Data Dictionary in System Analysis and Design
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Sql in dbmsArafat Hossan SQL is a standard language used to store, manipulate, and retrieve data in databases. It was influenced by Codd's relational model and is now the most widely used database language. SQL can perform functions like executing queries, retrieving, inserting, updating, and deleting records from databases, and can also create and modify databases, tables, indexes, and views. Common SQL commands include SELECT, UPDATE, DELETE, INSERT INTO, and CREATE operations. The basic SQL syntax involves SELECT, UPDATE, DELETE, and INSERT statements using keywords, columns, tables, and conditions.
Relational algebra in DBMS
Relational algebra in DBMSArafat Hossan This is a slide on relational algebra. i have discussed some common operation of relational algebra. most impotently i have add all the sql of corresponding operation and also the syntax.
Divisible rules
Divisible rulesArafat Hossan Divisibility rules provide ways to quickly determine if a number is divisible by another number without performing long division. The document outlines divisibility rules for several numbers:
- A number is divisible by 2 if the last digit is even. It is divisible by 5 if the last digit is 0 or 5. It is divisible by 10 if the last digit is 0.
- For divisibility by 3, add the digits and check if the sum is divisible by 3. For 6, check if it meets the rules for both 2 and 3. For 9, check the digit sum.
- To check divisibility by 4, see if the last two digits are divisible by 4 without a remainder. For 8,
Processes in Operating System
Processes in Operating SystemArafat Hossan A process contains the program code, stack, data section, and heap. It is represented in the operating system by a process control block that stores information like the process state, number, program counter, registers, and open files. The operating system uses a scheduler to select processes from memory and choose among ready processes, switching between them through context switching that saves the current process control block and loads the next one.
All pair shortest path
All pair shortest pathArafat Hossan The document discusses the all pairs shortest path problem, which aims to find the shortest distance between every pair of vertices in a graph. It explains that the algorithm works by calculating the minimum cost to traverse between nodes using intermediate nodes, according to the equation A_k(i,j)=min{A_{k-1}(i,j), A_{k-1}(i,k), A_{k-1}(k,j)}. An example is provided to illustrate calculating the shortest path between nodes over multiple iterations of the algorithm.
Asymptotic notation
Asymptotic notationArafat Hossan This document discusses asymptotic notation, which is used to express the time and space complexity of algorithms. There are three main types of asymptotic notation: Big Oh (O) notation provides an upper bound for the growth rate of a function; Big Omega (Ω) notation provides a lower bound; and Big Theta (Θ) notation provides both an upper and lower bound, describing the exact growth rate of a function asymptotically. Asymptotic notation is used because the exact time and space requirements of an algorithm cannot be determined and can only be expressed as a function grows relative to the input size.
Merge sort
Merge sortArafat Hossan Merge sort is a sorting algorithm that uses a divide and conquer technique. It divides the array into equal halves, sorts each half using recursive calls, and then merges the sorted halves into one sorted array. The algorithm has a worst case time complexity of O(n log n), making it an efficient sorting method. It works by recursively splitting the array in half, merging the sorted halves back together, with the base case being arrays of one element which are trivially sorted.
Job sequencing with deadline
Job sequencing with deadlineArafat Hossan This document discusses the job sequencing problem, where the goal is to schedule jobs to be completed by their deadlines to maximize total profit. It provides an example problem with 4 jobs, their profits, deadlines, and the optimal solution of scheduling jobs J1 and J2 to earn a total profit of 140.
Multithreading in java
Multithreading in javaArafat Hossan Multithreading allows a program to split into multiple subprograms called threads that can run concurrently. Threads go through various states like new, runnable, running, blocked, and dead. There are two main ways to create threads: by extending the Thread class or implementing the Runnable interface. Threads can have different priorities that influence scheduling order. Multithreading allows performing multiple operations simultaneously to save time without blocking the user, and exceptions in one thread do not affect others.
Multithreading in java
Multithreading in javaArafat Hossan A thread is the smallest unit of processing in a program that allows for parallel execution. Multithreading allows a program to be divided into multiple threads that can run simultaneously, sharing system resources. The advantages of multithreading in Java include performing multiple operations concurrently without blocking the user, improving performance and responsiveness, and better utilizing CPU resources through parallel processing.
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- 2. Contents • Data Dictionary • Use of Data Dictionary • Elements of Data Dictionary • Data Dictionary Analysis • Importance of Data Dictionary Page 2 out of 8
- 3. Data Dictionary • Data dictionary is a structured repository of data about data (metadata) • It is a reference work of metadata. • It is one of the main method for analyzing the data flows and data stores of a system. Page 3 out of 8
- 4. Use of Data Dictionary Data dictionary is use to: • Simplify the structure for meeting the data requirements. • Create reports, screens, and forms. • Generate computer program source code. • Analyze the system design for completion and to detect design architecture. Page 4 out of 8
- 5. Elements of Data Dictionary Data Dictionary contains • Data flow- is a path of data from source document to data entry to process final reports. • Data structures-are a group of smaller structures and elements represented by algebraic notation. • Elements- such as, descriptive information, length and type of data information, validation criteria and default values. • Data stores-contain a minimal of all base elements as well as many derived elements Page 5 out of 8
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- 7. Importance of Data Dictionary • Documentation- it is a valuable reference in any organization. • It improves analyst/user communication by establishing consistent definitions of various elements, terms and procedures • It is important step in building a database and design whole system. Page 7 out of 8
- 8. Page 8 out of 8