CSA lecture-1
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Computer System Architecture (MCA-301) discusses the architecture of computer systems. It defines a digital computer as a machine that stores and processes data using discrete binary digits. The document then outlines the basic components of a computer system including the central processing unit, memory, and input/output devices. It distinguishes between computer organization, which is concerned with how the hardware components work together, and computer architecture, which involves the structures and interfaces that software uses. The main types of computer architecture discussed are the Von Neumann and Harvard architectures.
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CSA lecture-1
- 1. Computer System Architecture (MCA-301) Ravinder Kamboj Asst. Professor LCET, Katani Kalan 1
- 2. Digital computer What is Computer System? Computer Organization v/s Computer Architecture Computer Architecture Types of computer architecture ◦ Von Neumann Architecture ◦ Harvard Architecture 2
- 3. A computer that stores data in terms of digits (numbers) and proceeds in discrete steps from one state to the next. The states of a digital computer typically involve binary digits which may take the form of the presence or absence of magnetic markers in a storage medium, on-off switches. In digital computers, even letters, words and whole texts are represented digitally. 3
- 4. If you are not concerned with the internal mechanism of a digital computer, you can simply denote it as a black box. However, you still need to denote the tasks finished by a digital computer for distinguishing it from other types of black boxes. computational model of a digital computer is proposed. 4
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- 6. RAM Central Processing Unit (CPU) Input Input-Output Output Device Processor Device (IOP) Figure: 1.1.2 Block diagram of digital computer 6
- 7. A computer system is sometimes subdivided into functional entities: ◦ Hardware and Software Hardware of the computer consists of al the electronic components ( Physical entity of devices) Hardware is divided into three major parts (CPU, Memory and I/O devices) Computer software consists of the instruction and data that computer manipulates to perform various tasks. 7
- 8. Computer organization is Computer architecture is concerned with the structure and concerned with the way the behavior of the computer as hardware component seen by user. It includes the together to form the information, formats, the computer system. instruction set, and techniques of addressing memory. The various components The architectural design of a are assumed to be in same computer system is concerned with the specifications of various place and the task is to functional modules, such as investigate the processors and memories, and structuring them together into a organizational structure to computer system. verify that the computer parts operate as intended. Computer Organization Computer Architecture 8
- 9. Applications Operating System Instruction set Compiler Firmware architecture Instr. Set Proc. I/O system Datapath & Control Machine Digital Design organization Circuit Design Layout Many levels of abstraction 9
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- 11. It is named after the mathematician and early computer scientist John Von Neumann. The computer has single storage system(memory) for storing data as well as program to be executed. Processor needs two clock cycles to complete an instruction. Pipelining the instructions is not possible with this architecture. In the first clock cycle the processor gets the instruction from memory and decodes it. In the next clock cycle the required data is taken from memory. For each instruction this cycle repeats and hence needs two cycles to complete an instruction. 11
- 12. The name is originated from "Harvard Mark I" a relay based old computer. The computer has two separate memories for storing data and program. Processor can complete an instruction in one cycle if appropriate pipelining strategies are implemented. In the first stage of pipeline the instruction to be executed can be taken from program memory. In the second stage of pipeline data is taken from the data memory using the decoded instruction or address. Double memory bandwidth is required. 12