Data Mining: Concepts and Techniques (3rd ed.) — Chapter 5
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Data Cube Computation: Preliminary Concepts Data Cube Computation Methods Processing Advanced Queries by Exploring Data Cube Technology Multidimensional Data Analysis in Cube Space Summary by Jiawei Han, Micheline Kamber, and Jian Pei University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign & Simon Fraser University ©2013 Han, Kamber & Pei. All rights reserved.
![Ranking Cubes – Efficient Computation of
81
Ranking queries
Data cube helps not only OLAP but also ranked search
(top-k) ranking query: only returns the best k results
according to a user-specified preference, consisting of (1)
a selection condition and (2) a ranking function
Ex.: Search for apartments with expected price 1000 and
expected square feet 800
Select top 1 from Apartment
where City = “LA” and Num_Bedroom = 2
order by [price – 1000]^2 + [sq feet - 800]^2 asc
Efficiency question: Can we only search what we need?
Build a ranking cube on both selection dimensions and
ranking dimensions](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/05cubetech-140913211846-phpapp02/85/Data-Mining-Concepts-and-Techniques-3rd-ed-Chapter-5-81-320.jpg)
![84
Search with Ranking-Cube:
Simultaneously Push Selection and
Ranking
Select top 1 from Apartment
where city = “LA”
order by [price – 1000]^2 + [sq feet - 800]^2 asc
800
1000
Without ranking-cube: start
search from here
Given the bin boundaries,
locate the block with top score
With ranking-cube:
start search from here
11
15
Measure for
LA: {11, 15}
{11: t6,t7;
15:t5}
Bin boundary for price [500, 600, 800, 1100,1350]
Bin boundary for sq feet [200, 400, 600, 800, 1120]](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/05cubetech-140913211846-phpapp02/85/Data-Mining-Concepts-and-Techniques-3rd-ed-Chapter-5-84-320.jpg)
![85
Processing Ranking Query: Execution
Trace
Select top 1 from Apartment
where city = “LA”
order by [price – 1000]^2 + [sq feet - 800]^2 asc
800
11
1000
With ranking-cube:
start search
from here
15
Measure for
LA: {11, 15}
{11: t6,t7;
15:t5}
f=[price-1000]^2 + [sq feet – 800]^2
Bin boundary for price [500, 600, 800, 1100,1350]
Bin boundary for sq feet [200, 400, 600, 800, 1120]
Execution Trace:
1. Retrieve High-level measure for LA {11, 15}
2. Estimate lower bound score for block 11, 15
f(block 11) = 40,000, f(block 15) = 160,000
3. Retrieve block 11
4. Retrieve low-level measure for block 11
5. f(t6) = 130,000, f(t7) = 97,600
Output t7, done!](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/05cubetech-140913211846-phpapp02/85/Data-Mining-Concepts-and-Techniques-3rd-ed-Chapter-5-85-320.jpg)
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Data Mining: Concepts and Techniques (3rd ed.) — Chapter 5
- 1. 1 Data Mining: Concepts and Techniques (3rd ed.) — Chapter 5 — Jiawei Han, Micheline Kamber, and Jian Pei University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign & Simon Fraser University ©2013 Han, Kamber & Pei. All rights reserved.
- 2. 09/14/14 Data Mining: Concepts and Techniques 2
- 3. 3 Chapter 5: Data Cube Technology Data Cube Computation: Preliminary Concepts Data Cube Computation Methods Processing Advanced Queries by Exploring Data Cube Technology Multidimensional Data Analysis in Cube Space Summary
- 4. 4 Data Cube: A Lattice of Cuboids time,item time item location supplier time,location time,item,location all item,location time,supplier item,supplier time,location,supplier time, item, location, supplierc location,supplier time,item,supplier item,location,supplier 0-D(apex) cuboid 1-D cuboids 2-D cuboids 3-D cuboids 4-D(base) cuboid
- 5. 5 Data Cube: A Lattice of Cuboids all time item location supplier item,location time,location,supplier Base vs. aggregate cells; ancestor vs. descendant cells; parent vs. child cells 1. (9/15, milk, Urbana, Dairy_land) 2. (9/15, milk, Urbana, *) 3. (*, milk, Urbana, *) 4. (*, milk, Urbana, *) 5. (*, milk, Chicago, *) 6. (*, milk, *, *) time,item time,item,location time, item, location, supplier time,location time,supplier item,supplier location,supplier time,item,supplier item,location,supplier 0-D(apex) cuboid 1-D cuboids 2-D cuboids 3-D cuboids 4-D(base) cuboid
- 6. 6 Cube Materialization: Full Cube vs. Iceberg Cube Full cube vs. iceberg cube compute cube sales iceberg as select month, city, customer group, count(*) from salesInfo cube by month, city, customer group having count(*) >= min support iceberg condition Computing only the cuboid cells whose measure satisfies the iceberg condition Only a small portion of cells may be “above the water’’ in a sparse cube Avoid explosive growth: A cube with 100 dimensions 2 base cells: (a1, a2, …., a100), (b1, b2, …, b100) How many aggregate cells if “having count >= 1”? What about “having count >= 2”?
- 7. 7 Iceberg Cube, Closed Cube & Cube Shell Is iceberg cube good enough? 2 base cells: {(a1, a2, a3 . . . , a100):10, (a1, a2, b3, . . . , b100):10} How many cells will the iceberg cube have if having count(*) >= 10? Hint: A huge but tricky number! Close cube: Closed cell c: if there exists no cell d, s.t. d is a descendant of c, and d has the same measure value as c. Closed cube: a cube consisting of only closed cells What is the closed cube of the above base cuboid? Hint: only 3 cells Cube Shell Precompute only the cuboids involving a small # of dimensions, e.g., 3 For (A, A, … A), how many combinations to compute? 1210 More dimension combinations will need to be computed on the fly
- 8. 8 Roadmap for Efficient Computation General cube computation heuristics (Agarwal et al.’96) Computing full/iceberg cubes: 3 methodologies Bottom-Up: Multi-Way array aggregation (Zhao, Deshpande & Naughton, SIGMOD’97) Top-down: BUC (Beyer & Ramarkrishnan, SIGMOD’99) H-cubing technique (Han, Pei, Dong & Wang: SIGMOD’01) Integrating Top-Down and Bottom-Up: Star-cubing algorithm (Xin, Han, Li & Wah: VLDB’03) High-dimensional OLAP: A Minimal Cubing Approach (Li, et al. VLDB’04) Computing alternative kinds of cubes: Partial cube, closed cube, approximate cube, etc.
- 9. 9 General Heuristics (Agarwal et al. VLDB’96) Sorting, hashing, and grouping operations are applied to the dimension attributes in order to reorder and cluster related tuples Aggregates may be computed from previously computed aggregates, rather than from the base fact table Smallest-child: computing a cuboid from the smallest, previously computed cuboid Cache-results: caching results of a cuboid from which other cuboids are computed to reduce disk I/Os Amortize-scans: computing as many as possible cuboids at the same time to amortize disk reads Share-sorts: sharing sorting costs cross multiple cuboids when sort-based method is used Share-partitions: sharing the partitioning cost across multiple cuboids when hash-based algorithms are used
- 10. 1100 Chapter 5: Data Cube Technology Data Cube Computation: Preliminary Concepts Data Cube Computation Methods Multi-Way Array Aggregation BUC High-Dimensional OLAP Processing Advanced Queries by Exploring Data Cube Technology Multidimensional Data Analysis in Cube Space Summary
- 11. 1111 MMuullttii--WWaayy AArrrraayy AAggggrreeggaattiioonn Array-based “bottom-up” algorithm Using multi-dimensional chunks No direct tuple comparisons Simultaneous aggregation on multiple dimensions Intermediate aggregate values are re-used for computing ancestor cuboids Cannot do Apriori pruning: No iceberg optimization
- 12. 1122 Multi-way Array Aggregation for Cube Computation (MOLAP) Partition arrays into chunks (a small subcube which fits in memory). Compressed sparse array addressing: (chunk_id, offset) Compute aggregates in “multiway” by visiting cube cells in the order which minimizes the # of times to visit each cell, and reduces memory access and storage cost. What is the best traversing order to do multi-way aggregation? c3 c2 61 62 63 64 45 46 47 48 c 0c1 b3 b2 b1 b0 13 14 15 16 A B 29 30 31 32 9 5 1 2 3 4 a0 a1 a2 a3 C B 60 44 28 56 24 4036 52 20
- 13. 13 Multi-way Array Aggregation for Cube Computation (3-D to 2-D) a l l A B A B C A C B C A B C The best order is the one that minimizes the memory requirement and reduced I/Os
- 14. 14 Multi-way Array Aggregation for Cube Computation (2-D to 1-D)
- 15. 1155 Multi-Way Array Aggregation for Cube Computation (Method Summary) Method: the planes should be sorted and computed according to their size in ascending order Idea: keep the smallest plane in the main memory, fetch and compute only one chunk at a time for the largest plane Limitation of the method: computing well only for a small number of dimensions If there are a large number of dimensions, “top-down” computation and iceberg cube computation methods can be explored
- 16. 1166 Bottom-Up Computation (BUC) BUC (Beyer & Ramakrishnan, SIGMOD’99) Bottom-up cube computation (Note: top-down in our view!) Divides dimensions into partitions and facilitates iceberg pruning If a partition does not satisfy min_sup, its descendants can be pruned If minsup = 1 Þ compute full CUBE! No simultaneous aggregation a l l A B C A C B C D A D B D C D A B C A B D A C D B C D A B C D A B 1 a l l 2 A 1 0 B 1 4 C 7 A C 1 1 B C 1 6 D 9 A D 1 3 B D 1 5 C D 4 A B C 6 A B D 8 A C D 1 2 B C D 5 A B C D 3 A B
- 17. 1177 BUC: Partitioning Usually, entire data set can’t fit in main memory Sort distinct values partition into blocks that fit Continue processing Optimizations Partitioning External Sorting, Hashing, Counting Sort Ordering dimensions to encourage pruning Cardinality, Skew, Correlation Collapsing duplicates Can’t do holistic aggregates anymore!
- 18. 1188 High-Dimensional OLAP? — The Curse of Dimensionality None of the previous cubing method can handle high dimensionality! A database of 600k tuples. Each dimension has cardinality of 100 and zipf of 2.
- 19. 1199 Motivation of High-D OLAP X. Li, J. Han, and H. Gonzalez, High-Dimensional OLAP: A Minimal Cubing Approach, VLDB'04 Challenge to current cubing methods: The “curse of dimensionality’’ problem Iceberg cube and compressed cubes: only delay the inevitable explosion Full materialization: still significant overhead in accessing results on disk High-D OLAP is needed in applications Science and engineering analysis Bio-data analysis: thousands of genes Statistical surveys: hundreds of variables
- 20. 2200 Fast High-D OLAP with Minimal Cubing Observation: OLAP occurs only on a small subset of dimensions at a time Semi-Online Computational Model 1. Partition the set of dimensions into shell fragments 2. Compute data cubes for each shell fragment while retaining inverted indices or value-list indices 3. Given the pre-computed fragment cubes, dynamically compute cube cells of the high-dimensional data cube online
- 21. 2211 Properties of Proposed Method Partitions the data vertically Reduces high-dimensional cube into a set of lower dimensional cubes Online re-construction of original high-dimensional space Lossless reduction Offers tradeoffs between the amount of pre-processing and the speed of online computation
- 22. 2222 Example: Computing a 5-D Cube with Two Shell Fragments Let the cube aggregation function be count tid A B C D E 1 a1 b1 c1 d1 e1 2 a1 b2 c1 d2 e1 3 a1 b2 c1 d1 e2 4 a2 b1 c1 d1 e2 5 a2 b1 c1 d1 e3 Divide the 5-D table into 2 shell fragments: (A, B, C) and (D, E) Build traditional invert index or RID list Attribute Value TID List List Size a1 1 2 3 3 a2 4 5 2 b1 1 4 5 3 b2 2 3 2 c1 1 2 3 4 5 5 d1 1 3 4 5 4 d2 2 1 e1 1 2 2 e2 3 4 2 e3 5 1
- 23. 2233 Shell Fragment Cubes: Ideas Generalize the 1-D inverted indices to multi-dimensional ones in the data cube sense Compute all cuboids for data cubes ABC and DE while retaining the inverted indices For example, shell fragment cube ABC contains 7 cuboids: A, B, C AB, AC, BC ABC This completes the offline computation stage Cell Intersection TID List List Size Ç a1 b1 1 2 3 1 4 5 1 1 a1 b2 1 2 3 2 3 2 3 2 a2 b1 4 5 1 4 5 4 5 2 a2 b2 4 5 2 3 0 Ç Ç Ç Ä
- 24. 2244 Shell Fragment Cubes: Size and Design Given a database of T tuples, D dimensions, and F shell fragment size, the fragment cubes’ space requirement is: For F < 5, the growth is sub-linear é êê æ è OT ö ø ù ú ú (2F-1) D F ç Shell fragments do not have to be disjoint Fragment groupings can be arbitrary to allow for maximum online performance Known common combinations (e.g.,<city, state>) should be grouped together. ÷ Shell fragment sizes can be adjusted for optimal balance between offline and online computation
- 25. 2255 ID_Measure Table If measures other than count are present, store in ID_measure table separate from the shell fragments tid count sum 1 5 70 2 3 10 3 8 20 4 5 40 5 2 30
- 26. 2266 The Frag-Shells Algorithm 1. Partition set of dimension (A1,…,An) into a set of k fragments (P1, …,Pk). 2. Scan base table once and do the following 3. insert <tid, measure> into ID_measure table. 4. for each attribute value ai of each dimension Ai 5. build inverted index entry <ai, tidlist> 6. For each fragment partition Pi 7. build local fragment cube Si by intersecting tid-lists in bottom-up fashion.
- 27. 2277 Frag-Shells A B C D E F … ABC Cube DEF Cube D Cuboid EF Cuboid DE Cuboid Cell Tuple-ID List d1 e1 {1, 3, 8, 9} d1 e2 {2, 4, 6, 7} d2 e1 {5, 10} … … Dimensions
- 28. 2288 Online Query Computation: Query A query has the general form Each ai has 3 possible values 1. Instantiated value 2. Aggregate * function ,a2 3. Inquire ? function For example, returns a 2-D data cube. a1 ,K,an :M 3??*1:count
- 29. 2299 Online Query Computation: Method Given the fragment cubes, process a query as follows 1. Divide the query into fragment, same as the shell 2. Fetch the corresponding TID list for each fragment from the fragment cube 3. Intersect the TID lists from each fragment to construct instantiated base table 4. Compute the data cube using the base table with any cubing algorithm
- 30. 3300 Online Query Computation: Sketch A B C D E F G H I J K L M N … Online Cube Instantiated Base Table
- 31. 3311 Experiment: Size vs. Dimensionality (50 and 100 cardinality) (50-C): 106 tuples, 0 skew, 50 cardinality, fragment size 3. (100-C): 106 tuples, 2 skew, 100 cardinality, fragment size 2.
- 32. 3322 Experiments on Real World Data UCI Forest CoverType data set 54 dimensions, 581K tuples Shell fragments of size 2 took 33 seconds and 325MB to compute 3-D subquery with 1 instantiate D: 85ms~1.4 sec. Longitudinal Study of Vocational Rehab. Data 24 dimensions, 8818 tuples Shell fragments of size 3 took 0.9 seconds and 60MB to compute 5-D query with 0 instantiated D: 227ms~2.6 sec.
- 33. 3333 Chapter 5: Data Cube Technology Data Cube Computation: Preliminary Concepts Data Cube Computation Methods Processing Advanced Queries by Exploring Data Cube Technology Sampling Cube: X. Li, J. Han, Z. Yin, J.-G. Lee, Y. Sun, “Sampling Cube: A Framework for Statistical OLAP over Sampling Data”, SIGMOD’08 Multidimensional Data Analysis in Cube Space Summary
- 34. 3344 Statistical Surveys and OLAP Statistical survey: A popular tool to collect information about a population based on a sample Ex.: TV ratings, US Census, election polls A common tool in politics, health, market research, science, and many more An efficient way of collecting information (Data collection is expensive) Many statistical tools available, to determine validity Confidence intervals Hypothesis tests OLAP (multidimensional analysis) on survey data highly desirable but can it be done well?
- 35. 3355 Surveys: Sample vs. Whole Population Data is only a sample of population AgeEducation High-school College Graduate 18 19 20 …
- 36. 3366 Problems for Drilling in Sampling Cube OLAP on Survey (i.e., Sampling) Data Semantics of query is unchanged, but input data is changed Age/Education High-school College Graduate 18 19 20 … Data is only a sample of population but samples could be small when drilling to certain multidimensional space
- 37. 3377 Challenges for OLAP on Sampling Data Q: What is the average income of 19-year-old high-school students? A: Returns not only query result but also confidence interval Computing confidence intervals in OLAP context No data? Not exactly. No data in subspaces in cube Sparse data Causes include sampling bias and query selection bias Curse of dimensionality Survey data can be high dimensional Over 600 dimensions in real world example Impossible to fully materialize
- 38. 3388 Confidence Interval Confidence interval at : x is a sample of data set; is the mean of sample tc is the critical t-value, calculated by a look-up is the estimated standard error of the mean Example: $50,000 ± $3,000 with 95% confidence Treat points in cube cell as samples Compute confidence interval as traditional sample set Return answer in the form of confidence interval Indicates quality of query answer User selects desired confidence interval
- 39. 3399 Efficient Computing Confidence Interval Measures Efficient computation in all cells in data cube Both mean and confidence interval are algebraic Why confidence interval measure is algebraic? is algebraic where both s and l (count) are algebraic Thus one can calculate cells efficiently at more general cuboids without having to start at the base cuboid each time
- 40. Boosting Confidence by Query Expansion 4400 From the example: The queried cell “19-year-old college students” contains only 2 samples Confidence interval is large (i.e., low confidence). why? Small sample size High standard deviation with samples Small sample sizes can occur at relatively low dimensional selections Collect more data?― expensive! Use data in other cells? Maybe, but have to be careful
- 41. Query Expansion: Intra-Cuboid Expansion 4411 Intra-Cuboid Expansion Combine other cells’ data into own to “boost” confidence If share semantic and cube similarity Use only if necessary Bigger sample size will decrease confidence interval Cell segment similarity Some dimensions are clear: Age Some are fuzzy: Occupation May need domain knowledge Cell value similarity How to determine if two cells’ samples come from the same population? Two-sample t-test (confidence-based)
- 42. 4422 Intra-Cuboid Expansion What is the average income of 19-year-old college students? Age/Education High-school College Graduate 18 19 20 … Expand query to include 18 and 20 year olds? Vs. expand query to include high-school and graduate students?
- 43. Query Expansion: Inter-Cuboid Expansion 4433 If a query dimension is Not correlated with cube value But is causing small sample size by drilling down too much Remove dimension (i.e., generalize to *) and move to a more general cuboid Can use two-sample t-test to determine similarity between two cells across cuboids Can also use a different method to be shown later
- 44. 4444 Chapter 5: Data Cube Technology Data Cube Computation: Preliminary Concepts Data Cube Computation Methods Processing Advanced Queries by Exploring Data Cube Technology Multidimensional Data Analysis in Cube Space Summary
- 45. 45 Data Mining in Cube Space Data cube greatly increases the analysis bandwidth Four ways to interact OLAP-styled analysis and data mining Using cube space to define data space for mining Using OLAP queries to generate features and targets for mining, e.g., multi-feature cube Using data-mining models as building blocks in a multi-step mining process, e.g., prediction cube Using data-cube computation techniques to speed up repeated model construction Cube-space data mining may require building a model for each candidate data space Sharing computation across model-construction for different candidates may lead to efficient mining
- 46. 4466 Complex Aggregation at Multiple Granularities: Multi-Feature Cubes Multi-feature cubes (Ross, et al. 1998): Compute complex queries involving multiple dependent aggregates at multiple granularities Ex. Grouping by all subsets of {item, region, month}, find the maximum price in 2010 for each group, and the total sales among all maximum price tuples select item, region, month, max(price), sum(R.sales) from purchases where year = 2010 cube by item, region, month: R such that R.price = max(price) Continuing the last example, among the max price tuples, find the min and max shelf live, and find the fraction of the total sales due to tuple that have min shelf life within the set of all max price tuples
- 47. 4477 Discovery-Driven Exploration of Data Cubes Hypothesis-driven exploration by user, huge search space Discovery-driven (Sarawagi, et al.’98) Effective navigation of large OLAP data cubes pre-compute measures indicating exceptions, guide user in the data analysis, at all levels of aggregation Exception: significantly different from the value anticipated, based on a statistical model Visual cues such as background color are used to reflect the degree of exception of each cell
- 48. 4488 Kinds of Exceptions and their Computation Parameters SelfExp: surprise of cell relative to other cells at same level of aggregation InExp: surprise beneath the cell PathExp: surprise beneath cell for each drill-down path Computation of exception indicator (modeling fitting and computing SelfExp, InExp, and PathExp values) can be overlapped with cube construction Exception themselves can be stored, indexed and retrieved like precomputed aggregates
- 49. 4499 Examples: Discovery-Driven Data Cubes
- 50. 5500 Chapter 5: Data Cube Technology Data Cube Computation: Preliminary Concepts Data Cube Computation Methods Processing Advanced Queries by Exploring Data Cube Technology Multidimensional Data Analysis in Cube Space Summary
- 51. 5511 Data Cube Technology: Summary Data Cube Computation: Preliminary Concepts Data Cube Computation Methods MultiWay Array Aggregation BUC High-Dimensional OLAP with Shell-Fragments Processing Advanced Queries by Exploring Data Cube Technology Sampling Cubes Ranking Cubes Multidimensional Data Analysis in Cube Space Discovery-Driven Exploration of Data Cubes Multi-feature Cubes Prediction Cubes
- 52. 5522 Ref.(I) Data Cube Computation Methods S. Agarwal, R. Agrawal, P. M. Deshpande, A. Gupta, J. F. Naughton, R. Ramakrishnan, and S. Sarawagi. On the computation of multidimensional aggregates. VLDB’96 D. Agrawal, A. E. Abbadi, A. Singh, and T. Yurek. Efficient view maintenance in data warehouses. SIGMOD’97 K. Beyer and R. Ramakrishnan. Bottom-Up Computation of Sparse and Iceberg CUBEs.. SIGMOD’99 M. Fang, N. Shivakumar, H. Garcia-Molina, R. Motwani, and J. D. Ullman. Computing iceberg queries efficiently. VLDB’98 J. Gray, S. Chaudhuri, A. Bosworth, A. Layman, D. Reichart, M. Venkatrao, F. Pellow, and H. Pirahesh. Data cube: A relational aggregation operator generalizing group-by, cross-tab and sub-totals. Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery, 1:29–54, 1997. J. Han, J. Pei, G. Dong, K. Wang. Efficient Computation of Iceberg Cubes With Complex Measures. SIGMOD’01 L. V. S. Lakshmanan, J. Pei, and J. Han, Quotient Cube: How to Summarize the Semantics of a Data Cube, VLDB'02 X. Li, J. Han, and H. Gonzalez, High-Dimensional OLAP: A Minimal Cubing Approach, VLDB'04 Y. Zhao, P. M. Deshpande, and J. F. Naughton. An array-based algorithm for simultaneous multidimensional aggregates. SIGMOD’97 K. Ross and D. Srivastava. Fast computation of sparse datacubes. VLDB’97 D. Xin, J. Han, X. Li, B. W. Wah, Star-Cubing: Computing Iceberg Cubes by Top-Down and Bottom- Up Integration, VLDB'03 D. Xin, J. Han, Z. Shao, H. Liu, C-Cubing: Efficient Computation of Closed Cubes by Aggregation- Based Checking, ICDE'06
- 53. Ref. (II) Advanced Applications with Data 5533 Cubes D. Burdick, P. Deshpande, T. S. Jayram, R. Ramakrishnan, and S. Vaithyanathan. OLAP over uncertain and imprecise data. VLDB’05 X. Li, J. Han, Z. Yin, J.-G. Lee, Y. Sun, “Sampling Cube: A Framework for Statistical OLAP over Sampling Data”, SIGMOD’08 C. X. Lin, B. Ding, J. Han, F. Zhu, and B. Zhao. Text Cube: Computing IR measures for multidimensional text database analysis. ICDM’08 D. Papadias, P. Kalnis, J. Zhang, and Y. Tao. Efficient OLAP operations in spatial data warehouses. SSTD’01 N. Stefanovic, J. Han, and K. Koperski. Object-based selective materialization for efficient implementation of spatial data cubes. IEEE Trans. Knowledge and Data Engineering, 12:938–958, 2000. T. Wu, D. Xin, Q. Mei, and J. Han. Promotion analysis in multidimensional space. VLDB’09 T. Wu, D. Xin, and J. Han. ARCube: Supporting ranking aggregate queries in partially materialized data cubes. SIGMOD’08 D. Xin, J. Han, H. Cheng, and X. Li. Answering top-k queries with multi-dimensional selections: The ranking cube approach. VLDB’06 J. S. Vitter, M. Wang, and B. R. Iyer. Data cube approximation and histograms via wavelets. CIKM’98 D. Zhang, C. Zhai, and J. Han. Topic cube: Topic modeling for OLAP on multi-dimensional text databases. SDM’09
- 54. Ref. (III) Knowledge Discovery with Data Cubes 54 R. Agrawal, A. Gupta, and S. Sarawagi. Modeling multidimensional databases. ICDE’97 B.-C. Chen, L. Chen, Y. Lin, and R. Ramakrishnan. Prediction cubes. VLDB’05 B.-C. Chen, R. Ramakrishnan, J.W. Shavlik, and P. Tamma. Bellwether analysis: Predicting global aggregates from local regions. VLDB’06 Y. Chen, G. Dong, J. Han, B. W. Wah, and J. Wang, Multi-Dimensional Regression Analysis of Time-Series Data Streams, VLDB'02 G. Dong, J. Han, J. Lam, J. Pei, K. Wang. Mining Multi-dimensional Constrained Gradients in Data Cubes. VLDB’ 01 R. Fagin, R. V. Guha, R. Kumar, J. Novak, D. Sivakumar, and A. Tomkins. Multi-structural databases. PODS’05 J. Han. Towards on-line analytical mining in large databases. SIGMOD Record, 27:97– 107, 1998 T. Imielinski, L. Khachiyan, and A. Abdulghani. Cubegrades: Generalizing association rules. Data Mining & Knowledge Discovery, 6:219–258, 2002. R. Ramakrishnan and B.-C. Chen. Exploratory mining in cube space. Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery, 15:29–54, 2007. K. A. Ross, D. Srivastava, and D. Chatziantoniou. Complex aggregation at multiple granularities. EDBT'98 S. Sarawagi, R. Agrawal, and N. Megiddo. Discovery-driven exploration of OLAP data cubes. EDBT'98 G. Sathe and S. Sarawagi. Intelligent Rollups in Multidimensional OLAP Data. VLDB'01
- 55. 55
- 56. Unused Slides for this Class
- 57. 5577 Chapter 5: Data Cube Technology Efficient Methods for Data Cube Computation Preliminary Concepts and General Strategies for Cube Computation Multiway Array Aggregation for Full Cube Computation BUC: Computing Iceberg Cubes from the Apex Cuboid Downward Precomputing Shell Fragments for Fast High-Dimensional OLAP Data Cubes for Advanced Applications Sampling Cubes: OLAP on Sampling Data Ranking Cubes: Efficient Computation of Ranking Queries Knowledge Discovery with Data Cubes Discovery-Driven Exploration of Data Cubes Complex Aggregation at Multiple Granularity: Multi-feature Cubes Prediction Cubes: Data Mining in Multi-Dimensional Cube Space Summary
- 58. 5588 HH--CCuubbiinngg:: UUssiinngg HH--TTrreeee SSttrruuccttuurree Bottom-up computation Exploring an H-tree structure If the current computation of an H-tree cannot pass min_sup, do not proceed further (pruning) No simultaneous aggregation a l l A B C A C B C A D B D C D A B C A B D A C D B C D D A B C D A B
- 59. 5599 H-tree: A Prefix Hyper-tree Month City Cust_grp Prod Cost Price Jan Tor Edu Printer 500 485 Jan Tor Hhd TV 800 1200 Jan Tor Edu Camera 1160 1280 Feb Mon Bus Laptop 1500 2500 Mar Van Edu HD 540 520 … … … … … … root edu hhd bus Jan Mar Jan Feb Tor Van Tor Mon Quant-Info Q.I. Q.I. Q.I. Sum: 1765 Cnt: 2 bins Attr. Val. Quant-Info Side-link Edu Sum:2285 … Hhd … Bus … … … Jan … Feb … … … Tor … Van … Mon … … … Header table
- 60. 6600 Computing Cells Involving “City” root Edu. Hhd. Bus. Jan. Mar. Jan. Feb. Tor. Van. Tor. Mon. Quant-Info Q.I. Q.I. Q.I. Sum: 1765 Cnt: 2 bins Attr. Val. Attr. Val. Quant-Info Side-link Edu Sum:2285 … Hhd … Bus … … … Jan … Feb … … … TToorr …… Van … Mon … … … Q.I. Side-link Edu … Hhd … Bus … … … Jan … Feb … … … Header Table HTor From (*, *, Tor) to (*, Jan, Tor)
- 61. 6611 Computing Cells Involving Month But No City root Edu. Hhd. Bus. Jan. Mar. Jan. Feb. Q.I. Q.I. Q.I. 1. Roll up quant-info 2. Compute cells involving month but no city Tor. Van. Tor. Mont. Attr. Val. Quant-Info Side-link Edu. Sum:2285 … Hhd. … Bus. … … … Jan. … Feb. … Mar. … … … Tor. … Van. … Mont. … … … Q.I. Top-k OK mark: if Q.I. in a child passes top-k avg threshold, so does its parents. No binning is needed!
- 62. 6622 Computing Cells Involving Only Cust_grp root edu hhd bus Jan Mar Jan Feb Q.I. Q.I. Q.I. Check header table directly Tor Van Tor Mon Attr. Val. Quant-Info Side-link Edu Sum:2285 … Hhd … Bus … … … Jan … Feb … Mar … … … Tor … Van … Mon … … … Q.I.
- 63. 6633 Data Cube Computation Methods Multi-Way Array Aggregation BUC Star-Cubing High-Dimensional OLAP
- 64. A D / A B D / B C D 6644 SSttaarr--CCuubbiinngg:: AAnn IInntteeggrraattiinngg MMeetthhoodd D. Xin, J. Han, X. Li, B. W. Wah, Star-Cubing: Computing Iceberg Cubes by Top-Down and Bottom-Up Integration, VLDB'03 Explore shared dimensions E.g., dimension A is the shared dimension of ACD and AD ABD/AB means cuboid ABD has shared dimensions AB Allows for shared computations e.g., cuboid AB is computed simultaneously as ABD C / C A C / A C B C / B C A B C / A B C A B D / A B A C D / A B C D D A B C D / a l l Aggregate in a top-down manner but with the bottom-up sub-layer underneath which will allow Apriori pruning Shared dimensions grow in bottom-up fashion
- 65. 6655 IIcceebbeerrgg PPrruunniinngg iinn SShhaarreedd DDiimmeennssiioonnss Anti-monotonic property of shared dimensions If the measure is anti-monotonic, and if the aggregate value on a shared dimension does not satisfy the iceberg condition, then all the cells extended from this shared dimension cannot satisfy the condition either Intuition: if we can compute the shared dimensions before the actual cuboid, we can use them to do Apriori pruning Problem: how to prune while still aggregate simultaneously on multiple dimensions?
- 66. 6666 CCeellll TTrreeeess Use a tree structure similar to H-tree to represent cuboids Collapses common prefixes to save memory Keep count at node Traverse the tree to retrieve a particular tuple
- 67. 6677 SSttaarr AAttttrriibbuutteess aanndd SSttaarr NNooddeess Intuition: If a single-dimensional aggregate on an attribute value p does not satisfy the iceberg condition, it is useless to distinguish them during the iceberg computation E.g., b2, b3, b4, c1, c2, c4, d1, d2, d3 Solution: Replace such attributes by a *. Such attributes are star attributes, and the corresponding nodes in the cell tree are star nodes A B C D Count a1 b1 c1 d1 1 a1 b1 c4 d3 1 a1 b2 c2 d2 1 a2 b3 c3 d4 1 a2 b4 c3 d4 1
- 68. 6688 EExxaammppllee:: SSttaarr RReedduuccttiioonn Suppose minsup = 2 Perform one-dimensional aggregation. Replace attribute values whose count < 2 with *. And collapse all *’s together Resulting table has all such attributes replaced with the star-attribute With regards to the iceberg computation, this new table is a lossless compression of the original table A B C D Count a1 b1 * * 1 a1 b1 * * 1 a1 * * * 1 a2 * c3 d4 1 a2 * c3 d4 1 A B C D Count a1 b1 * * 2 a1 * * * 1 a2 * c3 d4 2
- 69. 6699 SSttaarr TTrreeee Given the new compressed table, it is possible to construct the corresponding cell tree—called star tree Keep a star table at the side for easy lookup of star attributes The star tree is a lossless compression of the original cell tree A B C D Count a1 b1 * * 2 a1 * * * 1 a2 * c3 d4 2
- 70. 7700 Star-Cubing Algorithm—DFS on Lattice Tree a l l A B / B C / C A C / A C B C / B C D / D A D / A B D / B C D A B C / A B C A B D / A B A C D / A B C D A B C D / A A B / A B B C D : 5 1 b * : 3 3 b 1 : 2 6 c * : 1 4 c 3 : 2 1 1 c * : 2 7 d * : 1 5 d 4 : 2 1 2 d * : 2 8 r o o t : 5 a 1 : 3 a 2 : 2 b * : 1 b 1 : 2 b * : 2 c * : 1 d * : 1 c * : 2 d * : 2 c 3 : 2 d 4 : 2
- 71. 7711 MMuullttii--WWaayy AAggggrreeggaattiioonn B C D A C D / A A B D / A B A B C / A B C A B C D
- 72. 7722 Star-Cubing Algorithm—DFS on Star- Tree
- 73. 7733 MMuullttii--WWaayy SSttaarr--TTrreeee AAggggrreeggaattiioonn Start depth-first search at the root of the base star tree At each new node in the DFS, create corresponding star tree that are descendents of the current tree according to the integrated traversal ordering E.g., in the base tree, when DFS reaches a1, the ACD/A tree is created When DFS reaches b*, the ABD/AD tree is created The counts in the base tree are carried over to the new trees
- 74. 7744 MMuullttii--WWaayy AAggggrreeggaattiioonn ((22)) When DFS reaches a leaf node (e.g., d*), start backtracking On every backtracking branch, the count in the corresponding trees are output, the tree is destroyed, and the node in the base tree is destroyed Example When traversing from d* back to c*, the a1b*c*/a1b*c* tree is output and destroyed When traversing from c* back to b*, the a1b*D/a1b* tree is output and destroyed When at b*, jump to b1 and repeat similar process
- 75. 7755 Multidimensional Data Analysis in Cube Space Prediction Cubes: Data Mining in Multi- Dimensional Cube Space Multi-Feature Cubes: Complex Aggregation at Multiple Granularities Discovery-Driven Exploration of Data Cubes
- 76. 76 Prediction Cubes Prediction cube: A cube structure that stores prediction models in multidimensional data space and supports prediction in OLAP manner Prediction models are used as building blocks to define the interestingness of subsets of data, i.e., to answer which subsets of data indicate better prediction
- 77. 77 How to Determine the Prediction Power of an Attribute? Ex. A customer table D: Two dimensions Z: Time (Month, Year ) and Location (State, Country) Two features X: Gender and Salary One class-label attribute Y: Valued Customer Q: “Are there times and locations in which the value of a customer depended greatly on the customers gender (i.e., Gender: predictiveness attribute V)?” Idea: Compute the difference between the model built on that using X to predict Y and that built on using X – V to predict Y If the difference is large, V must play an important role at predicting Y
- 78. Efficient Computation of Prediction Cubes 78 Naïve method: Fully materialize the prediction cube, i.e., exhaustively build models and evaluate them for each cell and for each granularity Better approach: Explore score function decomposition that reduces prediction cube computation to data cube computation
- 79. 7799 Chapter 5: Data Cube Technology Data Cube Computation: Preliminary Concepts Data Cube Computation Methods Processing Advanced Queries by Exploring Data Cube Technology Sampling Cube Ranking Cube Multidimensional Data Analysis in Cube Space Summary
- 80. 8800 Processing Advanced Queries by Exploring Data Cube Technology Sampling Cube X. Li, J. Han, Z. Yin, J.-G. Lee, Y. Sun, “Sampling Cube: A Framework for Statistical OLAP over Sampling Data”, SIGMOD’08 Ranking Cube D. Xin, J. Han, H. Cheng, and X. Li. Answering top-k queries with multi-dimensional selections: The ranking cube approach. VLDB’06 Other advanced cubes for processing data and queries Stream cube, spatial cube, multimedia cube, text cube, RFID cube, etc. — to be studied in volume 2
- 81. Ranking Cubes – Efficient Computation of 81 Ranking queries Data cube helps not only OLAP but also ranked search (top-k) ranking query: only returns the best k results according to a user-specified preference, consisting of (1) a selection condition and (2) a ranking function Ex.: Search for apartments with expected price 1000 and expected square feet 800 Select top 1 from Apartment where City = “LA” and Num_Bedroom = 2 order by [price – 1000]^2 + [sq feet - 800]^2 asc Efficiency question: Can we only search what we need? Build a ranking cube on both selection dimensions and ranking dimensions
- 82. 82 Ranking Cube: Partition Data on Both Selection and Ranking Dimensions One single data partition as the template Slice the data partition by selection conditions Sliced Partition for city=“LA” Sliced Partition for BR=2 Partition for all data
- 83. 83 Materialize Ranking-Cube tid City BR Price Sq feet Block ID t1 SEA 1 500 600 5 t2 CLE 2 700 800 5 t3 SEA 1 800 900 2 t4 CLE 3 1000 1000 6 t5 LA 1 1100 200 15 t6 LA 2 1200 500 11 t7 LA 2 1200 560 11 t8 CLE 3 1350 1120 4 Step 1: Partition Data on Ranking Dimensions Step 2: Group data by Selection Dimensions City City & BR BR 1 2 3 4 SEA LA CLE 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Step 3: Compute Measures for each group For the cell (LA) Block-level: {11, 15} Data-level: {11: t6, t7; 15: t5}
- 84. 84 Search with Ranking-Cube: Simultaneously Push Selection and Ranking Select top 1 from Apartment where city = “LA” order by [price – 1000]^2 + [sq feet - 800]^2 asc 800 1000 Without ranking-cube: start search from here Given the bin boundaries, locate the block with top score With ranking-cube: start search from here 11 15 Measure for LA: {11, 15} {11: t6,t7; 15:t5} Bin boundary for price [500, 600, 800, 1100,1350] Bin boundary for sq feet [200, 400, 600, 800, 1120]
- 85. 85 Processing Ranking Query: Execution Trace Select top 1 from Apartment where city = “LA” order by [price – 1000]^2 + [sq feet - 800]^2 asc 800 11 1000 With ranking-cube: start search from here 15 Measure for LA: {11, 15} {11: t6,t7; 15:t5} f=[price-1000]^2 + [sq feet – 800]^2 Bin boundary for price [500, 600, 800, 1100,1350] Bin boundary for sq feet [200, 400, 600, 800, 1120] Execution Trace: 1. Retrieve High-level measure for LA {11, 15} 2. Estimate lower bound score for block 11, 15 f(block 11) = 40,000, f(block 15) = 160,000 3. Retrieve block 11 4. Retrieve low-level measure for block 11 5. f(t6) = 130,000, f(t7) = 97,600 Output t7, done!
- 86. 86 Ranking Cube: Methodology and Extension Ranking cube methodology Push selection and ranking simultaneously It works for many sophisticated ranking functions How to support high-dimensional data? Materialize only those atomic cuboids that contain single selection dimensions Uses the idea similar to high-dimensional OLAP Achieves low space overhead and high performance in answering ranking queries with a high number of selection dimensions
Editor's Notes
- #3: Tower bridge of London
- #7: 2*(2^{100}-1)-1, 1 Explanation: one cell, such as (a1, a2, …., a100) generates 2^100 -1 aggregate cells, because choose(100 1) + choose (100 2) + ... choose (100, 100) = 2^100 - 1 aggregate cells. For two cell question, it generates 2 * (2^100-1) -1 distinct aggregate cells because (*, *, …, *) generated by (a1, a2, …., a100) and (b1, b2, …, b100) will be merged into one cell: (*, *, …, *): 2. Hence we have 2*(2^{100}-1)-1
- #8: If the two base cells were: {(a1, a2, a3 . . . , a100):10, (b1, b2, b3, . . . , b100):10}, the total # of non-base cells should be 2 * 2^{100} – 3. But for {(a1, a2, a3 . . . , a100):10, (a1, a2, b3, . . . , b100):10}, the total # of non-base cells should be 2 * 2^{100} – 6.
- #74: Refer to the aggregation diagram.