Data structures and algorithms lab1
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This document provides information about a data structures and algorithms lab course. It outlines the course instructors, grading breakdown, required tools and links, objectives, and introduces basic C programming concepts like program structure, I/O operations, functions, and structures. Exercises are included throughout to practice each concept, and homework assignments are described at the end involving Fibonacci numbers, a Bulls and Cows game, and functions for polynomial operations.
![I/O OPERATIONS: STANDARD INPUT
OPERATIONS
#include <stdio.h>
int main () {
char name [80];
int age;
printf ("Enter your family name: ");
scanf ("%s",name);
printf ("Enter your age: ");
scanf ("%d", &age);
printf ("Mr. %s , %d years old.n“, name, age);
return 0;
}](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/datastructuresandalgorithms-lab1-140215095658-phpapp01/85/Data-structures-and-algorithms-lab1-11-320.jpg)
![STRUCTURES: EXAMPLE
struct date {
unsigned int day;
unsigned int month;
unsigned long year;
char name_day[3];
char name_month[4];
};
typedef struct date {
unsigned int day;
unsigned int month;
unsigned long year;
char name_day[3];
char name_month[4];
} date;
typedef struct date date;
date today;
date today;
‼ date is now a type
‼ typedef allows you to declare
instances of a struct without
using keyword "struct"](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/datastructuresandalgorithms-lab1-140215095658-phpapp01/85/Data-structures-and-algorithms-lab1-18-320.jpg)
![HOMEWORK
Finish all the lab exercises.
Write a program that displays the first ten Fibonacci numbers.
Write a program to simulate the Bulls and Cows
game(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulls_and_cows), by giving
two input numbers.
Write functions for writing, reading, addition and
multiplication of rare polynomials.
Rare polynomials with integer coefficients are polynomials
of large degrees and many coefficients equal to 0. They
can be represented by a data structure defined as:
typedef struct TMonom
{
int coefficient;
unsigned int exponent;
}TMonom;
TMonom[50] polynomial;](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/datastructuresandalgorithms-lab1-140215095658-phpapp01/85/Data-structures-and-algorithms-lab1-21-320.jpg)
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Data structures and algorithms lab1
- 1. DATA STRUCTURES AND ALGORITHMS LAB 1 Bianca Tesila FILS, Feb 2014
- 2. COURSE INFO Lectures: Maria-Iuliana Dascalu [email protected] http://mariaiulianadascalu.com/ (where you can find the courses) Labs: Bianca Tesila [email protected] http://biancatesila.wordpress.com/ (labs, grades, home assignments)
- 3. GRADING Exam: 40p Tests & presence at the course: 10p Labs & Assignments: 50p Assignments: 30p ( 3 x 10p) Lab Activity: 20p ( presence, class assignments, small home assignments) Rules: • Minimum 45p in order to pass • Minimum 25p out of 60p in order to take the exam • One should attend at least 10 labs(out of 12)
- 4. TOOLS & USEFUL LINKS C-Free 5.0 Standard (http://www.programarts.com/cfree_en/download.htm) Any other IDE or compiler for C/C++ (ex. GCC under Linux) http://www.cs.usfca.edu/~galles/visualization/Algorith ms.html (it helps you understand how various data structures work)
- 5. OBJECTIVES run and compile C programs identify the structure of a C program use standard I/O operations define variables declare and implement functions make structures
- 6. INTRODUCTION TO C PROGRAMMING The basic structure of a C program: Similarities to the structure of a Java program: Inclusion of headers is similar to importing packages or classes Differences from the structure of a Java program: Inclusion of headers Definition of types/classes Declaration of global variables Definition of functions The main function Functions and variables may also be defined outside of a class The main function is not part of a class Arrays can also be allocated statically in C/C++ A C program is written in a file with the “.c” extension: the source code After compilation, another file, with the “.o” extension appears: the object code. After execution, another file, with the “.exe” extension appears: the executable
- 7. INTRODUCTION TO C PROGRAMMING EXAMPLE OF A C PROGRAM: #include <stdio.h> // inclusion of the stdio.h header int a, b, c; // global variables of the type int: a, b, c int main() { // beginning of the main function a = 10; scanf("%d", &b); // read the value of b from the standard input c = a + b; // assign the sum of a and b to the variable c printf("%dn", c); // print the value of c to the standard output return 0; // finish the main function successfully } Pay attention: C is case-sensitive!
- 8. I/O OPERATIONS: STANDARD OUTPUT OPERATIONS We shall use the printf function: printf(format, param_1, param_2, …, param_n); format = a string containing characters and format specifiers param_1, param_2, …, param_n = expressions; their values are written taking into account the corresponding format specifier Format Specifier Type %i or %d int %ld long %f float %lf double %c char %s string
- 9. I/O OPERATIONS: STANDARD OUTPUT OPERATIONS ‼ Exercise: run the below example and see how each format specifier works #include <stdio.h> int main() { printf("%dn", 7); printf("%3dn", 7); printf("%03dn", 7); printf("%3.2fn", 5.1); printf("%.2fn", 4.245); printf("%sn", "blue"); return 0; } Note: we used a special character /n (newline character) The n used in the printf statements is called an escape sequence. Commonly used escape sequences are: n (newline) t (tab) v (vertical tab) f (new page) b (backspace) r (carriage return) n (newline)
- 10. I/O OPERATIONS: STANDARD INPUT OPERATIONS We shall use the scanf function: scanf(format, param_1, param_2, …, param_n); format = a string containing characters and format specifiers param_1, param_2, …, param_n = expressions; their values are stored taking into account the corresponding format specifier Similar to printf Use «stdio.h» for I/O operations
- 11. I/O OPERATIONS: STANDARD INPUT OPERATIONS #include <stdio.h> int main () { char name [80]; int age; printf ("Enter your family name: "); scanf ("%s",name); printf ("Enter your age: "); scanf ("%d", &age); printf ("Mr. %s , %d years old.n“, name, age); return 0; }
- 12. I/O OPERATIONS ‼Exercise: Write a program to calculate the average of two float numbers. The result shall be displayed with 2 decimals. Use scanf and printf! Hint: %.2f -> format specifier for float with 2 decimals
- 13. I HOPE YOU’RE NOT SLEEPING YET
- 14. FUNCTIONS: DECLARATION AND IMPLEMENTATION The general form of a function definition in C programming language is as it follows: return_type function_name( parameter list ) { body of the function } Visibility domain: local vs. global variables Parameter passing: by-value
- 15. FUNCTIONS: EXAMPLE • Note the use of math.h library: for sqrt function (the same meaning as in Java) • Note the control flow structures (if, if-else, for, …) • Note the function definition and call: the implemented function calculates if a number is prime or not
- 16. FUNCTIONS ‼Exercise: Check whether a number is a palindrome or not. Hint: a palindrome is a number that remains the same when its digits are reversed. 333 is a palindrome 123 is not a palindrome
- 17. STRUCTURES struct struct_name { variables (fields of the struct type) } Like Java classes but without methods or public/private specifications Used to package related data together User-defined collection of one or more variables (fields), grouped under one name The members of a structure are accessed with “.”
- 18. STRUCTURES: EXAMPLE struct date { unsigned int day; unsigned int month; unsigned long year; char name_day[3]; char name_month[4]; }; typedef struct date { unsigned int day; unsigned int month; unsigned long year; char name_day[3]; char name_month[4]; } date; typedef struct date date; date today; date today; ‼ date is now a type ‼ typedef allows you to declare instances of a struct without using keyword "struct"
- 19. STRUCTURES: EXAMPLE void writeDDMMMYYYY(date myDate) { printf("%2d %s %4d ", myDate.day, myDate.name_month, myDate.year); }
- 20. STRUCTURES ‼ Exercise: Design a structure for representing dates and write functions that: - Check if a variable value of the structure is a valid date - Calculate the next date of a given date - Calculate the date before a given date
- 21. HOMEWORK Finish all the lab exercises. Write a program that displays the first ten Fibonacci numbers. Write a program to simulate the Bulls and Cows game(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulls_and_cows), by giving two input numbers. Write functions for writing, reading, addition and multiplication of rare polynomials. Rare polynomials with integer coefficients are polynomials of large degrees and many coefficients equal to 0. They can be represented by a data structure defined as: typedef struct TMonom { int coefficient; unsigned int exponent; }TMonom; TMonom[50] polynomial;