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74. If an object is garbage collected, can it become reachable again? - Once an object is garbage collected, it ceases to exist. It can no longer become reachable again. 75. What are E and PI? - E is the base of the natural logarithm and PI is mathematical value pi. 76. Are true and false keywords? - The values true and false are not keywords. 77. What is the difference between the File and RandomAccessFile classes? - The File class encapsulates the files and directories of the local file system. The RandomAccessFile class provides the methods needed to directly access data contained in any part of a file. 78. What happens when you add a double value to a String? - The result is a String object. 79. What is your platform’s default character encoding? - If you are running Java on English Windows platforms, it is probably Cp1252. If you are running Java on English Solaris platforms, it is most likely 8859_1. 80. Which package is always imported by default? - The java.lang package is always imported by default. 81. What interface must an object implement before it can be written to a stream as an object? - An object must implement the Serializable or Externalizable interface before it can be written to a stream as an object. 82. How can my application get to know when a HttpSession is removed? - Define a Class HttpSessionNotifier which implements HttpSessionBindingListener and implement the functionality what you need in valueUnbound() method. Create an instance of that class and put that instance in HttpSession. 83. Whats the difference between notify() and notifyAll()? - notify() is used to unblock one waiting thread; notifyAll() is used to unblock all of them. Using notify() is preferable (for efficiency) when only one blocked thread can benefit from the change (for example, when freeing a buffer back into a pool). notifyAll() is necessary (for correctness) if multiple threads should resume (for example, when releasing a “writer” lock on a file might permit all “readers” to resume). 84. Why can’t I say just abs() or sin() instead of Math.abs() and Math.sin()? - The import statement does not bring methods into your local name space. It
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lets you abbreviate class names, but not get rid of them altogether. That’s just the way it works, you’ll get used to it. It’s really a lot safer this way. However, there is actually a little trick you can use in some cases that gets you what you want. If your top-level class doesn’t need to inherit from anything else, make it inherit from java.lang.Math. That *does* bring all the methods into your local name space. But you can’t use this trick in an applet, because you have to inherit from java.awt.Applet. And actually, you can’t use it on java.lang.Math at all, because Math is a “final” class which means it can’t be extended. 85. Why are there no global variables in Java? - Global variables are considered bad form for a variety of reasons: Adding state variables breaks referential transparency (you no longer can understand a statement or expression on its own: you need to understand it in the context of the settings of the global variables), State variables lessen the cohesion of a program: you need to know more to understand how something works. A major point of Object-Oriented programming is to break up global state into more easily understood collections of local state, When you add one variable, you limit the use of your program to one instance. What you thought was global, someone else might think of as local: they may want to run two copies of your program at once. For these reasons, Java decided to ban global variables. 86. What does it mean that a class or member is final? - A final class can no longer be subclassed. Mostly this is done for security reasons with basic classes like String and Integer. It also allows the compiler to make some optimizations, and makes thread safety a little easier to achieve. Methods may be declared final as well. This means they may not be overridden in a subclass. Fields can be declared final, too. However, this has a completely different meaning. A final field cannot be changed after it’s initialized, and it must include an initializer statement where it’s declared. For example, public final double c = 2.998; It’s also possible to make a static field final to get the effect of C++’s const statement or some uses of C’s #define, e.g. public static final double c = 2.998; 87. What does it mean that a method or class is abstract? - An abstract class cannot be instantiated. Only its subclasses can be instantiated. You indicate that a class is abstract with the abstract keyword like this: 88. public abstract class Container extends Component {
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Abstract classes may contain abstract methods. A method declared abstract is not actually implemented in the current class. It exists only to be overridden in subclasses. It has no body. For example, public abstract float price(); Abstract methods may only be included in abstract classes. However, an abstract class is not required to have any abstract methods, though most of them do. Each subclass of an abstract class must override the abstract methods of its superclasses or itself be declared abstract. 89. What is a transient variable? - transient variable is a variable that may not be serialized. 90. How are Observer and Observable used? - Objects that subclass the Observable class maintain a list of observers. When an Observable object is updated it invokes the update() method of each of its observers to notify the observers that it has changed state. The Observer interface is implemented by objects that observe Observable objects. 91. Can a lock be acquired on a class? - Yes, a lock can be acquired on a class. This lock is acquired on the class’s Class object. 92. What state does a thread enter when it terminates its processing? - When a thread terminates its processing, it enters the dead state. 93. How does Java handle integer overflows and underflows? - It uses those low order bytes of the result that can fit into the size of the type allowed by the operation. 94. What is the difference between the >> and >>> operators? - The >> operator carries the sign bit when shifting right. The >>> zero-fills bits that have been shifted out. 95. Is sizeof a keyword? - The sizeof operator is not a keyword. 96. Does garbage collection guarantee that a program will not run out of memory? - Garbage collection does not guarantee that a program will not run out of memory. It is possible for programs to use up memory resources faster than they are garbage collected. It is also possible for programs to create objects that are not subject to garbage collection 97. Can an object’s finalize() method be invoked while it is reachable? - An object’s finalize() method cannot be invoked by the garbage collector while
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the object is still reachable. However, an object’s finalize() method may be invoked by other objects. 98. What value does readLine() return when it has reached the end of a file? - The readLine() method returns null when it has reached the end of a file. 99. Can a for statement loop indefinitely? - Yes, a for statement can loop indefinitely. For example, consider the following: for(;;) ; 100. To what value is a variable of the String type automatically initialized? - The default value of an String type is null. 101. What is a task’s priority and how is it used in scheduling? - A task’s priority is an integer value that identifies the relative order in which it should be executed with respect to other tasks. The scheduler attempts to schedule higher priority tasks before lower priority tasks. 102. What is the range of the short type? - The range of the short type is -(2^15) to 2^15 - 1. 103. What is the purpose of garbage collection? - The purpose of garbage collection is to identify and discard objects that are no longer needed by a program so that their resources may be reclaimed and reused. 104. What do you understand by private, protected and public? - These are accessibility modifiers. Private is the most restrictive, while public is the least restrictive. There is no real difference between protected and the default type (also known as package protected) within the context of the same package, however the protected keyword allows visibility to a derived class in a different package. 105. What is Downcasting ? - Downcasting is the casting from a general to a more specific type, i.e. casting down the hierarchy 106. Can a method be overloaded based on different return type but same argument type ? - No, because the methods can be called without using their return type in which case there is ambiquity for the compiler 107. What happens to a static var that is defined within a method of a class ? - Can’t do it. You’ll get a compilation error 108. How many static init can you have ? - As many as you want, but the static initializers and class variable initializers are executed in textual order
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and may not refer to class variables declared in the class whose declarations appear textually after the use, even though these class variables are in scope. 109. What is the difference amongst JVM Spec, JVM Implementation, JVM Runtime ? - The JVM spec is the blueprint for the JVM generated and owned by Sun. The JVM implementation is the actual implementation of the spec by a vendor and the JVM runtime is the actual running instance of a JVM implementation 110. Describe what happens when an object is created in Java? - Several things happen in a particular order to ensure the object is constructed properly: Memory is allocated from heap to hold all instance variables and implementation-specific data of the object and its superclasses. Implemenation-specific data includes pointers to class and method data. The instance variables of the objects are initialized to their default values. The constructor for the most derived class is invoked. The first thing a constructor does is call the consctructor for its superclasses. This process continues until the constrcutor for java.lang.Object is called, as java.lang.Object is the base class for all objects in java. Before the body of the constructor is executed, all instance variable initializers and initialization blocks are executed. Then the body of the constructor is executed. Thus, the constructor for the base class completes first and constructor for the most derived class completes last. 111. What does the “final” keyword mean in front of a variable? A method? A class? - FINAL for a variable: value is constant. FINAL for a method: cannot be overridden. FINAL for a class: cannot be derived 112. What is the difference between instanceof and isInstance? - instanceof is used to check to see if an object can be cast into a specified type without throwing a cast class exception. isInstance() Determines if the specified Object is assignment-compatible with the object represented by this Class. This method is the dynamic equivalent of the Java language instanceof operator. The method returns true if the specified Object argument is non-null and can be cast to the reference type represented by this Class object without raising a ClassCastException. It returns false otherwise. 113. Why does it take so much time to access an Applet having Swing Components the first time? - Because behind every swing component are many Java objects and resources. This takes time to create them in memory.
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JDK 1.3 from Sun has some improvements which may lead to faster execution of Swing applications.
1. Can there be an abstract class with no abstract methods in it? - Yes 2. Can an Interface be final? - No 3. Can an Interface have an inner class? - Yes. 4. public interface abc 5. { 6. static int i=0; void dd(); 7. class a1 8. { 9. a1() 10. { 11. int j; 12. System.out.println("inside"); 13. }; 14. public static void main(String a1[]) 15. { 16. System.out.println("in interfia"); 17. } 18. } 19. } 20. Can we define private and protected modifiers for variables in interfaces? - No 21. What is Externalizable? - Externalizable is an Interface that extends Serializable Interface. And sends data into Streams in Compressed Format. It has two methods, writeExternal(ObjectOuput out) and readExternal(ObjectInput in) 22. What modifiers are allowed for methods in an Interface? - Only public and abstract modifiers are allowed for methods in interfaces. 23. What is a local, member and a class variable? - Variables declared within a method are “local” variables. Variables declared within the class i.e not within any methods are “member” variables (global variables). Variables declared within the class i.e not within any methods and are defined as “static” are class variables
24. What are the different identifier states of a Thread? - The different identifiers of a Thread are: R - Running or runnable thread, S - Suspended thread, CW - Thread waiting on a condition variable, MW - Thread waiting on a monitor lock, MS - Thread suspended waiting on a monitor lock 25. What are some alternatives to inheritance? - Delegation is an alternative to inheritance. Delegation means that you include an instance of another class as an instance variable, and forward messages to the instance. It is often safer than inheritance because it forces you to think about each message you forward, because the instance is of a known class, rather than a new class, and because it doesn’t force you to accept all the methods of the super class: you can provide only the methods that really make sense. On the other hand, it makes you write more code, and it is harder to re-use (because it is not a subclass). 26. Why isn’t there operator overloading? - Because C++ has proven by example that operator overloading makes code almost impossible to maintain. In fact there very nearly wasn’t even method overloading in Java, but it was thought that this was too useful for some very basic methods like print(). Note that some of the classes like DataOutputStream have unoverloaded methods like writeInt() and writeByte(). 27. What does it mean that a method or field is “static”? - Static variables and methods are instantiated only once per class. In other words they are class variables, not instance variables. If you change the value of a static variable in a particular object, the value of that variable changes for all instances of that class. Static methods can be referenced with the name of the class rather than the name of a particular object of the class (though that works too). That’s how library methods like System.out.println() work. out is a static field in the java.lang.System class. 28. How do I convert a numeric IP address like 192.18.97.39 into a hostname like java.sun.com? String host=InetAddress.getByName("192.18.97.39").getHostN ame(); 29. Difference between JRE/JVM/JDK?
30. Why do threads block on I/O? - Threads block on i/o (that is enters the waiting state) so that other threads may execute while the I/O operation is performed. 31. What is synchronization and why is it important? - With respect to multithreading, synchronization is the capability to control the access of multiple threads to shared resources. Without synchronization, it is possible for one thread to modify a shared object while another thread is in the process of using or updating that object’s value. This often leads to significant errors. 32. Is null a keyword? - The null value is not a keyword. 33. Which characters may be used as the second character of an identifier,but not as the first character of an identifier? - The digits 0 through 9 may not be used as the first character of an identifier but they may be used after the first character of an identifier. 34. What modifiers may be used with an inner class that is a member of an outer class? - A (non-local) inner class may be declared as public, protected, private, static, final, or abstract. 35. How many bits are used to represent Unicode, ASCII, UTF-16, and UTF-8 characters? - Unicode requires 16 bits and ASCII require 7 bits. Although the ASCII character set uses only 7 bits, it is usually represented as 8 bits. UTF-8 represents characters using 8, 16, and 18 bit patterns. UTF-16 uses 16-bit and larger bit patterns. 36. What are wrapped classes? - Wrapped classes are classes that allow primitive types to be accessed as objects. 37. What restrictions are placed on the location of a package statement within a source code file? - A package statement must appear as the first line in a source code file (excluding blank lines and comments). 38. What is the difference between preemptive scheduling and time slicing? - Under preemptive scheduling, the highest priority task executes until it enters the waiting or dead states or a higher priority task comes into existence. Under time slicing, a task executes for a predefined slice of time and then reenters the pool of ready tasks. The scheduler then determines which task should execute next, based on priority and other factors.
39. What is a native method? - A native method is a method that is implemented in a language other than Java. 40. What are order of precedence and associativity, and how are they used? - Order of precedence determines the order in which operators are evaluated in expressions. Associatity determines whether an expression is evaluated left-to-right or right-to-left 41. What is the catch or declare rule for method declarations? - If a checked exception may be thrown within the body of a method, the method must either catch the exception or declare it in its throws clause. 42. Can an anonymous class be declared as implementing an interface and extending a class? - An anonymous class may implement an interface or extend a superclass, but may not be declared to do both. 43. What is the range of the char type? - The range of the char type is 0 to 2^16 - 1. 1. What is garbage collection? What is the process that is responsible for doing that in java? - Reclaiming the unused memory by the invalid objects. Garbage collector is responsible for this process 2. What kind of thread is the Garbage collector thread? - It is a daemon thread. 3. What is a daemon thread? - These are the threads which can run without user intervention. The JVM can exit when there are daemon thread by killing them abruptly. 4. How will you invoke any external process in Java? - Runtime.getRuntime().exec(….) 5. What is the finalize method do? - Before the invalid objects get garbage collected, the JVM give the user a chance to clean up some resources before it got garbage collected. 6. What is mutable object and immutable object? - If a object value is changeable then we can call it as Mutable object. (Ex., StringBuffer, …) If you are not allowed to change the value of an object, it is immutable object. (Ex., String, Integer, Float, …)
7. What is the basic difference between string and stringbuffer object? - String is an immutable object. StringBuffer is a mutable object. 8. What is the purpose of Void class? – The Void class is an uninstantiable placeholder class to hold a reference to the Class object representing the primitive Java type void. 9. What is reflection? - Reflection allows programmatic access to information about the fields, methods and constructors of loaded classes, and the use reflected fields, methods, and constructors to operate on their underlying counterparts on objects, within security restrictions. 10. What is the base class for Error and Exception? - Throwable 11. What is the byte range? -128 to 127 12. What is the implementation of destroy method in java.. is it native or java code? - This method is not implemented. 13. What is a package? - To group set of classes into a single unit is known as packaging. Packages provides wide namespace ability. 14. What are the approaches that you will follow for making a program very efficient? - By avoiding too much of static methods avoiding the excessive and unnecessary use of synchronized methods Selection of related classes based on the application (meaning synchronized classes for multiuser and non-synchronized classes for single user) Usage of appropriate design patterns Using cache methodologies for remote invocations Avoiding creation of variables within a loop and lot more. 15. What is a DatabaseMetaData? - Comprehensive information about the database as a whole. 16. What is Locale? - A Locale object represents a specific geographical, political, or cultural region 17. How will you load a specific locale? - Using ResourceBundle.getBundle(…); 18. What is JIT and its use? - Really, just a very fast compiler… In this incarnation, pretty much a one-pass compiler — no offline computations. So you can’t look at the whole method, rank the expressions according to which
ones are re-used the most, and then generate code. In theory terms, it’s an on-line problem. 19. Is JVM a compiler or an interpreter? - Interpreter 20. When you think about optimization, what is the best way to findout the time/memory consuming process? - Using profiler 21. What is the purpose of assert keyword used in JDK1.4.x? - In order to validate certain expressions. It effectively replaces the if block and automatically throws the AssertionError on failure. This keyword should be used for the critical arguments. Meaning, without that the method does nothing. 22. How will you get the platform dependent values like line separator, path separator, etc., ? - Using Sytem.getProperty(…) (line.separator, path.separator, …) 23. What is skeleton and stub? what is the purpose of those? - Stub is a client side representation of the server, which takes care of communicating with the remote server. Skeleton is the server side representation. But that is no more in use… it is deprecated long before in JDK. 24. What is the final keyword denotes? - final keyword denotes that it is the final implementation for that method or variable or class. You can’t override that method/variable/class any more. 25. What is the significance of ListIterator? - You can iterate back and forth. 26. What is the major difference between LinkedList and ArrayList? - LinkedList are meant for sequential accessing. ArrayList are meant for random accessing. 27. What is nested class? - If all the methods of a inner class is static then it is a nested class. 28. What is inner class? - If the methods of the inner class can only be accessed via the instance of the inner class, then it is called inner class. 29. What is composition? - Holding the reference of the other class within some other class is known as composition.
30. What is aggregation? - It is a special type of composition. If you expose all the methods of a composite class and route the method call to the composite method through its reference, then it is called aggregation. 31. What are the methods in Object? – clone, equals, wait, finalize, getClass, hashCode, notify, notifyAll, toString 32. Can you instantiate the Math class? - You can’t instantiate the math class. All the methods in this class are static. And the constructor is not public. 33. What is singleton? - It is one of the design pattern. This falls in the creational pattern of the design pattern. There will be only one instance for that entire JVM. You can achieve this by having the private constructor in the class. For eg., public class Singleton { private static final Singleton s = new Singleton(); private Singleton() { } public static Singleton getInstance() { return s; } // all non static methods … } 34. What is DriverManager? - The basic service to manage set of JDBC drivers. What is Class.forName() does and how it is useful? - It loads the class into the ClassLoader. It returns the Class. Using that you can get the instance ( “class-instance”.newInstance() ). 35. Inq adds a question: Expain the reason for each keyword of public static void main(String args[]) . 1. Are enterprise beans allowed to use Thread.sleep()? - Enterprise beans make use of the services provided by the EJB container, such as life-cycle management. To avoid conflicts with these services, enterprise beans are restricted from performing certain operations: Managing or synchronizing threads 2. Is it possible to write two EJB’s that share the same Remote and Home interfaces, and have different bean classes? if so, what are the advantages/disadvantages? - It’s certainly possible. In fact, there’s an example that ships with the Inprise Application Server of an Account interface with separate implementations for CheckingAccount and SavingsAccount, one of which was CMP and one of which was BMP.
3. Is it possible to specify multiple JNDI names when deploying an EJB? - No. To achieve this you have to deploy your EJB multiple times each specifying a different JNDI name. 4. Is there any way to force an Entity Bean to store itself to the db? I don’t wanna wait for the container to update the db, I want to do it NOW! Is it possible? - Specify the transaction attribute of the bean as RequiresNew. Then as per section 11.6.2.4 of the EJB v 1.1 spec EJB container automatically starts a new transaction before the method call. The container also performs the commit protocol before the method result is sent to the client. 5. I am developing a BMP Entity bean. I have noticed that whenever the create method is invoked, the ejbLoad() and the ejbStore() methods are also invoked. I feel that once my database insert is done, having to do a select and update SQL queries is major overhead. is this behavior typical of all EJB containers? Is there any way to suppress these invocations? - This is the default behaviour for EJB. The specification states that ejbLoad() will be called before every transaction and ejbStore() after every transaction. Each Vendor has optimizations, which are proprietary for this scenario. 6. Can an EJB send asynchronous notifications to its clients? - Asynchronous notification is a known hole in the first versions of the EJB spec. The recommended solution to this is to use JMS, which is becoming available in J2EE-compliant servers. The other option, of course, is to use client-side threads and polling. This is not an ideal solution, but it’s workable for many scenarios. 7. How can I access EJB from ASP? - You can use the Java 2 Platform, Enterprise Edition Client Access Services (J2EETM CAS) COM Bridge 1.0, currently downloadable from Sun 8. Is there a guarantee of uniqueness for entity beans? - There is no such guarantee. The server (or servers) can instantiate as many instances of the same underlying Entity Bean (with the same PK) as it wants. However, each instance is guaranteed to have up-to-date data values, and be transactionally consistent, so uniqueness is not required. This allows the server to scale the system to support multiple threads, multiple concurrent requests, and multiple hosts.
9. How do the six transaction attributes map to isolation levels like “dirty read”? Will an attribute like “Required” lock out other readers until I’m finished updating? - The Transaction Attributes in EJB do not map to the Transaction Isolation levels used in JDBC. This is a common misconception. Transaction Attributes specify to the container when a Transaction should be started, suspended(paused) and committed between method invocations on Enterprise JavaBeans. For more details and a summary of Transaction Attributes refer to section 11.6 of the EJB 1.1 specification. 10. I have created a remote reference to an EJB in FirstServlet. Can I put the reference in a servlet session and use that in SecondServlet? - Yes. The EJB client (in this case your servlet) acquires a remote reference to an EJB from the Home Interface; that reference is serializable and can be passed from servlet to servlet. If it is a session bean, then the EJB server will consider your web client’s servlet session to correspond to a single EJB session, which is usually (but not always) what you want. 11. Can the primary key in the entity bean be a Java primitive type such as int? - The primary key can’t be a primitive type–use the primitive wrapper classes, instead. For example, you can use java.lang.Integer as the primary key class, but not int (it has to be a class, not a primitive) 12. What’s new in the EJB 2.0 specification? - Following are the main features supported in EJB 2.0: Integration of EJB with JMS, Message Driven Beans, Implement additional Business methods in Home interface which are not specific for bean instance, EJB QL. 13. How many types of protocol implementations does RMI have? - RMI has at least three protocol implementations: Java Remote Method Protocol(JRMP), Internet Inter ORB Protocol(IIOP), and Jini Extensible Remote Invocation(JERI). These are alternatives, not part of the same thing, All three are indeed layer 6 protocols for those who are still speaking OSI reference model. 14. What is the need of Remote and Home interfaces. Why can’t there be one? - In a few words, I would say that the main reason is because there is a clear division of roles and responsabilities between the two interfaces. The home interface is your way to communicate with the container, that is who is responsable of creating, locating even removing one or more beans. The remote interface is your link to the bean, that will allow you to remotely access to all its methods and members. As you can see there are two distinct
elements (the container and the beans) and you need two different interfaces for accessing to both of them. 15. What is the difference between Java Beans and EJB? - Java Beans are client-side objects and EJBs are server side object, and they have completely different development, lifecycle, purpose. 16. Question With regard to Entity Beans, what happens if both my EJB Server and Database crash, what will happen to unsaved changes? Is there any transactional log file used? - Actually, if your EJB server crashes, you will not even be able to make a connection to the server to perform a bean lookup, as the server will no longer be listening on the port for incoming JNDI lookup requests. You will lose any data that wasn’t committed prior to the crash. This is where you should start looking into clustering your EJB server. Any unsaved and uncommited changes are lost the moment your EJB Server crashes. If your database also crashes, then all the saved changes are also lost unless you have some backup or some recovery mechanism to retrieve the data. So consider database replication and EJB Clustering for such scenarios, though the occurence of such a thing is very very rare. Thx, Uma All databse have the concept of log files(for exampe oracle have redo log files concept). So if data bases crashes then on starting up they fill look up the log files to perform all pending jobs. But is EJB crashes, It depend upon the container how frequenlty it passivates or how frequesntly it refreshes the data with Database. 17. Question Can you control when passivation occurs? - The developer, according to the specification, cannot directly control when passivation occurs. Although for Stateful Session Beans, the container cannot passivate an instance that is inside a transaction. So using transactions can be a a strategy to control passivation. The ejbPassivate() method is called during passivation, so the developer has control over what to do during this exercise and can implement the require optimized logic. Some EJB containers, such as BEA WebLogic, provide the ability to tune the container to minimize passivation calls. Taken from the WebLogic 6.0 DTD - “The passivation- strategy can be either “default” or “transaction”. With the default setting the container will attempt to keep a working set of beans in the cache. With the “transaction” setting, the container will passivate the bean after every transaction (or method call for a non-transactional invocation).”
18. Does RMI-IIOP support dynamic downloading of classes? - No, RMI- IIOP doesn’t support dynamic downloading of the classes as it is done with CORBA in DII (Dynamic Interface Invocation).Actually RMI-IIOP combines the usability of Java Remote Method Invocation (RMI) with the interoperability of the Internet Inter-ORB Protocol (IIOP).So in order to attain this interoperability between RMI and CORBA,some of the features that are supported by RMI but not CORBA and vice versa are eliminated from the RMI-IIOP specification. 19. Does EJB 1.1 support mandate the support for RMI-IIOP ? What is the meaning of “the client API must support the Java RMI-IIOP programming model for portability, but the underlying protocol can be anything” ? - EJB1.1 does mandate the support of RMI-IIOP. There are 2 types of implementations that an EJB Server might provide: CORBA-based EJB Servers and Proprietry EJB Servers. Both support the RMI-IIOP API but how that API is implemented is a different story. (NB: By API we mean the interface provided to the client by the stub or proxy). A CORBA-based EJB Server actually implements its EJB Objects as CORBA Objects (it therefore encorporates an ORB and this means that EJB’s can be contacted by CORBA clients (as well as RMI-IIOP clients) A proprietry EJB still implements the RMI-IIOP API (in the client’s stub) but the underlying protocol can be anything. Therefore your EJB’s CANNOT be contacted by CORBA clients. The difference is that in both cases, your clients see the same API (hence, your client portability) BUT how the stubs communicate with the server is different. 20. The EJB specification says that we cannot use Bean Managed Transaction in Entity Beans. Why? - The short, practical answer is… because it makes your entity beans useless as a reusable component. Also, transaction management is best left to the application server - that’s what they’re there for. It’s all about atomic operations on your data. If an operation updates more than one entity then you want the whole thing to succeed or the whole thing to fail, nothing in between. If you put commits in the entity beans then it’s very difficult to rollback if an error occurs at some point late in the operation. 21. Can I invoke Runtime.gc() in an EJB? - You shouldn’t. What will happen depends on the implementation, but the call will most likely be ignored. You should leave system level management like garbage collection for the container to deal with. After all, that’s part of the benefit of using EJBs, you don’t have to manage resources yourself.
22. What is clustering? What are the different algorithms used for clustering? - Clustering is grouping machines together to transparantly provide enterprise services.The client does not now the difference between approaching one server or approaching a cluster of servers.Clusters provide two benefits: scalability and high availability. Further information can be found in the JavaWorld article J2EE Clustering. 23. What is the advantage of using Entity bean for database operations, over directly using JDBC API to do database operations? When would I use one over the other? - Entity Beans actually represents the data in a database. It is not that Entity Beans replaces JDBC API. There are two types of Entity Beans Container Managed and Bean Mananged. In Container Managed Entity Bean - Whenever the instance of the bean is created the container automatically retrieves the data from the DB/Persistance storage and assigns to the object variables in bean for user to manipulate or use them. For this the developer needs to map the fields in the database to the variables in deployment descriptor files (which varies for each vendor). In the Bean Managed Entity Bean - The developer has to specifically make connection, retrive values, assign them to the objects in the ejbLoad() which will be called by the container when it instatiates a bean object. Similarly in the ejbStore() the container saves the object values back the the persistance storage. ejbLoad and ejbStore are callback methods and can be only invoked by the container. Apart from this, when you use Entity beans you dont need to worry about database transaction handling, database connection pooling etc. which are taken care by the ejb container. But in case of JDBC you have to explicitly do the above features. what suresh told is exactly perfect. ofcourse, this comes under the database transations, but i want to add this. the great thing about the entity beans of container managed, whenever the connection is failed during the transaction processing, the database consistancy is mantained automatically. the container writes the data stored at persistant storage of the entity beans to the database again to provide the database consistancy. where as in jdbc api, we, developers has to do manually. 24. What is the role of serialization in EJB? - A big part of EJB is that it is a framework for underlying RMI: remote method invocation. You’re invoking methods remotely from JVM space ‘A’ on objects which are in JVM space ‘B’ — possibly running on another machine on the network. To make this happen, all arguments of each method call must have their current state plucked out of JVM ‘A’ memory, flattened into a byte stream which can be sent over a TCP/IP network connection, and then deserialized for
reincarnation on the other end in JVM ‘B’ where the actual method call takes place. If the method has a return value, it is serialized up for streaming back to JVM A. Thus the requirement that all EJB methods arguments and return values must be serializable. The easiest way to do this is to make sure all your classes implement java.io.Serializable. 25. What is EJB QL? - EJB QL is a Query Language provided for navigation across a network of enterprise beans and dependent objects defined by means of container managed persistence. EJB QL is introduced in the EJB 2.0 specification. The EJB QL query language defines finder methods for entity beans with container managed persistenceand is portable across containers and persistence managers. EJB QL is used for queries of two types of finder methods: Finder methods that are defined in the home interface of an entity bean and which return entity objects. Select methods, which are not exposed to the client, but which are used by the Bean Provider to select persistent values that are maintained by the Persistence Manager or to select entity objects that are related to the entity bean on which the query is defined. 26. What is the query used to display all tables names in SQL Server (Query analyzer)? 27. select * from information_schema.tables 28. How many types of JDBC Drivers are present and what are they?- There are 4 types of JDBC Drivers 1. JDBC-ODBC Bridge Driver 2. Native API Partly Java Driver 3. Network protocol Driver 4. JDBC Net pure Java Driver 29. Can we implement an interface in a JSP?- No 30. What is the difference between ServletContext and PageContext?- ServletContext: Gives the information about the container. PageContext: Gives the information about the Request 31. What is the difference in using request.getRequestDispatcher() and context.getRequestDispatcher()?- request.getRequestDispatcher(path): In order to create it we need to give the relative path of the resource,
context.getRequestDispatcher(path): In order to create it we need to give the absolute path of the resource. 32. How to pass information from JSP to included JSP?- Using < %jsp:param> tag. 33. What is the difference between directive include and jsp include?- <%@ include>: Used to include static resources during translation time. JSP include: Used to include dynamic content or static content during runtime. 34. What is the difference between RequestDispatcher and sendRedirect?- RequestDispatcher: server-side redirect with request and response objects. sendRedirect : Client-side redirect with new request and response objects. 35. How does JSP handle runtime exceptions?- Using errorPage attribute of page directive and also we need to specify isErrorPage=true if the current page is intended to URL redirecting of a JSP. 36. How do you delete a Cookie within a JSP? 37. Cookie mycook = new Cookie("name","value"); 38. response.addCookie(mycook); 39. Cookie killmycook = new Cookie("mycook","value"); 40. killmycook.setMaxAge(0); 41. killmycook.setPath("/"); 42. killmycook.addCookie(killmycook); 43. How do I mix JSP and SSI #include?- If you’re just including raw HTML, use the #include directive as usual inside your .jsp file. 44. <!--#include file="data.inc"--> But it’s a little trickier if you want the server to evaluate any JSP code that’s inside the included file. If your data.inc file contains jsp code you will have to use <%@ vinclude="data.inc" %> The <!–#include file="data.inc"–> is used for including non-JSP files. 45. I made my class Cloneable but I still get Can’t access protected method clone. Why?- Some of the Java books imply that all you have to do in order to have your class support clone() is implement the Cloneable interface. Not
so. Perhaps that was the intent at some point, but that’s not the way it works currently. As it stands, you have to implement your own public clone() method, even if it doesn’t do anything special and just calls super.clone(). 46. Why is XML such an important development?- It removes two constraints which were holding back Web developments: dependence on a single, inflexible document type (HTML) which was being much abused for tasks it was never designed for; the complexity of full SGML, whose syntax allows many powerful but hard-to-program options. XML allows the flexible development of user-defined document types. It provides a robust, non-proprietary, persistent, and verifiable file format for the storage and transmission of text and data both on and off the Web; and it removes the more complex options of SGML, making it easier to program for. 47. What is the fastest type of JDBC driver?- JDBC driver performance will depend on a number of issues: 1. the quality of the driver code, 2. the size of the driver code, 3. the database server and its load, 4. network topology, 5. the number of times your request is translated to a different API. In general, all things being equal, you can assume that the more your request and response change hands, the slower it will be. This means that Type 1 and Type 3 drivers will be slower than Type 2 drivers (the database calls are make at least three translations versus two), and Type 4 drivers are the fastest (only one translation). How do I find whether a parameter exists in the request object? 48. 49. boolean hasFoo = !(request.getParameter("foo") == null 50. || request.getParameter("foo").equals("")); or boolean hasParameter = request.getParameterMap().contains(theParameter); //(which works in Servlet 2.3+)
51. How can I send user authentication information while makingURLConnection?- You’ll want to use HttpURLConnection.setRequestProperty and set all the appropriate headers to HTTP authorization. 52. Is “abc” a primitive value? - The String literal “abc” is not a primitive value. It is a String object. 53. What restrictions are placed on the values of each case of a switch statement? - During compilation, the values of each case of a switch statement must evaluate to a value that can be promoted to an int value. 54. What modifiers may be used with an interface declaration? - An interface may be declared as public or abstract. 55. Is a class a subclass of itself? - A class is a subclass of itself. 56. What is the difference between a while statement and a do statement? - A while statement checks at the beginning of a loop to see whether the next loop iteration should occur. A do statement checks at the end of a loop to see whether the next iteration of a loop should occur. The do statement will always execute the body of a loop at least once. 57. What modifiers can be used with a local inner class? - A local inner class may be final or abstract. 58. What is the purpose of the File class? - The File class is used to create objects that provide access to the files and directories of a local file system. 59. Can an exception be rethrown? - Yes, an exception can be rethrown. 60. When does the compiler supply a default constructor for a class? - The compiler supplies a default constructor for a class if no other constructors are provided. 61. If a method is declared as protected, where may the method be accessed? - A protected method may only be accessed by classes or interfaces of the same package or by subclasses of the class in which it is declared. 62. Which non-Unicode letter characters may be used as the first character of an identifier? - The non-Unicode letter characters $ and _ may appear as the first character of an identifier
63. What restrictions are placed on method overloading? - Two methods may not have the same name and argument list but different return types. 64. What is casting? - There are two types of casting, casting between primitive numeric types and casting between object references. Casting between numeric types is used to convert larger values, such as double values, to smaller values, such as byte values. Casting between object references is used to refer to an object by a compatible class, interface, or array type reference. 65. What is the return type of a program’s main() method? - A program’s main() method has a void return type. 66. What class of exceptions are generated by the Java run-time system? - The Java runtime system generates RuntimeException and Error exceptions. 67. What class allows you to read objects directly from a stream? - The ObjectInputStream class supports the reading of objects from input streams. 68. What is the difference between a field variable and a local variable? - A field variable is a variable that is declared as a member of a class. A local variable is a variable that is declared local to a method. 69. How are this() and super() used with constructors? - this() is used to invoke a constructor of the same class. super() is used to invoke a superclass constructor. 70. What is the relationship between a method’s throws clause and the exceptions that can be thrown during the method’s execution? - A method’s throws clause must declare any checked exceptions that are not caught within the body of the method. 71. Why are the methods of the Math class static? - So they can be invoked as if they are a mathematical code library. 72. What are the legal operands of the instanceof operator? - The left operand is an object reference or null value and the right operand is a class, interface, or array type. 73. What an I/O filter? - An I/O filter is an object that reads from one stream and writes to another, usually altering the data in some way as it is passed from one stream to another.
74. If an object is garbage collected, can it become reachable again? - Once an object is garbage collected, it ceases to exist. It can no longer become reachable again. 75. What are E and PI? - E is the base of the natural logarithm and PI is mathematical value pi. 76. Are true and false keywords? - The values true and false are not keywords. 77. What is the difference between the File and RandomAccessFile classes? - The File class encapsulates the files and directories of the local file system. The RandomAccessFile class provides the methods needed to directly access data contained in any part of a file. 78. What happens when you add a double value to a String? - The result is a String object. 79. What is your platform’s default character encoding? - If you are running Java on English Windows platforms, it is probably Cp1252. If you are running Java on English Solaris platforms, it is most likely 8859_1. 80. Which package is always imported by default? - The java.lang package is always imported by default. 81. What interface must an object implement before it can be written to a stream as an object? - An object must implement the Serializable or Externalizable interface before it can be written to a stream as an object. 82. How can my application get to know when a HttpSession is removed? - Define a Class HttpSessionNotifier which implements HttpSessionBindingListener and implement the functionality what you need in valueUnbound() method. Create an instance of that class and put that instance in HttpSession. 83. Whats the difference between notify() and notifyAll()? - notify() is used to unblock one waiting thread; notifyAll() is used to unblock all of them. Using notify() is preferable (for efficiency) when only one blocked thread can benefit from the change (for example, when freeing a buffer back into a pool). notifyAll() is necessary (for correctness) if multiple threads should resume (for example, when releasing a “writer” lock on a file might permit all “readers” to resume). 84. Why can’t I say just abs() or sin() instead of Math.abs() and Math.sin()? - The import statement does not bring methods into your local name space. It
lets you abbreviate class names, but not get rid of them altogether. That’s just the way it works, you’ll get used to it. It’s really a lot safer this way. However, there is actually a little trick you can use in some cases that gets you what you want. If your top-level class doesn’t need to inherit from anything else, make it inherit from java.lang.Math. That *does* bring all the methods into your local name space. But you can’t use this trick in an applet, because you have to inherit from java.awt.Applet. And actually, you can’t use it on java.lang.Math at all, because Math is a “final” class which means it can’t be extended. 85. Why are there no global variables in Java? - Global variables are considered bad form for a variety of reasons: Adding state variables breaks referential transparency (you no longer can understand a statement or expression on its own: you need to understand it in the context of the settings of the global variables), State variables lessen the cohesion of a program: you need to know more to understand how something works. A major point of Object-Oriented programming is to break up global state into more easily understood collections of local state, When you add one variable, you limit the use of your program to one instance. What you thought was global, someone else might think of as local: they may want to run two copies of your program at once. For these reasons, Java decided to ban global variables. 86. What does it mean that a class or member is final? - A final class can no longer be subclassed. Mostly this is done for security reasons with basic classes like String and Integer. It also allows the compiler to make some optimizations, and makes thread safety a little easier to achieve. Methods may be declared final as well. This means they may not be overridden in a subclass. Fields can be declared final, too. However, this has a completely different meaning. A final field cannot be changed after it’s initialized, and it must include an initializer statement where it’s declared. For example, public final double c = 2.998; It’s also possible to make a static field final to get the effect of C++’s const statement or some uses of C’s #define, e.g. public static final double c = 2.998; 87. What does it mean that a method or class is abstract? - An abstract class cannot be instantiated. Only its subclasses can be instantiated. You indicate that a class is abstract with the abstract keyword like this: 88. public abstract class Container extends Component {
Abstract classes may contain abstract methods. A method declared abstract is not actually implemented in the current class. It exists only to be overridden in subclasses. It has no body. For example, public abstract float price(); Abstract methods may only be included in abstract classes. However, an abstract class is not required to have any abstract methods, though most of them do. Each subclass of an abstract class must override the abstract methods of its superclasses or itself be declared abstract. 89. What is a transient variable? - transient variable is a variable that may not be serialized. 90. How are Observer and Observable used? - Objects that subclass the Observable class maintain a list of observers. When an Observable object is updated it invokes the update() method of each of its observers to notify the observers that it has changed state. The Observer interface is implemented by objects that observe Observable objects. 91. Can a lock be acquired on a class? - Yes, a lock can be acquired on a class. This lock is acquired on the class’s Class object. 92. What state does a thread enter when it terminates its processing? - When a thread terminates its processing, it enters the dead state. 93. How does Java handle integer overflows and underflows? - It uses those low order bytes of the result that can fit into the size of the type allowed by the operation. 94. What is the difference between the >> and >>> operators? - The >> operator carries the sign bit when shifting right. The >>> zero-fills bits that have been shifted out. 95. Is sizeof a keyword? - The sizeof operator is not a keyword. 96. Does garbage collection guarantee that a program will not run out of memory? - Garbage collection does not guarantee that a program will not run out of memory. It is possible for programs to use up memory resources faster than they are garbage collected. It is also possible for programs to create objects that are not subject to garbage collection 97. Can an object’s finalize() method be invoked while it is reachable? - An object’s finalize() method cannot be invoked by the garbage collector while
the object is still reachable. However, an object’s finalize() method may be invoked by other objects. 98. What value does readLine() return when it has reached the end of a file? - The readLine() method returns null when it has reached the end of a file. 99. Can a for statement loop indefinitely? - Yes, a for statement can loop indefinitely. For example, consider the following: for(;;) ; 100. To what value is a variable of the String type automatically initialized? - The default value of an String type is null. 101. What is a task’s priority and how is it used in scheduling? - A task’s priority is an integer value that identifies the relative order in which it should be executed with respect to other tasks. The scheduler attempts to schedule higher priority tasks before lower priority tasks. 102. What is the range of the short type? - The range of the short type is -(2^15) to 2^15 - 1. 103. What is the purpose of garbage collection? - The purpose of garbage collection is to identify and discard objects that are no longer needed by a program so that their resources may be reclaimed and reused. 104. What do you understand by private, protected and public? - These are accessibility modifiers. Private is the most restrictive, while public is the least restrictive. There is no real difference between protected and the default type (also known as package protected) within the context of the same package, however the protected keyword allows visibility to a derived class in a different package. 105. What is Downcasting ? - Downcasting is the casting from a general to a more specific type, i.e. casting down the hierarchy 106. Can a method be overloaded based on different return type but same argument type ? - No, because the methods can be called without using their return type in which case there is ambiquity for the compiler 107. What happens to a static var that is defined within a method of a class ? - Can’t do it. You’ll get a compilation error 108. How many static init can you have ? - As many as you want, but the static initializers and class variable initializers are executed in textual order
and may not refer to class variables declared in the class whose declarations appear textually after the use, even though these class variables are in scope. 109. What is the difference amongst JVM Spec, JVM Implementation, JVM Runtime ? - The JVM spec is the blueprint for the JVM generated and owned by Sun. The JVM implementation is the actual implementation of the spec by a vendor and the JVM runtime is the actual running instance of a JVM implementation 110. Describe what happens when an object is created in Java? - Several things happen in a particular order to ensure the object is constructed properly: Memory is allocated from heap to hold all instance variables and implementation-specific data of the object and its superclasses. Implemenation-specific data includes pointers to class and method data. The instance variables of the objects are initialized to their default values. The constructor for the most derived class is invoked. The first thing a constructor does is call the consctructor for its superclasses. This process continues until the constrcutor for java.lang.Object is called, as java.lang.Object is the base class for all objects in java. Before the body of the constructor is executed, all instance variable initializers and initialization blocks are executed. Then the body of the constructor is executed. Thus, the constructor for the base class completes first and constructor for the most derived class completes last. 111. What does the “final” keyword mean in front of a variable? A method? A class? - FINAL for a variable: value is constant. FINAL for a method: cannot be overridden. FINAL for a class: cannot be derived 112. What is the difference between instanceof and isInstance? - instanceof is used to check to see if an object can be cast into a specified type without throwing a cast class exception. isInstance() Determines if the specified Object is assignment-compatible with the object represented by this Class. This method is the dynamic equivalent of the Java language instanceof operator. The method returns true if the specified Object argument is non-null and can be cast to the reference type represented by this Class object without raising a ClassCastException. It returns false otherwise. 113. Why does it take so much time to access an Applet having Swing Components the first time? - Because behind every swing component are many Java objects and resources. This takes time to create them in memory.
JDK 1.3 from Sun has some improvements which may lead to faster execution of Swing applications.
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Core java questions

  • 1. 1. Can there be an abstract class with no abstract methods in it? - Yes 2. Can an Interface be final? - No 3. Can an Interface have an inner class? - Yes. 4. public interface abc 5. { 6. static int i=0; void dd(); 7. class a1 8. { 9. a1() 10. { 11. int j; 12. System.out.println("inside"); 13. }; 14. public static void main(String a1[]) 15. { 16. System.out.println("in interfia"); 17. } 18. } 19. } 20. Can we define private and protected modifiers for variables in interfaces? - No 21. What is Externalizable? - Externalizable is an Interface that extends Serializable Interface. And sends data into Streams in Compressed Format. It has two methods, writeExternal(ObjectOuput out) and readExternal(ObjectInput in) 22. What modifiers are allowed for methods in an Interface? - Only public and abstract modifiers are allowed for methods in interfaces. 23. What is a local, member and a class variable? - Variables declared within a method are “local” variables. Variables declared within the class i.e not within any methods are “member” variables (global variables). Variables declared within the class i.e not within any methods and are defined as “static” are class variables
  • 2. 24. What are the different identifier states of a Thread? - The different identifiers of a Thread are: R - Running or runnable thread, S - Suspended thread, CW - Thread waiting on a condition variable, MW - Thread waiting on a monitor lock, MS - Thread suspended waiting on a monitor lock 25. What are some alternatives to inheritance? - Delegation is an alternative to inheritance. Delegation means that you include an instance of another class as an instance variable, and forward messages to the instance. It is often safer than inheritance because it forces you to think about each message you forward, because the instance is of a known class, rather than a new class, and because it doesn’t force you to accept all the methods of the super class: you can provide only the methods that really make sense. On the other hand, it makes you write more code, and it is harder to re-use (because it is not a subclass). 26. Why isn’t there operator overloading? - Because C++ has proven by example that operator overloading makes code almost impossible to maintain. In fact there very nearly wasn’t even method overloading in Java, but it was thought that this was too useful for some very basic methods like print(). Note that some of the classes like DataOutputStream have unoverloaded methods like writeInt() and writeByte(). 27. What does it mean that a method or field is “static”? - Static variables and methods are instantiated only once per class. In other words they are class variables, not instance variables. If you change the value of a static variable in a particular object, the value of that variable changes for all instances of that class. Static methods can be referenced with the name of the class rather than the name of a particular object of the class (though that works too). That’s how library methods like System.out.println() work. out is a static field in the java.lang.System class. 28. How do I convert a numeric IP address like 192.18.97.39 into a hostname like java.sun.com? String host=InetAddress.getByName("192.18.97.39").getHostN ame(); 29. Difference between JRE/JVM/JDK?
  • 3. 30. Why do threads block on I/O? - Threads block on i/o (that is enters the waiting state) so that other threads may execute while the I/O operation is performed. 31. What is synchronization and why is it important? - With respect to multithreading, synchronization is the capability to control the access of multiple threads to shared resources. Without synchronization, it is possible for one thread to modify a shared object while another thread is in the process of using or updating that object’s value. This often leads to significant errors. 32. Is null a keyword? - The null value is not a keyword. 33. Which characters may be used as the second character of an identifier,but not as the first character of an identifier? - The digits 0 through 9 may not be used as the first character of an identifier but they may be used after the first character of an identifier. 34. What modifiers may be used with an inner class that is a member of an outer class? - A (non-local) inner class may be declared as public, protected, private, static, final, or abstract. 35. How many bits are used to represent Unicode, ASCII, UTF-16, and UTF-8 characters? - Unicode requires 16 bits and ASCII require 7 bits. Although the ASCII character set uses only 7 bits, it is usually represented as 8 bits. UTF-8 represents characters using 8, 16, and 18 bit patterns. UTF-16 uses 16-bit and larger bit patterns. 36. What are wrapped classes? - Wrapped classes are classes that allow primitive types to be accessed as objects. 37. What restrictions are placed on the location of a package statement within a source code file? - A package statement must appear as the first line in a source code file (excluding blank lines and comments). 38. What is the difference between preemptive scheduling and time slicing? - Under preemptive scheduling, the highest priority task executes until it enters the waiting or dead states or a higher priority task comes into existence. Under time slicing, a task executes for a predefined slice of time and then reenters the pool of ready tasks. The scheduler then determines which task should execute next, based on priority and other factors.
  • 4. 39. What is a native method? - A native method is a method that is implemented in a language other than Java. 40. What are order of precedence and associativity, and how are they used? - Order of precedence determines the order in which operators are evaluated in expressions. Associatity determines whether an expression is evaluated left-to-right or right-to-left 41. What is the catch or declare rule for method declarations? - If a checked exception may be thrown within the body of a method, the method must either catch the exception or declare it in its throws clause. 42. Can an anonymous class be declared as implementing an interface and extending a class? - An anonymous class may implement an interface or extend a superclass, but may not be declared to do both. 43. What is the range of the char type? - The range of the char type is 0 to 2^16 - 1. 1. What is garbage collection? What is the process that is responsible for doing that in java? - Reclaiming the unused memory by the invalid objects. Garbage collector is responsible for this process 2. What kind of thread is the Garbage collector thread? - It is a daemon thread. 3. What is a daemon thread? - These are the threads which can run without user intervention. The JVM can exit when there are daemon thread by killing them abruptly. 4. How will you invoke any external process in Java? - Runtime.getRuntime().exec(….) 5. What is the finalize method do? - Before the invalid objects get garbage collected, the JVM give the user a chance to clean up some resources before it got garbage collected. 6. What is mutable object and immutable object? - If a object value is changeable then we can call it as Mutable object. (Ex., StringBuffer, …) If you are not allowed to change the value of an object, it is immutable object. (Ex., String, Integer, Float, …)
  • 5. 7. What is the basic difference between string and stringbuffer object? - String is an immutable object. StringBuffer is a mutable object. 8. What is the purpose of Void class? – The Void class is an uninstantiable placeholder class to hold a reference to the Class object representing the primitive Java type void. 9. What is reflection? - Reflection allows programmatic access to information about the fields, methods and constructors of loaded classes, and the use reflected fields, methods, and constructors to operate on their underlying counterparts on objects, within security restrictions. 10. What is the base class for Error and Exception? - Throwable 11. What is the byte range? -128 to 127 12. What is the implementation of destroy method in java.. is it native or java code? - This method is not implemented. 13. What is a package? - To group set of classes into a single unit is known as packaging. Packages provides wide namespace ability. 14. What are the approaches that you will follow for making a program very efficient? - By avoiding too much of static methods avoiding the excessive and unnecessary use of synchronized methods Selection of related classes based on the application (meaning synchronized classes for multiuser and non-synchronized classes for single user) Usage of appropriate design patterns Using cache methodologies for remote invocations Avoiding creation of variables within a loop and lot more. 15. What is a DatabaseMetaData? - Comprehensive information about the database as a whole. 16. What is Locale? - A Locale object represents a specific geographical, political, or cultural region 17. How will you load a specific locale? - Using ResourceBundle.getBundle(…); 18. What is JIT and its use? - Really, just a very fast compiler… In this incarnation, pretty much a one-pass compiler — no offline computations. So you can’t look at the whole method, rank the expressions according to which
  • 6. ones are re-used the most, and then generate code. In theory terms, it’s an on-line problem. 19. Is JVM a compiler or an interpreter? - Interpreter 20. When you think about optimization, what is the best way to findout the time/memory consuming process? - Using profiler 21. What is the purpose of assert keyword used in JDK1.4.x? - In order to validate certain expressions. It effectively replaces the if block and automatically throws the AssertionError on failure. This keyword should be used for the critical arguments. Meaning, without that the method does nothing. 22. How will you get the platform dependent values like line separator, path separator, etc., ? - Using Sytem.getProperty(…) (line.separator, path.separator, …) 23. What is skeleton and stub? what is the purpose of those? - Stub is a client side representation of the server, which takes care of communicating with the remote server. Skeleton is the server side representation. But that is no more in use… it is deprecated long before in JDK. 24. What is the final keyword denotes? - final keyword denotes that it is the final implementation for that method or variable or class. You can’t override that method/variable/class any more. 25. What is the significance of ListIterator? - You can iterate back and forth. 26. What is the major difference between LinkedList and ArrayList? - LinkedList are meant for sequential accessing. ArrayList are meant for random accessing. 27. What is nested class? - If all the methods of a inner class is static then it is a nested class. 28. What is inner class? - If the methods of the inner class can only be accessed via the instance of the inner class, then it is called inner class. 29. What is composition? - Holding the reference of the other class within some other class is known as composition.
  • 7. 30. What is aggregation? - It is a special type of composition. If you expose all the methods of a composite class and route the method call to the composite method through its reference, then it is called aggregation. 31. What are the methods in Object? – clone, equals, wait, finalize, getClass, hashCode, notify, notifyAll, toString 32. Can you instantiate the Math class? - You can’t instantiate the math class. All the methods in this class are static. And the constructor is not public. 33. What is singleton? - It is one of the design pattern. This falls in the creational pattern of the design pattern. There will be only one instance for that entire JVM. You can achieve this by having the private constructor in the class. For eg., public class Singleton { private static final Singleton s = new Singleton(); private Singleton() { } public static Singleton getInstance() { return s; } // all non static methods … } 34. What is DriverManager? - The basic service to manage set of JDBC drivers. What is Class.forName() does and how it is useful? - It loads the class into the ClassLoader. It returns the Class. Using that you can get the instance ( “class-instance”.newInstance() ). 35. Inq adds a question: Expain the reason for each keyword of public static void main(String args[]) . 1. Are enterprise beans allowed to use Thread.sleep()? - Enterprise beans make use of the services provided by the EJB container, such as life-cycle management. To avoid conflicts with these services, enterprise beans are restricted from performing certain operations: Managing or synchronizing threads 2. Is it possible to write two EJB’s that share the same Remote and Home interfaces, and have different bean classes? if so, what are the advantages/disadvantages? - It’s certainly possible. In fact, there’s an example that ships with the Inprise Application Server of an Account interface with separate implementations for CheckingAccount and SavingsAccount, one of which was CMP and one of which was BMP.
  • 8. 3. Is it possible to specify multiple JNDI names when deploying an EJB? - No. To achieve this you have to deploy your EJB multiple times each specifying a different JNDI name. 4. Is there any way to force an Entity Bean to store itself to the db? I don’t wanna wait for the container to update the db, I want to do it NOW! Is it possible? - Specify the transaction attribute of the bean as RequiresNew. Then as per section 11.6.2.4 of the EJB v 1.1 spec EJB container automatically starts a new transaction before the method call. The container also performs the commit protocol before the method result is sent to the client. 5. I am developing a BMP Entity bean. I have noticed that whenever the create method is invoked, the ejbLoad() and the ejbStore() methods are also invoked. I feel that once my database insert is done, having to do a select and update SQL queries is major overhead. is this behavior typical of all EJB containers? Is there any way to suppress these invocations? - This is the default behaviour for EJB. The specification states that ejbLoad() will be called before every transaction and ejbStore() after every transaction. Each Vendor has optimizations, which are proprietary for this scenario. 6. Can an EJB send asynchronous notifications to its clients? - Asynchronous notification is a known hole in the first versions of the EJB spec. The recommended solution to this is to use JMS, which is becoming available in J2EE-compliant servers. The other option, of course, is to use client-side threads and polling. This is not an ideal solution, but it’s workable for many scenarios. 7. How can I access EJB from ASP? - You can use the Java 2 Platform, Enterprise Edition Client Access Services (J2EETM CAS) COM Bridge 1.0, currently downloadable from Sun 8. Is there a guarantee of uniqueness for entity beans? - There is no such guarantee. The server (or servers) can instantiate as many instances of the same underlying Entity Bean (with the same PK) as it wants. However, each instance is guaranteed to have up-to-date data values, and be transactionally consistent, so uniqueness is not required. This allows the server to scale the system to support multiple threads, multiple concurrent requests, and multiple hosts.
  • 9. 9. How do the six transaction attributes map to isolation levels like “dirty read”? Will an attribute like “Required” lock out other readers until I’m finished updating? - The Transaction Attributes in EJB do not map to the Transaction Isolation levels used in JDBC. This is a common misconception. Transaction Attributes specify to the container when a Transaction should be started, suspended(paused) and committed between method invocations on Enterprise JavaBeans. For more details and a summary of Transaction Attributes refer to section 11.6 of the EJB 1.1 specification. 10. I have created a remote reference to an EJB in FirstServlet. Can I put the reference in a servlet session and use that in SecondServlet? - Yes. The EJB client (in this case your servlet) acquires a remote reference to an EJB from the Home Interface; that reference is serializable and can be passed from servlet to servlet. If it is a session bean, then the EJB server will consider your web client’s servlet session to correspond to a single EJB session, which is usually (but not always) what you want. 11. Can the primary key in the entity bean be a Java primitive type such as int? - The primary key can’t be a primitive type–use the primitive wrapper classes, instead. For example, you can use java.lang.Integer as the primary key class, but not int (it has to be a class, not a primitive) 12. What’s new in the EJB 2.0 specification? - Following are the main features supported in EJB 2.0: Integration of EJB with JMS, Message Driven Beans, Implement additional Business methods in Home interface which are not specific for bean instance, EJB QL. 13. How many types of protocol implementations does RMI have? - RMI has at least three protocol implementations: Java Remote Method Protocol(JRMP), Internet Inter ORB Protocol(IIOP), and Jini Extensible Remote Invocation(JERI). These are alternatives, not part of the same thing, All three are indeed layer 6 protocols for those who are still speaking OSI reference model. 14. What is the need of Remote and Home interfaces. Why can’t there be one? - In a few words, I would say that the main reason is because there is a clear division of roles and responsabilities between the two interfaces. The home interface is your way to communicate with the container, that is who is responsable of creating, locating even removing one or more beans. The remote interface is your link to the bean, that will allow you to remotely access to all its methods and members. As you can see there are two distinct
  • 10. elements (the container and the beans) and you need two different interfaces for accessing to both of them. 15. What is the difference between Java Beans and EJB? - Java Beans are client-side objects and EJBs are server side object, and they have completely different development, lifecycle, purpose. 16. Question With regard to Entity Beans, what happens if both my EJB Server and Database crash, what will happen to unsaved changes? Is there any transactional log file used? - Actually, if your EJB server crashes, you will not even be able to make a connection to the server to perform a bean lookup, as the server will no longer be listening on the port for incoming JNDI lookup requests. You will lose any data that wasn’t committed prior to the crash. This is where you should start looking into clustering your EJB server. Any unsaved and uncommited changes are lost the moment your EJB Server crashes. If your database also crashes, then all the saved changes are also lost unless you have some backup or some recovery mechanism to retrieve the data. So consider database replication and EJB Clustering for such scenarios, though the occurence of such a thing is very very rare. Thx, Uma All databse have the concept of log files(for exampe oracle have redo log files concept). So if data bases crashes then on starting up they fill look up the log files to perform all pending jobs. But is EJB crashes, It depend upon the container how frequenlty it passivates or how frequesntly it refreshes the data with Database. 17. Question Can you control when passivation occurs? - The developer, according to the specification, cannot directly control when passivation occurs. Although for Stateful Session Beans, the container cannot passivate an instance that is inside a transaction. So using transactions can be a a strategy to control passivation. The ejbPassivate() method is called during passivation, so the developer has control over what to do during this exercise and can implement the require optimized logic. Some EJB containers, such as BEA WebLogic, provide the ability to tune the container to minimize passivation calls. Taken from the WebLogic 6.0 DTD - “The passivation- strategy can be either “default” or “transaction”. With the default setting the container will attempt to keep a working set of beans in the cache. With the “transaction” setting, the container will passivate the bean after every transaction (or method call for a non-transactional invocation).”
  • 11. 18. Does RMI-IIOP support dynamic downloading of classes? - No, RMI- IIOP doesn’t support dynamic downloading of the classes as it is done with CORBA in DII (Dynamic Interface Invocation).Actually RMI-IIOP combines the usability of Java Remote Method Invocation (RMI) with the interoperability of the Internet Inter-ORB Protocol (IIOP).So in order to attain this interoperability between RMI and CORBA,some of the features that are supported by RMI but not CORBA and vice versa are eliminated from the RMI-IIOP specification. 19. Does EJB 1.1 support mandate the support for RMI-IIOP ? What is the meaning of “the client API must support the Java RMI-IIOP programming model for portability, but the underlying protocol can be anything” ? - EJB1.1 does mandate the support of RMI-IIOP. There are 2 types of implementations that an EJB Server might provide: CORBA-based EJB Servers and Proprietry EJB Servers. Both support the RMI-IIOP API but how that API is implemented is a different story. (NB: By API we mean the interface provided to the client by the stub or proxy). A CORBA-based EJB Server actually implements its EJB Objects as CORBA Objects (it therefore encorporates an ORB and this means that EJB’s can be contacted by CORBA clients (as well as RMI-IIOP clients) A proprietry EJB still implements the RMI-IIOP API (in the client’s stub) but the underlying protocol can be anything. Therefore your EJB’s CANNOT be contacted by CORBA clients. The difference is that in both cases, your clients see the same API (hence, your client portability) BUT how the stubs communicate with the server is different. 20. The EJB specification says that we cannot use Bean Managed Transaction in Entity Beans. Why? - The short, practical answer is… because it makes your entity beans useless as a reusable component. Also, transaction management is best left to the application server - that’s what they’re there for. It’s all about atomic operations on your data. If an operation updates more than one entity then you want the whole thing to succeed or the whole thing to fail, nothing in between. If you put commits in the entity beans then it’s very difficult to rollback if an error occurs at some point late in the operation. 21. Can I invoke Runtime.gc() in an EJB? - You shouldn’t. What will happen depends on the implementation, but the call will most likely be ignored. You should leave system level management like garbage collection for the container to deal with. After all, that’s part of the benefit of using EJBs, you don’t have to manage resources yourself.
  • 12. 22. What is clustering? What are the different algorithms used for clustering? - Clustering is grouping machines together to transparantly provide enterprise services.The client does not now the difference between approaching one server or approaching a cluster of servers.Clusters provide two benefits: scalability and high availability. Further information can be found in the JavaWorld article J2EE Clustering. 23. What is the advantage of using Entity bean for database operations, over directly using JDBC API to do database operations? When would I use one over the other? - Entity Beans actually represents the data in a database. It is not that Entity Beans replaces JDBC API. There are two types of Entity Beans Container Managed and Bean Mananged. In Container Managed Entity Bean - Whenever the instance of the bean is created the container automatically retrieves the data from the DB/Persistance storage and assigns to the object variables in bean for user to manipulate or use them. For this the developer needs to map the fields in the database to the variables in deployment descriptor files (which varies for each vendor). In the Bean Managed Entity Bean - The developer has to specifically make connection, retrive values, assign them to the objects in the ejbLoad() which will be called by the container when it instatiates a bean object. Similarly in the ejbStore() the container saves the object values back the the persistance storage. ejbLoad and ejbStore are callback methods and can be only invoked by the container. Apart from this, when you use Entity beans you dont need to worry about database transaction handling, database connection pooling etc. which are taken care by the ejb container. But in case of JDBC you have to explicitly do the above features. what suresh told is exactly perfect. ofcourse, this comes under the database transations, but i want to add this. the great thing about the entity beans of container managed, whenever the connection is failed during the transaction processing, the database consistancy is mantained automatically. the container writes the data stored at persistant storage of the entity beans to the database again to provide the database consistancy. where as in jdbc api, we, developers has to do manually. 24. What is the role of serialization in EJB? - A big part of EJB is that it is a framework for underlying RMI: remote method invocation. You’re invoking methods remotely from JVM space ‘A’ on objects which are in JVM space ‘B’ — possibly running on another machine on the network. To make this happen, all arguments of each method call must have their current state plucked out of JVM ‘A’ memory, flattened into a byte stream which can be sent over a TCP/IP network connection, and then deserialized for
  • 13. reincarnation on the other end in JVM ‘B’ where the actual method call takes place. If the method has a return value, it is serialized up for streaming back to JVM A. Thus the requirement that all EJB methods arguments and return values must be serializable. The easiest way to do this is to make sure all your classes implement java.io.Serializable. 25. What is EJB QL? - EJB QL is a Query Language provided for navigation across a network of enterprise beans and dependent objects defined by means of container managed persistence. EJB QL is introduced in the EJB 2.0 specification. The EJB QL query language defines finder methods for entity beans with container managed persistenceand is portable across containers and persistence managers. EJB QL is used for queries of two types of finder methods: Finder methods that are defined in the home interface of an entity bean and which return entity objects. Select methods, which are not exposed to the client, but which are used by the Bean Provider to select persistent values that are maintained by the Persistence Manager or to select entity objects that are related to the entity bean on which the query is defined. 26. What is the query used to display all tables names in SQL Server (Query analyzer)? 27. select * from information_schema.tables 28. How many types of JDBC Drivers are present and what are they?- There are 4 types of JDBC Drivers 1. JDBC-ODBC Bridge Driver 2. Native API Partly Java Driver 3. Network protocol Driver 4. JDBC Net pure Java Driver 29. Can we implement an interface in a JSP?- No 30. What is the difference between ServletContext and PageContext?- ServletContext: Gives the information about the container. PageContext: Gives the information about the Request 31. What is the difference in using request.getRequestDispatcher() and context.getRequestDispatcher()?- request.getRequestDispatcher(path): In order to create it we need to give the relative path of the resource,
  • 14. context.getRequestDispatcher(path): In order to create it we need to give the absolute path of the resource. 32. How to pass information from JSP to included JSP?- Using < %jsp:param> tag. 33. What is the difference between directive include and jsp include?- <%@ include>: Used to include static resources during translation time. JSP include: Used to include dynamic content or static content during runtime. 34. What is the difference between RequestDispatcher and sendRedirect?- RequestDispatcher: server-side redirect with request and response objects. sendRedirect : Client-side redirect with new request and response objects. 35. How does JSP handle runtime exceptions?- Using errorPage attribute of page directive and also we need to specify isErrorPage=true if the current page is intended to URL redirecting of a JSP. 36. How do you delete a Cookie within a JSP? 37. Cookie mycook = new Cookie("name","value"); 38. response.addCookie(mycook); 39. Cookie killmycook = new Cookie("mycook","value"); 40. killmycook.setMaxAge(0); 41. killmycook.setPath("/"); 42. killmycook.addCookie(killmycook); 43. How do I mix JSP and SSI #include?- If you’re just including raw HTML, use the #include directive as usual inside your .jsp file. 44. <!--#include file="data.inc"--> But it’s a little trickier if you want the server to evaluate any JSP code that’s inside the included file. If your data.inc file contains jsp code you will have to use <%@ vinclude="data.inc" %> The <!–#include file="data.inc"–> is used for including non-JSP files. 45. I made my class Cloneable but I still get Can’t access protected method clone. Why?- Some of the Java books imply that all you have to do in order to have your class support clone() is implement the Cloneable interface. Not
  • 15. so. Perhaps that was the intent at some point, but that’s not the way it works currently. As it stands, you have to implement your own public clone() method, even if it doesn’t do anything special and just calls super.clone(). 46. Why is XML such an important development?- It removes two constraints which were holding back Web developments: dependence on a single, inflexible document type (HTML) which was being much abused for tasks it was never designed for; the complexity of full SGML, whose syntax allows many powerful but hard-to-program options. XML allows the flexible development of user-defined document types. It provides a robust, non-proprietary, persistent, and verifiable file format for the storage and transmission of text and data both on and off the Web; and it removes the more complex options of SGML, making it easier to program for. 47. What is the fastest type of JDBC driver?- JDBC driver performance will depend on a number of issues: 1. the quality of the driver code, 2. the size of the driver code, 3. the database server and its load, 4. network topology, 5. the number of times your request is translated to a different API. In general, all things being equal, you can assume that the more your request and response change hands, the slower it will be. This means that Type 1 and Type 3 drivers will be slower than Type 2 drivers (the database calls are make at least three translations versus two), and Type 4 drivers are the fastest (only one translation). How do I find whether a parameter exists in the request object? 48. 49. boolean hasFoo = !(request.getParameter("foo") == null 50. || request.getParameter("foo").equals("")); or boolean hasParameter = request.getParameterMap().contains(theParameter); //(which works in Servlet 2.3+)
  • 16. 51. How can I send user authentication information while makingURLConnection?- You’ll want to use HttpURLConnection.setRequestProperty and set all the appropriate headers to HTTP authorization. 52. Is “abc” a primitive value? - The String literal “abc” is not a primitive value. It is a String object. 53. What restrictions are placed on the values of each case of a switch statement? - During compilation, the values of each case of a switch statement must evaluate to a value that can be promoted to an int value. 54. What modifiers may be used with an interface declaration? - An interface may be declared as public or abstract. 55. Is a class a subclass of itself? - A class is a subclass of itself. 56. What is the difference between a while statement and a do statement? - A while statement checks at the beginning of a loop to see whether the next loop iteration should occur. A do statement checks at the end of a loop to see whether the next iteration of a loop should occur. The do statement will always execute the body of a loop at least once. 57. What modifiers can be used with a local inner class? - A local inner class may be final or abstract. 58. What is the purpose of the File class? - The File class is used to create objects that provide access to the files and directories of a local file system. 59. Can an exception be rethrown? - Yes, an exception can be rethrown. 60. When does the compiler supply a default constructor for a class? - The compiler supplies a default constructor for a class if no other constructors are provided. 61. If a method is declared as protected, where may the method be accessed? - A protected method may only be accessed by classes or interfaces of the same package or by subclasses of the class in which it is declared. 62. Which non-Unicode letter characters may be used as the first character of an identifier? - The non-Unicode letter characters $ and _ may appear as the first character of an identifier
  • 17. 63. What restrictions are placed on method overloading? - Two methods may not have the same name and argument list but different return types. 64. What is casting? - There are two types of casting, casting between primitive numeric types and casting between object references. Casting between numeric types is used to convert larger values, such as double values, to smaller values, such as byte values. Casting between object references is used to refer to an object by a compatible class, interface, or array type reference. 65. What is the return type of a program’s main() method? - A program’s main() method has a void return type. 66. What class of exceptions are generated by the Java run-time system? - The Java runtime system generates RuntimeException and Error exceptions. 67. What class allows you to read objects directly from a stream? - The ObjectInputStream class supports the reading of objects from input streams. 68. What is the difference between a field variable and a local variable? - A field variable is a variable that is declared as a member of a class. A local variable is a variable that is declared local to a method. 69. How are this() and super() used with constructors? - this() is used to invoke a constructor of the same class. super() is used to invoke a superclass constructor. 70. What is the relationship between a method’s throws clause and the exceptions that can be thrown during the method’s execution? - A method’s throws clause must declare any checked exceptions that are not caught within the body of the method. 71. Why are the methods of the Math class static? - So they can be invoked as if they are a mathematical code library. 72. What are the legal operands of the instanceof operator? - The left operand is an object reference or null value and the right operand is a class, interface, or array type. 73. What an I/O filter? - An I/O filter is an object that reads from one stream and writes to another, usually altering the data in some way as it is passed from one stream to another.
  • 18. 74. If an object is garbage collected, can it become reachable again? - Once an object is garbage collected, it ceases to exist. It can no longer become reachable again. 75. What are E and PI? - E is the base of the natural logarithm and PI is mathematical value pi. 76. Are true and false keywords? - The values true and false are not keywords. 77. What is the difference between the File and RandomAccessFile classes? - The File class encapsulates the files and directories of the local file system. The RandomAccessFile class provides the methods needed to directly access data contained in any part of a file. 78. What happens when you add a double value to a String? - The result is a String object. 79. What is your platform’s default character encoding? - If you are running Java on English Windows platforms, it is probably Cp1252. If you are running Java on English Solaris platforms, it is most likely 8859_1. 80. Which package is always imported by default? - The java.lang package is always imported by default. 81. What interface must an object implement before it can be written to a stream as an object? - An object must implement the Serializable or Externalizable interface before it can be written to a stream as an object. 82. How can my application get to know when a HttpSession is removed? - Define a Class HttpSessionNotifier which implements HttpSessionBindingListener and implement the functionality what you need in valueUnbound() method. Create an instance of that class and put that instance in HttpSession. 83. Whats the difference between notify() and notifyAll()? - notify() is used to unblock one waiting thread; notifyAll() is used to unblock all of them. Using notify() is preferable (for efficiency) when only one blocked thread can benefit from the change (for example, when freeing a buffer back into a pool). notifyAll() is necessary (for correctness) if multiple threads should resume (for example, when releasing a “writer” lock on a file might permit all “readers” to resume). 84. Why can’t I say just abs() or sin() instead of Math.abs() and Math.sin()? - The import statement does not bring methods into your local name space. It
  • 19. lets you abbreviate class names, but not get rid of them altogether. That’s just the way it works, you’ll get used to it. It’s really a lot safer this way. However, there is actually a little trick you can use in some cases that gets you what you want. If your top-level class doesn’t need to inherit from anything else, make it inherit from java.lang.Math. That *does* bring all the methods into your local name space. But you can’t use this trick in an applet, because you have to inherit from java.awt.Applet. And actually, you can’t use it on java.lang.Math at all, because Math is a “final” class which means it can’t be extended. 85. Why are there no global variables in Java? - Global variables are considered bad form for a variety of reasons: Adding state variables breaks referential transparency (you no longer can understand a statement or expression on its own: you need to understand it in the context of the settings of the global variables), State variables lessen the cohesion of a program: you need to know more to understand how something works. A major point of Object-Oriented programming is to break up global state into more easily understood collections of local state, When you add one variable, you limit the use of your program to one instance. What you thought was global, someone else might think of as local: they may want to run two copies of your program at once. For these reasons, Java decided to ban global variables. 86. What does it mean that a class or member is final? - A final class can no longer be subclassed. Mostly this is done for security reasons with basic classes like String and Integer. It also allows the compiler to make some optimizations, and makes thread safety a little easier to achieve. Methods may be declared final as well. This means they may not be overridden in a subclass. Fields can be declared final, too. However, this has a completely different meaning. A final field cannot be changed after it’s initialized, and it must include an initializer statement where it’s declared. For example, public final double c = 2.998; It’s also possible to make a static field final to get the effect of C++’s const statement or some uses of C’s #define, e.g. public static final double c = 2.998; 87. What does it mean that a method or class is abstract? - An abstract class cannot be instantiated. Only its subclasses can be instantiated. You indicate that a class is abstract with the abstract keyword like this: 88. public abstract class Container extends Component {
  • 20. Abstract classes may contain abstract methods. A method declared abstract is not actually implemented in the current class. It exists only to be overridden in subclasses. It has no body. For example, public abstract float price(); Abstract methods may only be included in abstract classes. However, an abstract class is not required to have any abstract methods, though most of them do. Each subclass of an abstract class must override the abstract methods of its superclasses or itself be declared abstract. 89. What is a transient variable? - transient variable is a variable that may not be serialized. 90. How are Observer and Observable used? - Objects that subclass the Observable class maintain a list of observers. When an Observable object is updated it invokes the update() method of each of its observers to notify the observers that it has changed state. The Observer interface is implemented by objects that observe Observable objects. 91. Can a lock be acquired on a class? - Yes, a lock can be acquired on a class. This lock is acquired on the class’s Class object. 92. What state does a thread enter when it terminates its processing? - When a thread terminates its processing, it enters the dead state. 93. How does Java handle integer overflows and underflows? - It uses those low order bytes of the result that can fit into the size of the type allowed by the operation. 94. What is the difference between the >> and >>> operators? - The >> operator carries the sign bit when shifting right. The >>> zero-fills bits that have been shifted out. 95. Is sizeof a keyword? - The sizeof operator is not a keyword. 96. Does garbage collection guarantee that a program will not run out of memory? - Garbage collection does not guarantee that a program will not run out of memory. It is possible for programs to use up memory resources faster than they are garbage collected. It is also possible for programs to create objects that are not subject to garbage collection 97. Can an object’s finalize() method be invoked while it is reachable? - An object’s finalize() method cannot be invoked by the garbage collector while
  • 21. the object is still reachable. However, an object’s finalize() method may be invoked by other objects. 98. What value does readLine() return when it has reached the end of a file? - The readLine() method returns null when it has reached the end of a file. 99. Can a for statement loop indefinitely? - Yes, a for statement can loop indefinitely. For example, consider the following: for(;;) ; 100. To what value is a variable of the String type automatically initialized? - The default value of an String type is null. 101. What is a task’s priority and how is it used in scheduling? - A task’s priority is an integer value that identifies the relative order in which it should be executed with respect to other tasks. The scheduler attempts to schedule higher priority tasks before lower priority tasks. 102. What is the range of the short type? - The range of the short type is -(2^15) to 2^15 - 1. 103. What is the purpose of garbage collection? - The purpose of garbage collection is to identify and discard objects that are no longer needed by a program so that their resources may be reclaimed and reused. 104. What do you understand by private, protected and public? - These are accessibility modifiers. Private is the most restrictive, while public is the least restrictive. There is no real difference between protected and the default type (also known as package protected) within the context of the same package, however the protected keyword allows visibility to a derived class in a different package. 105. What is Downcasting ? - Downcasting is the casting from a general to a more specific type, i.e. casting down the hierarchy 106. Can a method be overloaded based on different return type but same argument type ? - No, because the methods can be called without using their return type in which case there is ambiquity for the compiler 107. What happens to a static var that is defined within a method of a class ? - Can’t do it. You’ll get a compilation error 108. How many static init can you have ? - As many as you want, but the static initializers and class variable initializers are executed in textual order
  • 22. and may not refer to class variables declared in the class whose declarations appear textually after the use, even though these class variables are in scope. 109. What is the difference amongst JVM Spec, JVM Implementation, JVM Runtime ? - The JVM spec is the blueprint for the JVM generated and owned by Sun. The JVM implementation is the actual implementation of the spec by a vendor and the JVM runtime is the actual running instance of a JVM implementation 110. Describe what happens when an object is created in Java? - Several things happen in a particular order to ensure the object is constructed properly: Memory is allocated from heap to hold all instance variables and implementation-specific data of the object and its superclasses. Implemenation-specific data includes pointers to class and method data. The instance variables of the objects are initialized to their default values. The constructor for the most derived class is invoked. The first thing a constructor does is call the consctructor for its superclasses. This process continues until the constrcutor for java.lang.Object is called, as java.lang.Object is the base class for all objects in java. Before the body of the constructor is executed, all instance variable initializers and initialization blocks are executed. Then the body of the constructor is executed. Thus, the constructor for the base class completes first and constructor for the most derived class completes last. 111. What does the “final” keyword mean in front of a variable? A method? A class? - FINAL for a variable: value is constant. FINAL for a method: cannot be overridden. FINAL for a class: cannot be derived 112. What is the difference between instanceof and isInstance? - instanceof is used to check to see if an object can be cast into a specified type without throwing a cast class exception. isInstance() Determines if the specified Object is assignment-compatible with the object represented by this Class. This method is the dynamic equivalent of the Java language instanceof operator. The method returns true if the specified Object argument is non-null and can be cast to the reference type represented by this Class object without raising a ClassCastException. It returns false otherwise. 113. Why does it take so much time to access an Applet having Swing Components the first time? - Because behind every swing component are many Java objects and resources. This takes time to create them in memory.
  • 23. JDK 1.3 from Sun has some improvements which may lead to faster execution of Swing applications.