Cryptography summary
Download as DOCX, PDF2 likes163 views
Cryptography is used to protect information from unauthorized access by encrypting data. It involves the use of algorithms and keys to encrypt plain text into cipher text. There are two main types: symmetric cryptography which uses the same key to encrypt and decrypt, and asymmetric cryptography which uses a public/private key pair. Cryptography is applied in technologies like digital certificates, RSA, SSL, and digital signatures to securely transmit data, verify identities, and ensure integrity of communications.
1 of 2
Download to read offline
Ad
Recommended
Isaca june 19, 2010
Isaca june 19, 2010Vicky Shah Emerging Trends in Cyber Crime discusses the growing threat of cyber crimes both globally and in India. Some key points include:
- Cyber crimes are challenging to address due to the anonymity of perpetrators, involvement of multiple countries/networks, and lack of consistent global laws.
- India faces increasing challenges from the exponential growth of internet use and interconnected systems for business and government. Emerging technologies like UID and e-governance have cybersecurity implications.
- Recent cyber incidents in India involved the use of wireless networks and public WiFi systems to plan terrorist attacks. The 2008 Mumbai terrorist attacks also demonstrated terrorists' use of technology.
- Common cyber crimes include hacking, phishing, spamming,
INFORMATION SECURITY: THREATS AND SOLUTIONS.
INFORMATION SECURITY: THREATS AND SOLUTIONS.Ni Information security threats include eavesdropping, malware, trojans, viruses, worms, denial of service attacks, vulnerabilities, computer crimes, and key logging. Solutions involve access control using identification and authentication, cryptography, firewalls, intrusion detection systems, and application security. The document discusses these threats and solutions in detail using examples and case studies, and emphasizes the importance of data protection and information security. It concludes that information security requires an ongoing process to protect information and systems from unauthorized access or disruption.
INFORMATION SECURITY MANAGEMENT
INFORMATION SECURITY MANAGEMENTNi Risk management involves assessing security risks, determining their potential impacts, and taking steps to mitigate them. There are proactive and reactive approaches to risk management. Proactive risk management identifies risks before incidents occur using techniques like risk assessment, while reactive risk management responds after problems are found. Information security risk management involves assessing technical risks through methods like quantitative and qualitative risk assessment as well as frameworks like OCTAVE and COBIT. Network security uses tools like firewalls and intrusion detection systems to control access and monitor networks for threats.
E Commerce security
E Commerce securityMayank Kashyap The document discusses e-commerce security challenges and developments over the past decade due to widespread computerization and growing networking. It covers network and internet security issues like confidentiality, authentication, integrity, and key management. It describes security threats like unauthorized access, data theft, and denial of service attacks. It also discusses encryption techniques like symmetric and asymmetric encryption, and cryptography concepts like public and private keys, digital signatures, and digital certificates.
Module 3-cyber security
Module 3-cyber securitySweta Kumari Barnwal Ethical Hacking Concepts and Scopes, Threats and Attack Vectors, Information Assurance, Threat Modelling
Enterprise Information Security Architecture, Vulnerability
Assessment and Penetration Testing
Types of Social Engineering, Insider Attack, Preventing Insider
Threats, Social Engineering Targets and Defence Strategies
E commerce Security 
E commerce Security Wisnu Dewobroto This document discusses security issues related to e-commerce, including brute force credit card attacks. It provides examples of real attacks, such as one where hackers processed over 140,000 fake credit card charges through an online merchant. The document outlines the basic security issues in e-commerce like confidentiality, integrity, and authentication. It also describes different types of threats and attacks, both technical (e.g. viruses, worms) and non-technical (e.g. social engineering). Additionally, it covers security risk management, technologies like encryption and firewalls, and managerial issues related to e-commerce security.
Cybersecurity
CybersecurityEng Hasan Shamroukh CISCO Exams Author The document discusses cybersecurity concepts including encryption, authentication, digital signatures, and penetration testing. It defines cybersecurity as protecting computer systems from threats. Encryption converts data into cipher text for protection. Authentication verifies identities through methods like passwords, certificates, and biometrics. Digital signatures mathematically verify the authenticity and integrity of messages. Penetration testing involves simulated cyber attacks to evaluate security. The document outlines security best practices and roles of security operations centers in monitoring for threats.
6 e commerce security
6 e commerce securityNaveed Ahmed Siddiqui This document discusses electronic commerce (EC) security. It begins by outlining learning objectives on documenting security attacks, describing common security practices of businesses, and understanding basic EC security elements and types of network attacks. It then provides a story about a brute force credit card attack where over 140,000 fake charges were made. The document discusses solutions to brute force attacks and the accelerating need for EC security. It outlines common security issues for users and companies and requirements like authentication, authorization, and integrity. Finally, it details types of threats, managing security, and authentication and encryption methods.
Introduction to Information Security
Introduction to Information SecurityDumindu Pahalawatta A brief description about Information technology related security risks and counter measures are highlighted in terms
E-Commerce Security
E-Commerce SecuritySyed Maniruzzaman Pabel The document discusses various aspects of e-commerce security. It defines e-commerce security and outlines six key dimensions: integrity, nonrepudiation, authenticity, confidentiality, privacy, and availability. It also discusses basic security issues like authentication, authorization, and auditing. The document outlines different types of attacks including technical attacks, malware, viruses, and worms. It discusses common mistakes in managing security risks and outlines the three phases of security risk management: asset identification, risk assessment, and implementation. Finally, it briefly explains some security concepts and technologies like encryption, VPNs, honeypots, and tokens.
Ec2009 ch10 e commerce security
Ec2009 ch10 e commerce securityNuth Otanasap The document discusses security issues and threats related to e-commerce. It describes common security practices for organizations of different sizes and summarizes key learning objectives around e-commerce security. Specific topics covered include brute force credit card attacks, security requirements, types of threats and attacks (e.g. denial of service, malware), common mistakes in managing security risks, and methods for securing e-commerce communications and networks.
3 f6 security
3 f6 securityop205 Computer security involves managing malicious behavior involving information technology. It focuses on intentional rather than accidental threats from adversaries. Information security is important for organizations that rely on computer systems, including businesses, the military, healthcare, households, and society. The three main targets of information security are confidentiality, integrity, and availability of information and systems. Block ciphers like DES and AES are commonly used for encryption to provide these security properties.
E-Commerce security 
E-Commerce security Tawhid Rahman E-commerce security has six main requirements: secrecy, authenticity, integrity, availability, un-refuseability, and privacy. The document provides examples of each requirement and discusses how cryptography/encryption works to provide secrecy through encrypting plain text into cipher text using keys. Symmetric-key cryptography uses a shared key for encryption and decryption while asymmetric key cryptography uses a public key for encryption and private key for decryption.
Security in e commerce
Security in e commerceakhand Akhandenator This document discusses security in e-commerce. It outlines key security requirements like confidentiality, integrity, availability, and authenticity. It also discusses common security threats like hacking, viruses, and denial of service attacks. The document examines security protocols like SSL that provide encryption, authentication, and integrity. It explores tensions between security and other values. Finally, it analyzes technologies that can enhance e-commerce security, such as encryption, firewalls, and digital signatures.
Security issue in e commerce
Security issue in e commerceBosco Technical Training Society, Don Bosco Technical School (Aff. GGSIP University, New Delhi) Explain security issues and protection about unwanted threat in E-Commerce. Explain Security E-Commerce Environment. Security Threat in E-Commerce Environment.
Information cyber security
Information cyber securitySumanPramanik7 This document provides an overview of information and cyber security. It defines cyber security as technologies and processes designed to protect computers, networks, and data from attacks, vulnerabilities, damages, and unauthorized access. It discusses why cyber security is important by explaining the principles of confidentiality, integrity, and availability. It also covers common cyber security threats like viruses, malware, hacking, phishing, and denial of service attacks. The document provides tips on cyber security best practices for passwords, mobile devices, banking, and more. It introduces tools used in cyber security like Network Pro and F-RAT and concludes by emphasizing the importance of vigilance in maintaining security.
Ethical hacking and social engineering
Ethical hacking and social engineeringSweta Kumari Barnwal ETHICAL HACKING AND SOCIAL ENGINEERING
Topics Covered: Ethical Hacking Concepts and Scopes, Threats and Attack Vectors, Information Assurance, Threat Modelling, Enterprise Information Security Architecture, Vulnerability, Assessment and Penetration Testing, Types of Social Engineering, Insider Attack, Preventing Insider Threats, Social Engineering Targets and Defence Strategies
Security In Internet Banking
Security In Internet BankingChiheb Chebbi The document discusses various cybersecurity threats facing internet banking, including a significant rise in stolen credit card information, password thefts, and malware infections. It describes common hacking techniques like password cracking, denial of service attacks, botnets, and social engineering. The document also outlines defenses such as intrusion detection systems, firewalls, honeypots, encryption, and a public key infrastructure to help secure systems from cyber attacks.
Information security management v2010
Information security management v2010joevest The document discusses information security and provides an overview of key concepts:
1) It defines information security as protecting information and systems from unauthorized access, use, disclosure, disruption or destruction. Maintaining confidentiality, integrity and availability of information are core principles.
2) Reasons for managing information security are given, including compliance with laws, protecting assets from loss, meeting business requirements and customer demands.
3) Methods for managing security are outlined, including implementing security frameworks, classifying information assets, and establishing roles and processes for ongoing security management. Continual assessment and improvement of security controls is important.
Data and Message Security
Data and Message SecurityNrapesh Shah Electronic data and message security are important for protecting financial transactions and company communications. Unauthorized network monitoring called packet sniffing is a major threat to data security, while message security programs protect a company's messaging infrastructure and personal employee messages related to its vision and mission. Forms of authentication and encryption are the basis of data and message security, with encryption mutating information into an unreadable format without a decryption key. Advantages of encryption include private keys being impossible to deduce from public keys, eliminating the need for senders and receivers to share secrets over public channels.
Personal Data Protection
Personal Data ProtectionCreatorsCircle Data security involves keeping information private by using methods to ensure confidentiality, integrity, and availability of data. It is important for businesses that hold confidential information. Data is backed up and stored hierarchically for safety. Software uses measures like intrusion detection systems, user IDs, passwords, biometrics, encryption, and digital signatures and certificates to protect data. Downloading pirated software poses legal and ethical issues and risks to users. Developers employ serial numbers, activation keys, copy protection, and hardware keys to protect their software and encourage users to register for updates and support.
E business security
E business securitySameer Sharma The document discusses e-business security objectives and challenges, including confidentiality, integrity, availability, legitimate use, auditing, and non-repudiation. It defines these terms and explains why they are important for securing e-business transactions and ensuring trust between parties. Additionally, it provides a checklist of common security options and risk assessment factors to consider for e-business security.
E-commerce Security and Payment
E-commerce Security and PaymentLaguna State Polytechnic University The presentation discussed the what is e-commerce security and its dimensions, threat concerns, ways to protect e-commerce site from hacking and fraud. It also includes the different e-commerce payment methods.
Cisco cybersecurity essentials chapter - 2
Cisco cybersecurity essentials chapter - 2Mukesh Chinta This is the Second Chapter of Cisco Cyber Security Essentials course Which discusses the three dimensions of the Cyber Security cube.
Introduction to Ethical Hacking
Introduction to Ethical HackingKevin Chakre This document defines key terms related to hacking and cybersecurity, including hack value, exploits, vulnerabilities, and different types of attacks. It discusses the goals of security in terms of confidentiality, integrity, availability, authenticity, and non-repudiation. The document also categorizes information security threats and human threats, and differentiates between hacking and ethical hacking. It defines different types of hackers like black hat and white hat hackers and their motivations.
Security in e-commerce
Security in e-commerceSensePost Presentation by Luc de Graeve at the Gordon institute of business science in 2001.
This presentation is about security in e-commerce and is aimed at making people aware of what hackers do, how they do it and the financial implications of their actions. The presentation begins with a few examples of defaced websites and ends with a discussion on risk and assessment.
2 Security And Internet Security
2 Security And Internet SecurityAna Meskovska The document summarizes key topics around information security including:
- Definitions of security and information security focusing on protecting systems, hardware, and information.
- Critical characteristics of information including availability, accuracy, authenticity, confidentiality, and integrity.
- A culture of security including principles from the OECD around awareness, responsibility, response, ethics, democracy, and risk assessment.
- Global security trends showing a focus on business objectives, risk management, privacy, and challenges in resources.
- Best practices for managers including security policies, risk management, architecture, accountability, training, and ensuring expertise.
Chapter 4 vulnerability threat and attack 
Chapter 4 vulnerability threat and attack newbie2019 This document discusses threats, vulnerabilities, and attacks related to information security. It defines threats as potential dangers that could breach security, and lists categories of threats like deliberate threats, environmental threats, and accidental threats. Vulnerabilities are weaknesses that can be exploited by threats, like physical vulnerabilities, hardware/software vulnerabilities, and human vulnerabilities. Attacks are exploits of vulnerabilities that damage systems. Common attacks are discussed like passive attacks that obtain information and active attacks that alter systems. The document also categorizes attacks as interruptions, interceptions, modifications, or fabrications of systems and assets. The three biggest common attacks are said to be virus, worm, and Trojan horse attacks.
Secure 3 kany-vanda
Secure 3 kany-vandaVanda KANY This document provides an overview of cryptography and related concepts across 11 pages. It discusses cryptography techniques like symmetric and asymmetric encryption, hashing algorithms, and digital certificates. It also covers public key infrastructure (PKI) components like certificate authorities (CAs), digital signatures, and revocation. Common applications of cryptography like IPsec, SSL, and PGP are also summarized. The document aims to explain fundamental cryptography concepts and how they are applied in various technologies and situations.
Ad
More Related Content
What's hot (20)
Introduction to Information Security
Introduction to Information SecurityDumindu Pahalawatta A brief description about Information technology related security risks and counter measures are highlighted in terms
E-Commerce Security
E-Commerce SecuritySyed Maniruzzaman Pabel The document discusses various aspects of e-commerce security. It defines e-commerce security and outlines six key dimensions: integrity, nonrepudiation, authenticity, confidentiality, privacy, and availability. It also discusses basic security issues like authentication, authorization, and auditing. The document outlines different types of attacks including technical attacks, malware, viruses, and worms. It discusses common mistakes in managing security risks and outlines the three phases of security risk management: asset identification, risk assessment, and implementation. Finally, it briefly explains some security concepts and technologies like encryption, VPNs, honeypots, and tokens.
Ec2009 ch10 e commerce security
Ec2009 ch10 e commerce securityNuth Otanasap The document discusses security issues and threats related to e-commerce. It describes common security practices for organizations of different sizes and summarizes key learning objectives around e-commerce security. Specific topics covered include brute force credit card attacks, security requirements, types of threats and attacks (e.g. denial of service, malware), common mistakes in managing security risks, and methods for securing e-commerce communications and networks.
3 f6 security
3 f6 securityop205 Computer security involves managing malicious behavior involving information technology. It focuses on intentional rather than accidental threats from adversaries. Information security is important for organizations that rely on computer systems, including businesses, the military, healthcare, households, and society. The three main targets of information security are confidentiality, integrity, and availability of information and systems. Block ciphers like DES and AES are commonly used for encryption to provide these security properties.
E-Commerce security
E-Commerce security Tawhid Rahman E-commerce security has six main requirements: secrecy, authenticity, integrity, availability, un-refuseability, and privacy. The document provides examples of each requirement and discusses how cryptography/encryption works to provide secrecy through encrypting plain text into cipher text using keys. Symmetric-key cryptography uses a shared key for encryption and decryption while asymmetric key cryptography uses a public key for encryption and private key for decryption.
Security in e commerce
Security in e commerceakhand Akhandenator This document discusses security in e-commerce. It outlines key security requirements like confidentiality, integrity, availability, and authenticity. It also discusses common security threats like hacking, viruses, and denial of service attacks. The document examines security protocols like SSL that provide encryption, authentication, and integrity. It explores tensions between security and other values. Finally, it analyzes technologies that can enhance e-commerce security, such as encryption, firewalls, and digital signatures.
Security issue in e commerce
Security issue in e commerceBosco Technical Training Society, Don Bosco Technical School (Aff. GGSIP University, New Delhi) Explain security issues and protection about unwanted threat in E-Commerce. Explain Security E-Commerce Environment. Security Threat in E-Commerce Environment.
Information cyber security
Information cyber securitySumanPramanik7 This document provides an overview of information and cyber security. It defines cyber security as technologies and processes designed to protect computers, networks, and data from attacks, vulnerabilities, damages, and unauthorized access. It discusses why cyber security is important by explaining the principles of confidentiality, integrity, and availability. It also covers common cyber security threats like viruses, malware, hacking, phishing, and denial of service attacks. The document provides tips on cyber security best practices for passwords, mobile devices, banking, and more. It introduces tools used in cyber security like Network Pro and F-RAT and concludes by emphasizing the importance of vigilance in maintaining security.
Ethical hacking and social engineering
Ethical hacking and social engineeringSweta Kumari Barnwal ETHICAL HACKING AND SOCIAL ENGINEERING
Topics Covered: Ethical Hacking Concepts and Scopes, Threats and Attack Vectors, Information Assurance, Threat Modelling, Enterprise Information Security Architecture, Vulnerability, Assessment and Penetration Testing, Types of Social Engineering, Insider Attack, Preventing Insider Threats, Social Engineering Targets and Defence Strategies
Security In Internet Banking
Security In Internet BankingChiheb Chebbi The document discusses various cybersecurity threats facing internet banking, including a significant rise in stolen credit card information, password thefts, and malware infections. It describes common hacking techniques like password cracking, denial of service attacks, botnets, and social engineering. The document also outlines defenses such as intrusion detection systems, firewalls, honeypots, encryption, and a public key infrastructure to help secure systems from cyber attacks.
Information security management v2010
Information security management v2010joevest The document discusses information security and provides an overview of key concepts:
1) It defines information security as protecting information and systems from unauthorized access, use, disclosure, disruption or destruction. Maintaining confidentiality, integrity and availability of information are core principles.
2) Reasons for managing information security are given, including compliance with laws, protecting assets from loss, meeting business requirements and customer demands.
3) Methods for managing security are outlined, including implementing security frameworks, classifying information assets, and establishing roles and processes for ongoing security management. Continual assessment and improvement of security controls is important.
Data and Message Security
Data and Message SecurityNrapesh Shah Electronic data and message security are important for protecting financial transactions and company communications. Unauthorized network monitoring called packet sniffing is a major threat to data security, while message security programs protect a company's messaging infrastructure and personal employee messages related to its vision and mission. Forms of authentication and encryption are the basis of data and message security, with encryption mutating information into an unreadable format without a decryption key. Advantages of encryption include private keys being impossible to deduce from public keys, eliminating the need for senders and receivers to share secrets over public channels.
Personal Data Protection
Personal Data ProtectionCreatorsCircle Data security involves keeping information private by using methods to ensure confidentiality, integrity, and availability of data. It is important for businesses that hold confidential information. Data is backed up and stored hierarchically for safety. Software uses measures like intrusion detection systems, user IDs, passwords, biometrics, encryption, and digital signatures and certificates to protect data. Downloading pirated software poses legal and ethical issues and risks to users. Developers employ serial numbers, activation keys, copy protection, and hardware keys to protect their software and encourage users to register for updates and support.
E business security
E business securitySameer Sharma The document discusses e-business security objectives and challenges, including confidentiality, integrity, availability, legitimate use, auditing, and non-repudiation. It defines these terms and explains why they are important for securing e-business transactions and ensuring trust between parties. Additionally, it provides a checklist of common security options and risk assessment factors to consider for e-business security.
E-commerce Security and Payment
E-commerce Security and PaymentLaguna State Polytechnic University The presentation discussed the what is e-commerce security and its dimensions, threat concerns, ways to protect e-commerce site from hacking and fraud. It also includes the different e-commerce payment methods.
Cisco cybersecurity essentials chapter - 2
Cisco cybersecurity essentials chapter - 2Mukesh Chinta This is the Second Chapter of Cisco Cyber Security Essentials course Which discusses the three dimensions of the Cyber Security cube.
Introduction to Ethical Hacking
Introduction to Ethical HackingKevin Chakre This document defines key terms related to hacking and cybersecurity, including hack value, exploits, vulnerabilities, and different types of attacks. It discusses the goals of security in terms of confidentiality, integrity, availability, authenticity, and non-repudiation. The document also categorizes information security threats and human threats, and differentiates between hacking and ethical hacking. It defines different types of hackers like black hat and white hat hackers and their motivations.
Security in e-commerce
Security in e-commerceSensePost Presentation by Luc de Graeve at the Gordon institute of business science in 2001.
This presentation is about security in e-commerce and is aimed at making people aware of what hackers do, how they do it and the financial implications of their actions. The presentation begins with a few examples of defaced websites and ends with a discussion on risk and assessment.
2 Security And Internet Security
2 Security And Internet SecurityAna Meskovska The document summarizes key topics around information security including:
- Definitions of security and information security focusing on protecting systems, hardware, and information.
- Critical characteristics of information including availability, accuracy, authenticity, confidentiality, and integrity.
- A culture of security including principles from the OECD around awareness, responsibility, response, ethics, democracy, and risk assessment.
- Global security trends showing a focus on business objectives, risk management, privacy, and challenges in resources.
- Best practices for managers including security policies, risk management, architecture, accountability, training, and ensuring expertise.
Chapter 4 vulnerability threat and attack
Chapter 4 vulnerability threat and attack newbie2019 This document discusses threats, vulnerabilities, and attacks related to information security. It defines threats as potential dangers that could breach security, and lists categories of threats like deliberate threats, environmental threats, and accidental threats. Vulnerabilities are weaknesses that can be exploited by threats, like physical vulnerabilities, hardware/software vulnerabilities, and human vulnerabilities. Attacks are exploits of vulnerabilities that damage systems. Common attacks are discussed like passive attacks that obtain information and active attacks that alter systems. The document also categorizes attacks as interruptions, interceptions, modifications, or fabrications of systems and assets. The three biggest common attacks are said to be virus, worm, and Trojan horse attacks.
Similar to Cryptography summary (20)
Secure 3 kany-vanda
Secure 3 kany-vandaVanda KANY This document provides an overview of cryptography and related concepts across 11 pages. It discusses cryptography techniques like symmetric and asymmetric encryption, hashing algorithms, and digital certificates. It also covers public key infrastructure (PKI) components like certificate authorities (CAs), digital signatures, and revocation. Common applications of cryptography like IPsec, SSL, and PGP are also summarized. The document aims to explain fundamental cryptography concepts and how they are applied in various technologies and situations.
Encryption in Cryptography
Encryption in CryptographyUttara University Encryption is a fundamental concept in cryptography that involves the process of converting plaintext (readable and understandable data) into ciphertext (encoded and unintelligible data) using a mathematical algorithm and an encryption key. The primary purpose of encryption is to ensure the confidentiality and privacy of sensitive information during transmission or storage.
In the encryption process:
1. **Plaintext:** This is the original, readable data that is to be protected. It could be a message, a file, or any form of digital information.
2. **Encryption Algorithm:** An encryption algorithm is a set of mathematical rules and procedures that transform the plaintext into ciphertext. Common encryption algorithms include Advanced Encryption Standard (AES), RSA, and Triple DES.
3. **Encryption Key:** The encryption key is a piece of information used by the encryption algorithm to perform the transformation. The key determines the specific pattern and method by which the plaintext is converted into ciphertext. The strength of the encryption often depends on the length and randomness of the key.
4. **Ciphertext:** This is the result of the encryption process—the transformed and encoded data that appears random and is indecipherable without the corresponding decryption key.
Encryption serves several important purposes in the field of cryptography:
- **Confidentiality:** The primary goal of encryption is to keep information confidential and secure from unauthorized access. Even if an unauthorized party intercepts the ciphertext, they should be unable to understand or decipher it without the correct decryption key.
- **Integrity:** Encryption helps ensure the integrity of data by providing a means to detect any unauthorized modifications. If the ciphertext is altered, the decryption process will produce incorrect results, alerting the recipient to potential tampering.
- **Authentication:** In some encryption scenarios, the use of digital signatures or authenticated encryption helps verify the origin and authenticity of the encrypted data.
- **Secure Communication:** Encryption is widely used to secure communication over networks, such as the internet. Protocols like HTTPS (HTTP Secure) use encryption to protect the confidentiality of data transmitted between a web browser and a web server.
- **Data-at-Rest Protection:** Encryption is applied to data stored on devices or servers, ensuring that even if physical access is gained, the data remains protected from unauthorized viewing.
In summary, encryption is a crucial tool in the field of cryptography, providing a means to safeguard the confidentiality, integrity, and authenticity of sensitive information in various digital environments.
Cryptography
Cryptographyokolo chukwudumebi prince The document discusses various cryptographic concepts and algorithms. It begins with basic terms in cryptography like plain text, cipher text, encryption, decryption, and keys. It then explains symmetric and asymmetric key cryptography. Specific algorithms discussed include MD5, SHA-1, SHA-256, RIPEMD-160, and crypt. Code examples are provided to demonstrate generating hashes using these algorithms.
s117
s117s1170034 This document provides an overview of encryption and authentication methods. It discusses symmetric key encryption where both computers share a secret key, and public key encryption which uses digital certificates from a certificate authority to allow secure communication without pre-shared keys. Popular implementations of public key encryption include SSL and TLS, which use certificates to verify identities and encrypt data, then employ symmetric encryption for efficiency. Hashing algorithms are also discussed, which create unique values from input data to serve as keys in an irreversible way, ensuring security.
Secure Socket Layer (SSL)
Secure Socket Layer (SSL)amanchaurasia The document presents an overview of Secure Socket Layer (SSL) technology. It discusses how SSL establishes encrypted connections to provide security and integrity. It describes SSL architecture including certificates, hashing, asymmetric and symmetric data transfer, and the SSL handshake process. It also covers encryption algorithms like RC4, AES, Triple DES, and RSA that are used. Finally, it discusses asymmetric key cryptography algorithms like Diffie-Hellman and RSA, as well as symmetric key cryptography and the future scope of encryption standards.
Basic Cryptography unit 4 CSS
Basic Cryptography unit 4 CSSDr. SURBHI SAROHA The document discusses various topics related to public key cryptography including:
1) Public key cryptography uses key pairs (public/private keys) to encrypt and decrypt messages securely. Private keys are kept secret while public keys can be openly distributed.
2) RSA is a commonly used public key cryptosystem that uses large prime numbers to encrypt data. It is considered secure if a large enough key is used.
3) Digital signatures authenticate messages by encrypting a hash of the message with the sender's private key, allowing verification with their public key.
Sw prezen3pdf
Sw prezen3pdfs1190088 Encryption is used to secure private information such as credit card details, bank account information, and personal correspondence from unauthorized access. There are different types of encryption including symmetric key encryption where both parties use the same secret key, public key encryption which uses separate keys for encryption and decryption, and TLS which provides security for communications through protocols like SSL. Hash functions are also used for encryption through computing hash values from inputs and incorporating them into algorithms to detect tampering of data.
Introduction To PKI Technology
Introduction To PKI TechnologySylvain Maret The document provides an overview of a course on PKI (Public Key Infrastructure) technology. It outlines the topics that will be covered over two days, including secret key cryptography algorithms like AES and RSA, digital certificates, certificate authorities, and practical PKI applications like S/MIME, SSL, and IPSEC. The objectives of the course are to understand cryptographic fundamentals, public key infrastructure elements and how they interact, and why PKI is useful for enabling e-commerce and enhancing security.
Sw2 prezen3pdf
Sw2 prezen3pdfs1190088 This document discusses different types of encryption used to secure information. It introduces symmetric key encryption, which uses the same key to encrypt and decrypt, and public key encryption, which uses separate keys. It also mentions TLS/SSL protocols for secure communication and hash functions, which are incorporated into algorithms to detect tampering and enable faster data processing and comparison.
Cryptography
CryptographyVishalya Dulam This document provides an overview of cryptography techniques. It discusses modern cryptography methods like DES and DSA, how cryptography is used in applications like VPNs and secure web browsing. It also summarizes Windows authentication methods used in operating systems from Windows NT to Windows Server 2012, and the Kerberos authentication protocol.
Week12 b
Week12 bTakuma Abe Computer encryption uses cryptography to securely transmit sensitive information over the internet. There are two main types of encryption: symmetric key encryption where both computers share the same secret key, and public key encryption which addresses weaknesses of symmetric key by allowing users to communicate securely without pre-sharing a key. Popular implementations of public key encryption include Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) and Transport Layer Security (TLS) protocols used to transmit encrypted web traffic. Hashing algorithms also play a key role in public key encryption by generating unique hash values from data that cannot be reversed without the original input, improving security.
Cryptography
Cryptographyamiable_indian Cryptography involves encrypting and decrypting information using algorithms and keys. There are two main types: public key cryptography uses different keys for encryption and decryption while private (symmetric) key cryptography uses the same key. Digital signatures provide authentication by encrypting a hash of a message with a private key so receivers can validate the sender. Key management and distribution present challenges to ensure secrecy and prevent unauthorized access.
Security via Java
Security via JavaBahaa Zaid This document provides an introduction to security concepts like cryptography, digital signatures, and Java security. It discusses symmetric and public key cryptography, hash functions, and digital signatures. It also describes Java security APIs for cryptography, access control, and PKI. Examples are given for cryptographic operations in Java like encrypting/decrypting data, signing/verifying signatures, and working with key stores. The document also discusses XML signature standards and implementations.
Overview Of Cryptography
Overview Of CryptographyManjarul Hoque Cryptography is a method of securing communication and information by encoding messages in such a way that only authorized parties can access it. It involves encrypting plaintext using an algorithm and key to create ciphertext, which can then be decrypted using the same key. Common uses of cryptography include ensuring data privacy, authenticity, integrity, and non-repudiation. Symmetric key encryption uses the same key for encryption and decryption while asymmetric key encryption uses different public and private keys.
CNS_Solutions-Adi.pdf
CNS_Solutions-Adi.pdfAdiseshaK The document contains a series of questions and answers related to the topics of cryptography and network security. It is divided into 5 units, with questions ranging from defining basic terms to explaining concepts in more depth. Some of the questions ask for examples or demonstrations of algorithms and techniques. The document serves as a study guide or practice test for a course on cryptography and security.
CNS_Solutions-Adi.pdf
CNS_Solutions-Adi.pdfProf. Dr. K. Adisesha The document contains a series of questions and answers related to the topics of cryptography and network security. It is divided into 5 units, with questions ranging from basic concepts and definitions to practical applications and algorithms. Some of the key topics covered include symmetric and asymmetric encryption, cryptanalysis techniques like brute force attacks, cryptographic hash functions, digital signatures, authentication protocols, and network security mechanisms like IPsec.
CNS Solutions-Adi.pdf
CNS Solutions-Adi.pdfAdiseshaK This document contains questions and answers related to the topics of cryptography and network security. It covers topics such as information security, data integrity, cryptanalysis, cryptographic algorithms, symmetric and asymmetric key cryptography, hashing, digital signatures, network attacks, and security protocols. The questions range from definitions of technical terms to short explanations of cryptographic concepts and mechanisms.
How Encryption Works
How Encryption Worksray0510711s Encryption is the process of encoding information so that only authorized parties can access it. There are two main types of encryption: symmetric key encryption where both parties share the same key, and public key encryption which uses a public and private key pair. Hashing algorithms are used to generate keys for public key encryption by creating a unique hash value from input data. Encryption and authentication work together to securely transmit information and verify the identity of the sender.
Ad
More from Ni (11)
Embedded Systems Q and A M.Sc.(IT) PART II SEM III
Embedded Systems Q and A M.Sc.(IT) PART II SEM IIINi The document discusses various topics related to embedded systems including:
1. The differences between embedded systems and general computing systems are summarized.
2. Key operational and non-operational quality attributes of embedded systems are outlined.
3. The analysis and support phases of the embedded system development life cycle are described.
India's social challenge
India's social challengeNi India faces many social challenges including overpopulation, economic issues, poor sanitation, inadequate education, poverty, corruption, and violence. The youth can help address these problems in several ways. They can start businesses to create jobs, spread awareness about social issues, and work to eliminate terrorism through non-violent means. If motivated and guided properly, young people have the energy, ideas, and willingness to help develop the nation.
ADOBE DREAMWEAVER
ADOBE DREAMWEAVERNi Adobe Dreamweaver is a proprietary web development tool used to create websites and webpages. It features visual and code editing, integrated previews, multimedia insertion, CSS support, and publishing/uploading via FTP. Dreamweaver originated from Macromedia and was first released in 1996 based on insights from web designers. It allows for creation of static sites to complex databases sites. Dreamweaver provides intelligent coding assistance, comprehensive CSS support, and integrated CMS. It is commonly used by professional web designers for building a variety of websites.
PYTHON NOTES
PYTHON NOTESNi This document provides an overview of Python programming concepts including what Python is, variables, data types, operators, conditional statements, loops, functions, exceptions, lists, dictionaries, tuples and more. Some key points covered include:
- Python is an interpreted, object-oriented programming language that can be used for many different application types.
- Variables, constants, operators, and control flow structures like conditionals and loops are introduced as the basic building blocks of Python programs.
- Common data types like strings, lists, dictionaries and tuples are described along with their characteristics and functions.
- Other concepts explained are functions, exceptions, formatting, modules and more.
Code coverage analysis in testing
Code coverage analysis in testingNi Code coverage analysis can be performed using either block-based or line-based methods. Block-based analysis shows the percentage of blocks covered and not covered, while line-based analysis provides more granular metrics like the number of lines covered, not covered, and partially covered, as well as the percentage of lines within each category. The code coverage analysis window can display code coloring to identify lines that are fully, partially, or not at all covered by a test method, and additional columns can be added to view line-based coverage details.
ASP.NET MVC.
ASP.NET MVC.Ni The document discusses the MVC framework, describing the model, view, and controller components. The model handles business logic and data access, the view handles the user interface, and the controller coordinates communication between the model and view. It also covers how data is passed between these components, the use of ViewData and ViewBag to store data, Razor syntax for combining C# and HTML in views, and how to create and call partial views.
LASER
LASERNi A laser is a device that emits light through stimulated emission of radiation, as described by Theodore Maiman who built the first laser in 1960. Lasers produce coherent, monochromatic, collimated light that is useful for applications like barcodes, surgery, welding, and fiber optics. Laser light is more powerful and focused than ordinary light. Lasers are classified based on their hazard levels, with class 4 lasers most dangerous. While lasers have advantages like precision cutting, they also have disadvantages like high costs and safety risks if not properly handled.
Java communication api
Java communication apiNi The Java Communications 3.0 API allows developers to create platform-independent communications applications for devices like smart cards, embedded systems, and point-of-sale terminals by providing access to serial ports and signals and enabling enumeration of ports, configuration of settings like baud rate and flow control, and asynchronous event handling for data availability and line level changes.
Library management system
Library management systemNi The document outlines a proposed library management system that would track all book and visitor information in a database. The system would allow users to borrow books, register logins, and store complete details on books, visitors, and checkouts. Key features include tracking overdue fines, generating reports, and providing a user-friendly interface to simplify library management activities.
Impact of social networking sites- advantages and disadvantages
Impact of social networking sites- advantages and disadvantagesNi Social networking sites allow users to create profiles and form relationships with other users. They provide advantages like fast communication, sharing interests and information with friends. However, they also have disadvantages such as lacking emotional connection, decreasing face-to-face skills, and reducing family closeness. Social networking sites also enable users to communicate directly but can facilitate laziness and create distractions.
Ppt on nan
Ppt on nanNi The document discusses Near-me Area Network (NAN), which focuses on two-way communication between wireless devices in close proximity, such as smartphones. There are two types of NAN: closed NAN uses location databases to connect devices on the same mobile carrier network, while global NAN uses GPS and internet connectivity to update locations to a central server. Examples of NAN applications include WhosHere and Loopt, which allow users to find nearby people with shared interests. NAN makes social interactions and communication easier but implementation challenges include limitations of GPS indoors and low availability of NAN technology.
Ad
Recently uploaded (20)
The Evolution of Meme Coins A New Era for Digital Currency ppt.pdf
The Evolution of Meme Coins A New Era for Digital Currency ppt.pdfAbi john Analyze the growth of meme coins from mere online jokes to potential assets in the digital economy. Explore the community, culture, and utility as they elevate themselves to a new era in cryptocurrency.
Procurement Insights Cost To Value Guide.pptx
Procurement Insights Cost To Value Guide.pptxJon Hansen Procurement Insights integrated Historic Procurement Industry Archives, serves as a powerful complement — not a competitor — to other procurement industry firms. It fills critical gaps in depth, agility, and contextual insight that most traditional analyst and association models overlook.
Learn more about this value- driven proprietary service offering here.
Enhancing ICU Intelligence: How Our Functional Testing Enabled a Healthcare I...
Enhancing ICU Intelligence: How Our Functional Testing Enabled a Healthcare I...Impelsys Inc. Impelsys provided a robust testing solution, leveraging a risk-based and requirement-mapped approach to validate ICU Connect and CritiXpert. A well-defined test suite was developed to assess data communication, clinical data collection, transformation, and visualization across integrated devices.
HCL Nomad Web – Best Practices und Verwaltung von Multiuser-Umgebungen
HCL Nomad Web – Best Practices und Verwaltung von Multiuser-Umgebungenpanagenda Webinar Recording: https://www.panagenda.com/webinars/hcl-nomad-web-best-practices-und-verwaltung-von-multiuser-umgebungen/
HCL Nomad Web wird als die nächste Generation des HCL Notes-Clients gefeiert und bietet zahlreiche Vorteile, wie die Beseitigung des Bedarfs an Paketierung, Verteilung und Installation. Nomad Web-Client-Updates werden “automatisch” im Hintergrund installiert, was den administrativen Aufwand im Vergleich zu traditionellen HCL Notes-Clients erheblich reduziert. Allerdings stellt die Fehlerbehebung in Nomad Web im Vergleich zum Notes-Client einzigartige Herausforderungen dar.
Begleiten Sie Christoph und Marc, während sie demonstrieren, wie der Fehlerbehebungsprozess in HCL Nomad Web vereinfacht werden kann, um eine reibungslose und effiziente Benutzererfahrung zu gewährleisten.
In diesem Webinar werden wir effektive Strategien zur Diagnose und Lösung häufiger Probleme in HCL Nomad Web untersuchen, einschließlich
- Zugriff auf die Konsole
- Auffinden und Interpretieren von Protokolldateien
- Zugriff auf den Datenordner im Cache des Browsers (unter Verwendung von OPFS)
- Verständnis der Unterschiede zwischen Einzel- und Mehrbenutzerszenarien
- Nutzung der Client Clocking-Funktion
TrsLabs - Fintech Product & Business Consulting
TrsLabs - Fintech Product & Business ConsultingTrs Labs Hybrid Growth Mandate Model with TrsLabs
Strategic Investments, Inorganic Growth, Business Model Pivoting are critical activities that business don't do/change everyday. In cases like this, it may benefit your business to choose a temporary external consultant.
An unbiased plan driven by clearcut deliverables, market dynamics and without the influence of your internal office equations empower business leaders to make right choices.
Getting things done within a budget within a timeframe is key to Growing Business - No matter whether you are a start-up or a big company
Talk to us & Unlock the competitive advantage
How Can I use the AI Hype in my Business Context?
How Can I use the AI Hype in my Business Context?Daniel Lehner 𝙄𝙨 𝘼𝙄 𝙟𝙪𝙨𝙩 𝙝𝙮𝙥𝙚? 𝙊𝙧 𝙞𝙨 𝙞𝙩 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙜𝙖𝙢𝙚 𝙘𝙝𝙖𝙣𝙜𝙚𝙧 𝙮𝙤𝙪𝙧 𝙗𝙪𝙨𝙞𝙣𝙚𝙨𝙨 𝙣𝙚𝙚𝙙𝙨?
Everyone’s talking about AI but is anyone really using it to create real value?
Most companies want to leverage AI. Few know 𝗵𝗼𝘄.
✅ What exactly should you ask to find real AI opportunities?
✅ Which AI techniques actually fit your business?
✅ Is your data even ready for AI?
If you’re not sure, you’re not alone. This is a condensed version of the slides I presented at a Linkedin webinar for Tecnovy on 28.04.2025.
#StandardsGoals for 2025: Standards & certification roundup - Tech Forum 2025
#StandardsGoals for 2025: Standards & certification roundup - Tech Forum 2025BookNet Canada Book industry standards are evolving rapidly. In the first part of this session, we’ll share an overview of key developments from 2024 and the early months of 2025. Then, BookNet’s resident standards expert, Tom Richardson, and CEO, Lauren Stewart, have a forward-looking conversation about what’s next.
Link to recording, transcript, and accompanying resource: https://bnctechforum.ca/sessions/standardsgoals-for-2025-standards-certification-roundup/
Presented by BookNet Canada on May 6, 2025 with support from the Department of Canadian Heritage.
Andrew Marnell: Transforming Business Strategy Through Data-Driven Insights
Andrew Marnell: Transforming Business Strategy Through Data-Driven InsightsAndrew Marnell With expertise in data architecture, performance tracking, and revenue forecasting, Andrew Marnell plays a vital role in aligning business strategies with data insights. Andrew Marnell’s ability to lead cross-functional teams ensures businesses achieve sustainable growth and operational excellence.
UiPath Community Berlin: Orchestrator API, Swagger, and Test Manager API
UiPath Community Berlin: Orchestrator API, Swagger, and Test Manager APIUiPathCommunity Join this UiPath Community Berlin meetup to explore the Orchestrator API, Swagger interface, and the Test Manager API. Learn how to leverage these tools to streamline automation, enhance testing, and integrate more efficiently with UiPath. Perfect for developers, testers, and automation enthusiasts!
📕 Agenda
Welcome & Introductions
Orchestrator API Overview
Exploring the Swagger Interface
Test Manager API Highlights
Streamlining Automation & Testing with APIs (Demo)
Q&A and Open Discussion
Perfect for developers, testers, and automation enthusiasts!
👉 Join our UiPath Community Berlin chapter: https://community.uipath.com/berlin/
This session streamed live on April 29, 2025, 18:00 CET.
Check out all our upcoming UiPath Community sessions at https://community.uipath.com/events/.
Technology Trends in 2025: AI and Big Data Analytics
Technology Trends in 2025: AI and Big Data AnalyticsInData Labs At InData Labs, we have been keeping an ear to the ground, looking out for AI-enabled digital transformation trends coming our way in 2025. Our report will provide a look into the technology landscape of the future, including:
-Artificial Intelligence Market Overview
-Strategies for AI Adoption in 2025
-Anticipated drivers of AI adoption and transformative technologies
-Benefits of AI and Big data for your business
-Tips on how to prepare your business for innovation
-AI and data privacy: Strategies for securing data privacy in AI models, etc.
Download your free copy nowand implement the key findings to improve your business.
Rusty Waters: Elevating Lakehouses Beyond Spark
Rusty Waters: Elevating Lakehouses Beyond Sparkcarlyakerly1 Spark is a powerhouse for large datasets, but when it comes to smaller data workloads, its overhead can sometimes slow things down. What if you could achieve high performance and efficiency without the need for Spark?
At S&P Global Commodity Insights, having a complete view of global energy and commodities markets enables customers to make data-driven decisions with confidence and create long-term, sustainable value. 🌍
Explore delta-rs + CDC and how these open-source innovations power lightweight, high-performance data applications beyond Spark! 🚀
Massive Power Outage Hits Spain, Portugal, and France: Causes, Impact, and On...
Massive Power Outage Hits Spain, Portugal, and France: Causes, Impact, and On...Aqusag Technologies In late April 2025, a significant portion of Europe, particularly Spain, Portugal, and parts of southern France, experienced widespread, rolling power outages that continue to affect millions of residents, businesses, and infrastructure systems.
Dev Dives: Automate and orchestrate your processes with UiPath Maestro
Dev Dives: Automate and orchestrate your processes with UiPath MaestroUiPathCommunity This session is designed to equip developers with the skills needed to build mission-critical, end-to-end processes that seamlessly orchestrate agents, people, and robots.
📕 Here's what you can expect:
- Modeling: Build end-to-end processes using BPMN.
- Implementing: Integrate agentic tasks, RPA, APIs, and advanced decisioning into processes.
- Operating: Control process instances with rewind, replay, pause, and stop functions.
- Monitoring: Use dashboards and embedded analytics for real-time insights into process instances.
This webinar is a must-attend for developers looking to enhance their agentic automation skills and orchestrate robust, mission-critical processes.
👨🏫 Speaker:
Andrei Vintila, Principal Product Manager @UiPath
This session streamed live on April 29, 2025, 16:00 CET.
Check out all our upcoming Dev Dives sessions at https://community.uipath.com/dev-dives-automation-developer-2025/.
Heap, Types of Heap, Insertion and Deletion
Heap, Types of Heap, Insertion and DeletionJaydeep Kale This pdf will explain what is heap, its type, insertion and deletion in heap and Heap sort
Linux Support for SMARC: How Toradex Empowers Embedded Developers
Linux Support for SMARC: How Toradex Empowers Embedded DevelopersToradex Toradex brings robust Linux support to SMARC (Smart Mobility Architecture), ensuring high performance and long-term reliability for embedded applications. Here’s how:
• Optimized Torizon OS & Yocto Support – Toradex provides Torizon OS, a Debian-based easy-to-use platform, and Yocto BSPs for customized Linux images on SMARC modules.
• Seamless Integration with i.MX 8M Plus and i.MX 95 – Toradex SMARC solutions leverage NXP’s i.MX 8 M Plus and i.MX 95 SoCs, delivering power efficiency and AI-ready performance.
• Secure and Reliable – With Secure Boot, over-the-air (OTA) updates, and LTS kernel support, Toradex ensures industrial-grade security and longevity.
• Containerized Workflows for AI & IoT – Support for Docker, ROS, and real-time Linux enables scalable AI, ML, and IoT applications.
• Strong Ecosystem & Developer Support – Toradex offers comprehensive documentation, developer tools, and dedicated support, accelerating time-to-market.
With Toradex’s Linux support for SMARC, developers get a scalable, secure, and high-performance solution for industrial, medical, and AI-driven applications.
Do you have a specific project or application in mind where you're considering SMARC? We can help with Free Compatibility Check and help you with quick time-to-market
For more information: https://www.toradex.com/computer-on-modules/smarc-arm-family
AI and Data Privacy in 2025: Global Trends
AI and Data Privacy in 2025: Global TrendsInData Labs In this infographic, we explore how businesses can implement effective governance frameworks to address AI data privacy. Understanding it is crucial for developing effective strategies that ensure compliance, safeguard customer trust, and leverage AI responsibly. Equip yourself with insights that can drive informed decision-making and position your organization for success in the future of data privacy.
This infographic contains:
-AI and data privacy: Key findings
-Statistics on AI data privacy in the today’s world
-Tips on how to overcome data privacy challenges
-Benefits of AI data security investments.
Keep up-to-date on how AI is reshaping privacy standards and what this entails for both individuals and organizations.
Semantic Cultivators : The Critical Future Role to Enable AI
Semantic Cultivators : The Critical Future Role to Enable AIartmondano By 2026, AI agents will consume 10x more enterprise data than humans, but with none of the contextual understanding that prevents catastrophic misinterpretations.
Manifest Pre-Seed Update | A Humanoid OEM Deeptech In France
Manifest Pre-Seed Update | A Humanoid OEM Deeptech In Francechb3 The latest updates on Manifest's pre-seed stage progress.
Into The Box Conference Keynote Day 1 (ITB2025)
Into The Box Conference Keynote Day 1 (ITB2025)Ortus Solutions, Corp This is the keynote of the Into the Box conference, highlighting the release of the BoxLang JVM language, its key enhancements, and its vision for the future.
Cryptography summary
- 1. ETHICAL HACKING. CHPT 3: CRYPTOGRAPHY. SUMMARY. 1. Cryptography means protecting information from malicious users. 2. Cryptography is also known as cryptanalysis. 3. The technologies to which cryptography is applied are: Digital Certificates. RSA. MD5. E-Commerce. Public Key Infrastructure (PKI). Secure Hash Algorithm (SHA). Secure Socket Layer (SSL). Pretty Good Privacy (PGP). Secure Shell (SSH). 4. The main terms used in cryptography are: Plain Text. Cipher Text. Algorithms. Keys. 5. Symmetric Cryptography: In this, symmetric algorithm is used. Symmetric algorithm uses same key to encrypt and decrypt data. 6. Some of the common symmetric algorithms are: Blowfish. Two fish. Data Encryption Standard (DES). RC2, RC4, RC5 and RC6. International Data Encryption Algorithm (IDEA). Serpent. Advanced Encryption Standard (AES). 7. Asymmetric Cryptography: It is also known as public key cryptography. It uses pair of keys ie public keys and private keys. 8. A hash function is used in creating and verifying digital signature. 9. Hashing transform plain text into cipher text.
- 2. 10. Certified Authority (CA) is an entity that issues digital certificate. 11. It generates key pair, generates, publishes, revokes and validates certificate. 12. There is also Root CA, Trusted Root CA, Peer CA, Subordinate CA and Registration Authority. 13. Public Key Infrastructure (PKI) is set of roles to manage digital certificate. 14. Components of PKI are: Digital Certificates Public/Private key Encryption. Hashing. 15. There are hashing algorithms like MD5, MD4, MD6, MD2, SHA 0, SHA 1 and SHA 2. 16. Cryptography Issues: The type of attacks are: Data Encryption Standard (DES). Triple Data Encryption Standard. Brute Force attack. Cipher text only attack. Known plain text attack. Chosen plain text attack. Chosen cipher text attack. 17. Applications of Cryptography are: IPSec. Pretty Good Privacy (PGP). Secure Socket Layer (SSL).