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Chapter 11 Stored Procedures and Triggers
1. A database programming language allows a program to combine procedural statements with non-procedural
database access.
True False
2. Due to the growth of online database processing and commercial Web commerce, batch processing is no
longer an important method to process database work.
True False
3. Transitive closure, an important operation for queries involving self-referencing relationships, is supported by
most SQL implementations.
True False
4. Portability across host languages is one advantage of using the statement level interface language style.
True False
5. Because the optimization process can consume considerable computing resources, it is usually desirable to
determine the access plan at run-time using dynamic statement binding.
True False
6. In the SQL:2003 specification, a statement level interface can support both static and dynamic binding, while
a call level interface supports only dynamic binding.
True False
7. For procedures and triggers stored in a database, the database connection is explicit.
True False
8. Triggers provide reuse of common code, while stored procedures provide rule processing for common tasks.
True False

9. A Database Programming Language is a procedural language with an interface to one or more DBMSs. The
interface allows a program to combine procedural statements with nonprocedural database access.
True False
10. A Call-Level Interfaceis a language style for integrating a programming language with a nonprocedural
language such as SQL. A statement-level interface involves changes to the syntax of a host programming
language to accommodate embedded SQL statements.
True False
11. Dynamic binding involves the determination of the access plan at compile time.
True False
12. Procedures and functions are executed by the rule system of the DBMS not by explicit calls as for triggers.
True False
13. Since PL/SQL is a block structured language, all code blocks must have unique names in order to execute in
SQL*Plus.
True False
14. When writing a PL/SQL procedure, it is good practice to include length constraints in the data type
specifications for parameters.
True False
15. To catch a specific error in a stored procedure, you should use a predefined exception or create a
user-defined exception.
True False
16. An important benefit of PL/SQL functions is that they can be used as expressions in SELECT statements.
True False
17. An explicit cursor cannot use parameters for non-constant search values in the associated SELECT
statement.
True False

18. All objects in a package interface are public.
True False
19. To use the objects in a package, you must use the package name before the object name.
True False
20. Because the SQL:1999 trigger specification was defined in response to vendor implementation, most trigger
implementations adhere to the SQL:1999 specification.
True False
21. The body of a trigger is similar to other PL/SQL blocks, except that triggers have more restrictions on the
statements in a block.
True False
22. Like procedures, triggers can be tested directly by executing them in SQL*Plus.
True False
23. Since the number of triggers is a complicating factor in understanding the interaction among triggers, it is
always better to create a few large triggers instead of many smaller triggers.
True False
24. You can encounter mutating table errors in trigger execution, regardless of the DBMS they are executed on.
True False
25. For most triggers, you can avoid mutating table errors by using statement triggers with new and old values.
True False
26. What is the primary motivation for using a database programming language?
A. Customization.
B. Batch processing.
C. Complex operations.
D. All of the above.

27. The two language styles provided by SQL:2003 for integrating a procedural language with SQL are:
A. Statement level interface and function level interface.
B. Procedural level interface and trigger level interface.
C. Statement level interface and call level interface.
D. None of the above.
28. Which of the following is true of a statement level interface?
A. It is more difficult to learn and use than a CLI.
B. It is available only for proprietary languages.
C. It includes a set of procedures and a set of type definitions for manipulating the results of SQL statements in
computer programs.
D. It involves changes to the syntax of a host programming language to accommodate embedded SQL.
29. For statement level interfaces, SQL:2003 provides statements to:
A. Declare cursors.
B. Position cursors.
C. Retrieve values from cursors.
30. As with other programming languages, in PL/SQL the IF-THEN-ELSE statement construct is:
A. A comparison operator.
B. A conditional statement.
C. A logical operator.
31. With regards to conditional decision making in PL/SQL, which statement is true?
A. A condition must evaluate to TRUE or FALSE.
B. Complex conditions are evaluated left to right, and this order cannot be altered.
C. Conditions are evaluated using three-value logic.
D. There is a limit to the number of statements that can be used between the THEN and END-IF keywords.
32. Which of the following is true of PL/SQL iteration statements?
A. The FOR LOOP iterates until a stopping condition is false.
B. The WHILE LOOP iterates over a range of integer values.
C. The LOOP statement iterates until an EXIT statement ceases termination.

33. A PL/SQL block contains:
A. A required declaration section, a required executable section, and an optional exception section.
B. An optional declaration section, a required executable section, and an optional exception section.
C. A required declaration section, a required executable section, and a required exception section.
D. An optional declaration section, a required executable section, and a required exception section.
34. Which of the following is the reason the DBMS, instead of the programming environment, manages stored
procedures?
A. A DBMS can compile the programming language code along with the SQL statements in a stored procedure.
B. Since they are stored on the server, stored procedures allow flexibility for client-server development.
C. Database administrators can manage stored procedures with the same tools for managing other parts of the
database.
35. A database connection identifies the database used by an application. A database connection can be
________ or ________.
A. implicit/explicit
B. internal/external
C. implicit/dynamic
D. virtual/dynamic
36. In PL/SQL, a function is used instead of a procedure when:
A. You want to manipulate output variables.
B. You want to produce a side effect.
C. You are returning a single value.
D. You want to return more than one result.
37. In PL/SQL, functions should:
A. Always use input parameters.
B. Contain a parameter list.
C. Generate an output value using a RETURN statement.

CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION fn_RetrieveStudentName
(aStdSSN IN Student.StdSSN%Type) RETURN VARCHAR2 IS
aFirstName Student.StdFirstName%Type;
aLastName Student.StdLastName%Type;
BEGIN
SELECT StdFirstName, StdLastName
INTO aFirstName, aLastName
FROM Student
WHERE StdSSN = aStdSSN;
RETURN(aLastName || ', ' || aFirstName);
EXCEPTION
WHEN No_Data_Found THEN
RETURN(NULL);
WHEN OTHERS THEN
raise_application_error(-20001, 'Database error.');
END;
/
38. The PL/SQL code block above is an example of:
A. An anonymous block.
B. A PL/SQL package.
C. A PL/SQL function.
39. In the PL/SQL code block above, aStdSSN is:
A. A return variable.
B. An input parameter.
C. A column in the Student table.
40. Based on the PL/SQL code block above, if there is not a SSN in the Student table which matches the value
provided:
A. The code will return the name of the Student record that is the closest numeric match.
B. The code will raise an application error.
C. The code will stop executing without any explanation.
D. The code will return NULL.
41. The PL/SQL code block above:
A. Declares and opens an explicit cursor.
B. Declares and opens an implicit cursor.
C. Does not use a cursor.

42. The PL/SQL statement "FOR StudentRec IN SELECT StudentID FROM StudentTable" is an example of:
A. An implicit cursor.
B. An explicit cursor.
C. A dynamic cursor.
D. This statement does not define a cursor.
43. In the use of an explicit cursor, which 3 statements replace the FOR statement of an implicit cursor?
A. OPEN, FIND, and CLOSE.
B. OPEN, FETCH, and CLOSE.
C. OPEN, GET, and CLOSE.
D. CONNECT, FIND, and CLOSE.
44. Which of the following is not a common cursor attribute?
A. %IsOpen.
B. %IsNotOpen.
C. %Found.
D. %NotFound.
45. One of the advantages of using a package over procedures and functions is:
A. A package supports a larger unit of modularity.
B. Packages provide easier reuse of code.
C. Packages reduce software maintenance costs.
46. For each object defined in a package interface, the package body must define:
A. A private object.
B. An implementation.
C. A cursor.
D. An exception handler.
47. Which of the following is not a typical use for triggers:
A. Complex integrity constraints.
B. Update propagation.
C. Exception reporting.
D. All of the above are typical uses for triggers.

48. To control complexity among a collection of triggers, which guideline(s) should be followed?
A. Use data manipulation statements primarily in BEFORE triggers.
B. For triggers that fire on UPDATE statements, do not list the columns to which the trigger applies.
C. Be cautious about creating triggers on tables affected by actions on referenced rows.
49. A trigger execution procedure can be affected by which of the following?
A. The DBMS the triggers are executed on.
B. The type of data manipulation statements specified in a trigger.
C. Foreign key constraints on referenced rows.
50. In the case of overlapping triggers, which of the following is true?
A. The firing order is predictable and can be depended on to be the same every time.
B. The firing order has not been specified for SQL:2003.
C. The firing order is the same for all DBMSs.
51. Mutating table errors:
A. Can occur when one table is cloned from another.
B. Can occur in trigger actions with SQL statements on the target table or related tables affected by DELETE
CASCADE actions.
C. Never occur in Oracle databases.
52. A _____________________ is a procedural language with an interface to one or more DBMSs.
________________________________________
53. To support customized code, most database application development tools use a coding style known as
_________________.
________________________________________
54. A(n) _____________ level interface is a language style that involves changes to the syntax of a host
programming language to accommodate embedded SQL statements.
________________________________________

55. Open Database Connectivity (ODBC) and Java Database Connectivity (JDBC) are the most widely used
_____________ level interfaces.
________________________________________
56. The concept of ______________ for a database programming language involves the association of an SQL
statement with its access plan.
________________________________________
57. A(n) ______________ is a construct in a database programming language that allows for storage and
iteration of a set of records returned by a SELECT statement.
________________________________________
58. A ______________ can be implicit or explicit.
________________________________________
59. In PL/SQL, a(n) _____________ statement is comprised of a variable, the assignment symbol, and an
expression.
________________________________________
60. In a PL/SQL IF statement, the keywords AND, OR and NOT are ____________ operators.
________________________________________
61. An unnamed PL/SQL block of code, which is useful for testing procedures and triggers, is known as a(n)
_________ block.
________________________________________
62. The common SQL*Plus command used to list the columns of a table is ___________.
________________________________________
63. The common SQL*Plus command used to display compilation errors is ___________________.
________________________________________

64. In a stored procedure, a(n) _____________ parameter should have a value provided outside the procedure
but it can be changed inside the procedure.
________________________________________
65. Functions should be usable in expressions, i.e. a function call can be replaced by the __________ it returns.
________________________________________
66. In the body of a function, a(n) ______________ statement is used to generate the function's output value.
________________________________________
67. A package ________________ contains the definitions of procedures and functions along with other objects
that can be specified in the DECLARE section of a PL/SQL block.
________________________________________
68. A package ________________ contains the private details of a package.
________________________________________
69. Inside a package implementation, each procedure or function must be terminated by a(n) _____________
statement containing the procedure or function name.
________________________________________
70. An event-condition-action rule managed by a DBMS is another name for a ____________.
________________________________________
71. Integrity constraints that compare the values before and after an update to a table occurs are called
___________.
________________________________________
72. The _________________ of a trigger involves the keywords BEFORE, AFTER, or INSTEAD OF, along
with a triggering event using the keywords INSERT, UPDATE, or DELETE.
________________________________________

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73. If you omit the keywords FOR EACH ROW from a trigger specification, the trigger by default becomes
a(n) _____________ trigger.
________________________________________
74. The ______________________________ specifies the order of execution among the various kinds of
triggers, integrity constraints, and database manipulation statements.
________________________________________
75. Two triggers with the same timing, granularity, and applicable table ______________ if an SQL statement
may cause both triggers to fire.
________________________________________
76. When a procedure calls itself, this is known as ______________________.
________________________________________

Chapter 11 Stored Procedures and Triggers Key
1. A database programming language allows a program to combine procedural statements with non-procedural
database access.
TRUE
Level: Medium
Mannino - Chapter 11 #1
2. Due to the growth of online database processing and commercial Web commerce, batch processing is no
longer an important method to process database work.
FALSE
Batch processing continues to be an important way to process database work.
Level: Easy
3. Transitive closure, an important operation for queries involving self-referencing relationships, is supported by
most SQL implementations.
FALSE
Transitive closure is not supported by most SQL implementations.
Level: Medium
4. Portability across host languages is one advantage of using the statement level interface language style.
FALSE
The statement level interface is not portable.
Level: Medium

5. Because the optimization process can consume considerable computing resources, it is usually desirable to
determine the access plan at run-time using dynamic statement binding.
FALSE
It is usually desirable to determine the access plan at compile time.
Level: Easy
6. In the SQL:2003 specification, a statement level interface can support both static and dynamic binding, while
a call level interface supports only dynamic binding.
TRUE
Level: Hard
7. For procedures and triggers stored in a database, the database connection is explicit.
FALSE
The database connection is implicit.
Level: Easy
8. Triggers provide reuse of common code, while stored procedures provide rule processing for common tasks.
FALSE
Stored procedures provide reuse of common code, while triggers provide rule processing for common tasks.
Level: Easy
9. A Database Programming Language is a procedural language with an interface to one or more DBMSs. The
interface allows a program to combine procedural statements with nonprocedural database access.
TRUE
Level: Medium

10. A Call-Level Interfaceis a language style for integrating a programming language with a nonprocedural
language such as SQL. A statement-level interface involves changes to the syntax of a host programming
language to accommodate embedded SQL statements.
FALSE
This is the definition of a Statement-Level Interface.
Level: Medium
11. Dynamic binding involves the determination of the access plan at compile time.
FALSE
Static binding involves the determination of the access plan at compile time.
Level: Hard
12. Procedures and functions are executed by the rule system of the DBMS not by explicit calls as for triggers.
TRUE
Triggers are executed by the rule system of the DBMS.
Level: Easy
13. Since PL/SQL is a block structured language, all code blocks must have unique names in order to execute in
SQL*Plus.
FALSE
Anonymous, or unnamed, blocks can be executed in SQL*Plus.
Level: Medium

14. When writing a PL/SQL procedure, it is good practice to include length constraints in the data type
specifications for parameters.
FALSE
You do not provide length in the specification of the data type for a parameter.
Level: Medium
15. To catch a specific error in a stored procedure, you should use a predefined exception or create a
user-defined exception.
TRUE
Level: Medium
16. An important benefit of PL/SQL functions is that they can be used as expressions in SELECT statements.
TRUE
Level: Medium
17. An explicit cursor cannot use parameters for non-constant search values in the associated SELECT
statement.
FALSE
Level: Hard
18. All objects in a package interface are public.
TRUE
Level: Medium
19. To use the objects in a package, you must use the package name before the object name.
TRUE
Level: Easy

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over myself than you have, I should set you on your head in this
spring, when you would probably die by water, which is a much
more respectable death than the one you seem to be preparing
yourself for.”
“I will leave you, at any rate,” replied Welch, in a much more
subdued tone; for he now bethought himself that he was in the
woods, miles from any human being, and entirely in the power of a
man whom he had most grossly insulted and threatened, and whose
forbearance he might well distrust.
“No, you won’t, except you can outrun a man who has run down a
bull-moose more than once or twice. Did you hear me tell you to sit
down?”
This was spoken in a tone so peremptory that Welch obeyed at
once, trembling with passion and fear. James Welch was the idol of
his parents, and with an overweening affection by no means
uncommon, they had injured him by indulgence.
Uncle Isaac, with that instinctive discernment of character that can
neither be learned nor taught, had become aware of this. He had
also, during their long and familiar intercourse, obtained an accurate
knowledge of his character; as he would have phrased it, “knew just
how much of sound wood there was in him to nail to.”
In view of the estimate thus formed, he had resolved, as he told
Ben, to give him quicksilver. This was a metaphoric term for
stringent measures, borrowed by Uncle Isaac from the practice of
physicians in his day, who were accustomed, in severe cases of
stoppage, where life was at stake, to give quicksilver, which, by its
weight, was sure to force a passage, either by the ordinary channel,
in which event the patient recovered, or through the walls of the
intestines, when death was the result. Thus it became a synonyme
for “kill or cure.”

“I have said,” he continued, addressing his involuntary listener, “that
you are a profane swearer and a drunkard. You have sworn in my
presence. I found you drunk in my birch, and it is well known that
these are your customary habits. You are also a pauper. All property,
everything that goes to support life, in these parts, of any amount,
comes by the hard work of somebody,—either bone labor or brain
labor,—the labor of those who now possess it, or of those from
whom they inherited it. That, I take it, you can’t deny, though you’ve
been to school and I ’aint. If a great, stout, hearty feller, able to
work, should go about the country, eating the bread and wearing the
clothes somebody else earned, sleeping in the beds and warmed by
the fires that others provided, I take it there wouldn’t be much
doubt he was a pauper. That’s just the way with you. You have eaten
your three meals a day ever since you was born, and never earned
one—no, not the salt that seasoned them. That makes you out to be
a pauper, and it’s only your father that keeps you off the town.
Everybody who lives in society is bound to do something for the
society in which he lives—to help bear its burden, and return
something for the benefits he receives from his neighbor, and be a
man among men. If he don’t do it, he’s not one whit better than a
thief, because he takes from the common stock, eats up what ought
to go to those who ain’t able to earn it, and he makes no return to
society for what he draws. That’s just what you are doing. You are
useless, which seems to me to be the meanest of all things, just
about as bad as being a drunkard or thief. You are not of so much
account as one of the clams in these flats, or one of the frogs in this
spring, for they answer the end of their existence, and get an honest
living, which you don’t. Your father and mother begun the world with
nothing but their heads and hands; and your father, moreover, had
to support your grandfather after his misfortune, and pay his debts;
but by industry, good principles, and the blessing of God on their
labor, they have got together a large property, and bear nobly their
share of the burdens of society. They have spent—I would say,
thrown away—a mint of money on you; given you the best of
larning, the best of opportunities to go into business, do for yourself
and others, make something of yourself, and be looked up to; but

here you are at two-and-twenty years of age. You’ve done nothing,
you’re good for nothing, and are going to the devil as fast as you
can. Look at Charlie Bell. He came to Elm Island a poor, ragged
orphan. See what he’s made of himself. Talk about beating me! He
could lay you on your back faster than you could get up. Look at
Fred Williams. His father and mother never knew how to treat a
child, always hectoring and fretting him; and now that his father is
poorly, and can do but little, that boy is at work from daylight till
dark, tending mill and store, making fish, and seeing to the whole
family; while you are lazing round here, and can’t be trusted with
yourself, spending money you never earned a dollar of, and killing
the best of parents by inches. Look at John Rhines. Yes, there’s a
case in pint. Look at that boy. He might have staid at home, worked
or played, laid abed or got up, as he liked; for his father is indulgent,
and as well off as yours, considering the small expense at which he
lives, and that he hasn’t got a reprobate son to break his heart, and
spend his hard earnings. There he is, larning a blacksmith’s trade;
up early and late, sweating at the anvil. He scorns to live on his
father and grandsir’s substance. Yes, and I may say your grandsir,
for Elm Island stood in his name, though he would have lost it
shortly, for the mortgage had nearly eaten it up, when your father,
from his own earnings, cleared it. Yes, and took care of your
grandsir in his old age. When your father is in his grave, which will
be shortly unless you turn over a new leaf, you will be living on what
he leaves, gnawing the bones of the dead—a business that I never
knew any dumb cretur to foller for a living but a wolf. When you die,
you’ll be no more missed than yonder dead limb on that leaning
beech. Now, if you ain’t the smallest, pitifulest consarn there is
round here, I should like to know who is. There’s another thing to be
thought of, young man. Where God has given great capacity and
great privileges, there’s great accountability; there’s Holy Scripture
for that. You may see the time that you will wish you had been born
a fool, or not born at all. Come, it’s time we were going.”
Welch uttered not a word in reply, or on the way home.

“What have you done to him?” asked Ben, astonished at the
appearance of Welch.
“Given him quicksilver, and it’s my opinion ’twill either kill or cure. I
do hope he’ll rally, for I love the young man, though I felt it my duty
to speak quite plain to him. Indeed, I spoke quite plain to him. He
feels bad, Benjamin—all mixed up, half crazy. We must let him sweat
in his grease. I shouldn’t wonder if he had a strong craving to drown
trouble in liquor. I think you had better keep him on the island for a
day or two.”
When James Welch got out of the boat, he would have killed Uncle
Isaac if he could. O, how he wished he had the strength of Ben! But
God generally gives great strength, and a mild temper in connection
with it, to those who know how to use it.
He declined coming to the supper-table, saying he was unwell, and
shutting himself in his room, paced the floor till midnight, half
demented. At length there came over him a craving for liquor, that
he might escape from himself in the delirium or stupor of
intoxication. He knew the men who were making potash had half a
barrel of New England rum in their camp, and went to the shore
resolved to go after some; but Ben had hauled the boats so far up
on the grass-ground that he was unable to launch any of them.
Foiled in this, he bathed his burning forehead in sea-water, and sat
down on the rocks of the eastern point, beneath the light of the
stars.
No sound disturbed the night, save the low, peculiar murmur of the
tide, as it crept around the foot of the cliff. The first paroxysm of
passion had passed away. He recalled the stinging truths to which he
had so unwillingly listened. They no longer excited his anger, but
appeared to him in a very different light. His ingratitude to his
parents assumed a new aspect when presented by another, and
touched him to the heart. He could no longer doubt that Uncle Isaac

had faithfully portrayed the estimation in which he was held by the
community at large.
No part of the conversation had touched him so nearly, or cut so
deep, as the parallel instituted between himself and John Rhines. So
completely was he absorbed in thought, that the flowing tide wet
him to the knees unperceived.
In that still midnight hour, on the ocean cliff, the better nature of
James Welch won the victory.
“Uncle Isaac is right,” he said. “I have been a drunkard, swearer,
pauper, and thief. But from this hour I am so no more.”
The gray light of morning was breaking, as, utterly exhausted in
mind and body, he flung himself upon the bed, and sank into a
profound sleep. The next day Ben noted the change, and, surprised
by his offering to help him about his work, shoved the boats into the
water. In the course of the week, James took the boat, and told Ben
he was going over to see Uncle Isaac. Before he had fairly cleared
the harbor, Ben entered the house at a rate so unusual—for he was
generally quite moderate in his motions—and a face so replete with
joyful emotions, that Sally instantly exclaimed,—
“Why, Ben, what has happened?”
“The best thing that could happen. James has gone over to Uncle
Isaac’s.”
“Glory to God! He’s all right, or he never would do that.”
James and Uncle Isaac came back together in the afternoon, and
before night there was another auger-hole in the great maple.
Mr. Welch soon received a letter from his son, telling him all that had
transpired, and asking permission to come home and go to work.

“Blessed be God!” exclaimed the delighted father. “My last days are
going to be my best days.”
The reform proved permanent. James Welch became a partner with
his father, and assumed the position for which his abilities qualified
him. In after years, he often visited the spot where this singular
scene was enacted, and the fountain was ever after, by universal
consent, called Quicksilver Spring. In process of time the first
syllable was dropped, and many who are familiar with Silver Spring
are ignorant of the circumstances from whence it derived its present
name.

CHAPTER III.
THE BOYS CATCH THE SPIRIT OF THE AGE.
After the departure of James Welch, nothing worthy of note occurred
to disturb the quiet enjoyment of life on Elm Island.
Upon Ben’s recovery in the spring, he had hired Robert Yelf for the
summer.
Ben, Jr., who now began to manifest as great a capacity for work as
he had heretofore evinced for mischief, made himself extremely
useful. He assumed the entire charge of the hens, ducks, geese, and
turkeys. In the spring he had dropped corn and potatoes, and
assisted in planting the garden. He pulled up weeds, carried in wood
and chips for his mother, brought up the cows at night, and drove
them to pasture in the morning.
After haying, Ben and Yelf finished and rigged the scow, which he
had begun before he was taken sick, and built a wharf in the cove,
with an inclined platform, over which cattle could be driven to or
from the scow. They also built a boat to take the place of the
Perseverance, Jr., from Charlie’s moulds, which was an easy matter,
as the work was all laid out.
When corn was in the milk, Sally Merrithew ventured to marry Joe
Griffin, who had been on probation since he nearly finished Uncle
Smullen. Joe built his log house in the midst of a burn, where he had
planted corn and sowed wheat in the spring. Ben gave Sally a cow
and Captain Rhines a pig to begin housekeeping with, and Ben
continued to pasture her sheep on Griffin’s Island, as Joe had no

land cleared for pasturing sheep, and they were safe from the
wolves on that island. Elm Island gradually improved in beauty as
Ben ploughed and removed the stumps; and the fruit trees in the
new soil increased rapidly in size.
Amid these quiet occupations and enjoyments, interspersed with
tramps in the woods, bear-hunts and gunning expeditions with Uncle
Isaac, the autumn, winter, and succeeding summer glided rapidly
away.
Very different was the appearance of Elm Island, with its
comfortable and roomy buildings, broad fields covered with crops,
now fast ripening to the harvest, and vocal with the lowing of kine
and the song of birds, from its appearance the morning that Uncle
Isaac and Joe Griffin landed on the beach, and startled the herons
from their nests with the sound of the axe and the crash of falling
trees. Great as was the change that had taken place on Elm Island,
it was trifling in comparison with that which obtained in respect to
the country at large.
Then it was a period of general poverty and distress, although
money was made by individuals through superior energy, tact, and
the irregularities then existing in trade, and the intercourse of
nations,—Ben and his father being among the fortunate ones.
Then there was neither revenue nor power to collect any; the
country oppressed with debt, and no means to pay the old
government under which the war of the revolution had been fought
—a rope of sand—and no confidence in any quarter. The states were
deluged with importations of all kinds—French gewgaws, English
broadcloths, iron, cordage, and duck from Russia and Sweden—
which people who had any means or credit were but too much
inclined to buy, despite the efforts made by the government to
discourage it, and encourage home manufacture.

But now the Federal government was established, and Washington
at its head, with power to form treaties of amity and commerce, lay
duties and imposts; the national debt funded, affording an
opportunity for safe and profitable investments; and banks were
established. The spirit of the country was up, and rose with a bound
over all obstacles, ready to grapple with any odds.
Nowhere was the exhilarating influence of the times more eagerly
responded to than in the District of Maine,—with a vast extent of
sea-coast, and to a great degree aquatic population, and the town of
Portland in particular, then but recently arisen from its ashes after its
bombardment by the British, and incorporated, with an unrivalled
harbor, a back country almost one unbroken forest of timber of all
kinds, for which there was an abundant demand at high prices in
Europe and the West Indies, with extensive water-power for its
manufacture; vast quantities of ship-timber, with mechanics both
native and imported; and a population whose energies were then,
and have continued to be, equal to every demand made upon them.
This town was among the first to avail itself of, and profit by, these
altered circumstances. Mills were going up on every waterfall,
wharves building, distilleries erecting, the keels of vessels laid, and
the roads thronged with teams dragging the masts, spars, and
boards to the place of shipment. Mails were established, and a
newspaper published. It is easy to perceive what effect these new
excitements must make upon boys so impressible as Charlie and
John, at work in the midst of such scenes. They read the
Cumberland Gazette, which Mr. Starrett took; also the Columbian
Centinel, printed at Boston, which he borrowed from one of his
neighbors; a Portsmouth paper, which was sent to a Portsmouth
man who worked in the shop. They listened with sharp ears to every
word of the excited conversation that occurred within their hearing,
in that stirring period, when the state of Europe, its politics, its
markets, the troubles in France, and their bearing upon the
prosperity of America, became subjects of discussion, and were

every whit as much interested as the actual participants, and, when
they were alone, talked over all they had heard between themselves.
John was now working as a journeyman, and received four-and-six a
day. Charlie found an excellent employer in Mr. Foss, who instructed
him by every method in his power, and put him on the best work, as
he found that he was capable of doing it, and also increased his
wages.
Fishing, too, had received the same impulse as other pursuits, not
merely by reason of the increased market for fish, and increased
facilities for carrying them to foreign parts, but also in consequence
of a bounty granted by the government. And Fred Williams, who, to
his traffic in fish and groceries, had added the buying of potash,
beef, and pork, was steadily acquiring.
As the country became cleared, great numbers of cattle were raised,
and salted beef found a ready market in the West Indies for the use
of the slavers.
Potash was in great demand in Europe. Fred was able to barter
goods for potash, sell it in Boston at a large advance, and thus make
a double profit—making more in that way than by all his other
traffic.
Charlie, finding that the price of land was rising, sent word to Uncle
Isaac to purchase enough more of the heavy pine growth abutting
on the back part of his lot to make, with what he already had, four
hundred acres; but Uncle Isaac bought the whole lot, and informed
Charlie he might have of him, at the price he gave, enough to make
out his four hundred acres. Charlie also bought Birch Island of the
state, as he did not relish the idea of being a squatter; and the
whole island, containing six acres of first-rate land, covered with a
heavy growth of birch, an excellent harbor, and a noble spring of
water, cost him only nine shillings. But in those days land on a small

island like that was but lightly valued, while birch wood was not
considered worth thanking God for.
“Charlie,” said John, in one of those confidential interviews that
generally occurred on Saturday night, “couldn’t you build a vessel
now?”
“I don’t know but I could. I lined up the Freebooter, while Mr. Foss
was laying the keel of another vessel.”
“What is the reason we couldn’t build a vessel? I know I could do
the iron-work.”
“I suppose we might do the work if somebody would find the money.
It takes a heap of money to build a vessel and fit her for sea.”
“But couldn’t we build one, take time enough, and sell her just as
you do the boats—without rigging her?”
“I’ll tell you what we might do.”
“What?”
“Build one, take our own time for it,—I’ve got timber enough on my
land to build and load ever so many,—then keep a part of her, and
sell the rest; put our work, my timber, and what little money we
could muster, against somebody else’s money.”
“Yes, we could do that; but I should much rather have her to
ourselves,—say you, and I, and Fred.”
“We might go to work, cut the timber, and set up a vessel, get her
along as far as our means would allow, then let her stand till we
could earn more. But we should want a captain.”
“That is true; and perhaps Seth Warren or Sydney Chase might take
a part, and go in her.”

“Yes, that would be a quarter apiece.”
“Charlie, I heard Captain Pote say, in this very house last Saturday
night, that if anybody could get a load of lumber to the West Indies,
at the right time, he could make enough to build another vessel.”
“How much do you suppose it costs to build a vessel?”
“I don’t know; the rigging and sails are the most. You can build the
hull very cheap, so that she will last a little while without much iron
fastening; but you must have good rigging and sails, or else you are
liable to lose vessel and cargo.”
“How much?”
“I know Mr. Foss built a vessel for Weeks and Tucker, hull and spars,
and found everything, for fifteen dollars a ton, delivered at Pearson’s
breast-work, in Portland.”
“Fifteen hundred dollars for the hull and spars of a vessel of a
hundred tons?”
“Yes.”
“Then I’m sure we could build a sloop of fifty.”
“But a sloop of fifty tons wouldn’t be of any use to carry such bulky
cargoes as boards, spars, ton-timber, and molasses, which is what
we must do.”
“Ye-e-e-e-s.”
Here the conversation came to an abrupt termination by Charlie’s
falling asleep.

CHAPTER IV.
NEWS FROM HOME.
As the summer was drawing to a close, the evenings grew longer,
and these conversations were renewed from time to time, as the
boys were excited by hearing of some great slap made by an
enterprising captain, or some smuggler making a fortune in one or
two trips to Havana. Captain Starrett, the brother of John’s master,
was an inveterate smuggler. The house was resorted to by seafaring
men, masters and mates, and the boys had abundant opportunities
to gain information in respect to voyages and profits.
Both Mr. Foss and Mr. Starrett owned a small part of several vessels,
which afforded the boys an excellent opportunity to obtain accurate
and reliable information, of which they did not hesitate to avail
themselves.
As there were no mails east of Portland, the only way in which the
boys obtained letters from home was by some coasting vessel. When
they did get one, it was correspondingly valued, read and re-read,
commented upon, and formed the subject of conversation for a
month. John received a letter one afternoon, and on opening it,
found enclosed one from Ben to Charlie.
The moment he was done work at night, he went to Stroudwater to
see Charlie, spend the night with him, and walk in before work-hours
in the morning. To the no small delight of the boys, they were
informed that it was nearly two years since they had been at home,
with the exception of the time when Ben was sick; that neither

Captain Rhines’s family nor Ben and Sally could stand it any longer,
and they must come home, and make a good visit.
“Ain’t I glad!” cried John.
“Ain’t I!” replied Charlie. “I wanted to go bad enough, but I didn’t
like to lose my time, and was afraid Mr. Foss would think I was a
baby.”
“That was just the way with me.”
Mr. Foss had a vessel that would be ready to launch in a fortnight,
and wanted Charlie to stay till after launching. They wrote home by
a coaster, that was to sail the next day, that they would start in a
fortnight in the boat.
Meanwhile the Perseverance, Jr., was hauled up, repaired, re-
painted, and put in first-rate order for the cruise. During that
fortnight there was but one subject of conversation, and that never
grew stale—home, and what they should do when they got there.
“There’ll be partridges and coons, lots of ’em, to shoot on Elm
Island, Charlie.”
“There’ll be bears on my land, John.”
“Won’t Tige wag his tail off?”
“Won’t Bennie and the baby have a time?”
“What will Fred say?”
“We shall see Uncle Isaac!”
“Yes, and Joe Griffin and Henry.”
“Yes.”

“I wonder if they’ve got any boat there that’ll outsail the Wings of
the Morning?”
“Do you calculate to come back here, Charlie?”
“Do you?”
“I don’t know; Mr. Starrett wants me to. I shall come if you do.”
“Mr. Foss wants me, too; but I can do better building boats at home
than I can working in the ship-yard. I’ve learned about all I can
here.”
“I could get just as good wages at Wiscasset as I can here, and go
home every few weeks.”
“Ain’t we going home in a glorious time of year? The sea-fowl will be
coming along.”
“There will be berries.”
“Pickerel in my pond.”
“O, Charlie, I’ll tell you what we’ll do—you, and I, and Fred.”
“What?”
“We’ll borrow Uncle Isaac’s birch, and go up the brook to the falls,
then take her on our shoulders, and carry her round the falls, then
follow all the crooks of the brook till we come to the pond. It is real
crooked; I dare say ’twould be three or four miles.”
“That would be something we never did; and the water in the pond
will be so warm to go in swimming!”
“Yes; I never thought of that.”

“O, John, I tell you, we’ll go on to Indian Island, and make a birch of
our own—a smasher. I know I can make one.”
“And we’ll get Uncle Isaac to work the ends with porcupine quills.”
“Then we shall have the Perseverance, Jr., to go outside in and fish,
and take the girls to sail. We’ve got a boat now—no old dugout—and
we’ll go exploring just where we like—way down the coast.”
As is often the case with boys, they planned employments and
enjoyments enough to occupy a whole summer, while they intended
to allow themselves not more than three weeks of vacation at the
outside.
“I felt real bad, John, when father wrote that the partridges had
gone; but come to think, I’m glad of it, ’cause they’ll breed in the
woods, and if I want to try to tame some more, I can find the eggs.”
“I should be; because when it blows, and you can’t get off the
island, or any time after supper, you can take the gun, and find them
in the yellow birches.”
While the boys are revelling amid these anticipated pleasures, let us
note what effect the announcement of their coming produced at
home.

CHAPTER V.
TIGE’S NOSE BETTER THAN THE CAPTAIN’S SPY-GLASS.
No sooner had Captain Rhines received the letter, informing him of
the time at which they expected to set out, than he hurried home
with it, and then, getting into his boat, made sail for Elm Island,
where his information caused no little gratification. He had scarcely
left the shore on his errand, when Elizabeth made the discovery that
there was not a needle in the house fit to sew with, nor one grain of
beeswax.
“You must go to the store, Elizabeth, and get some needles and
wax,” said her mother; “and tell Fred to send me half a yard of cloth
from the piece I looked at yesterday. I must finish John’s waistcoat
before he comes home.”
Thus Fred was made acquainted with the tidings, and through him
Uncle Isaac, Henry Griffin, and Joe.
“I do believe,” said Mrs. Rhines, “that Tige knows what is going on,
for every time John’s name is mentioned, he wags his tail, and
seems uneasy.”
“Knows!” replied the captain; “to be sure he does. Any fool of a dog
might know as much as that; and Tige has forgot more than most
dogs know. Here, Tige—go find John.”
The dog instantly ran to the door, and barked to be let out. After
making a tour of the premises, he came in, ran up to John’s

bedroom, and came down with one of his jackets in his mouth, and
laid it at his master’s feet.
“See that, and tell me he don’t know what we are talking about!”
Ever since Tige had saved little Fannie from drowning, she had been
in the habit of making him frequent visits, bringing with her
something she knew he would like to eat. Tige never returned the
visits, for it was not in accordance with his habits and principles ever
to leave the premises, except sent on an errand by his master, or
with one of the family; but he always received her with great
cordiality. Fannie could talk plain now. Ever since the promise to her
from Captain Rhines, that Tige never should be whipped, do what he
would, she had entertained a very high opinion of the captain, who
loved dearly to play and romp with her.
While Captain Rhines and his wife were conversing, Fannie came
trudging along, with gingerbread and meat in her basket for Tige.
“Good morning, my little woman! Have you come to see me, and
have a good frolic?”
“Fannie came to see Tige.”
“Then you think more of Tige than you do of me?”
“I love Tige.”
“That’s a fact.”
I’ve no doubt Tige by this time had his nose in Fannie’s basket.
“Captain Rhines, you know Tige loves babies.”
“Yes, my dear.”
“Don’t you know we have a little baby?”

“Yes.”
“I’ve come for Tige to go and see it.”
“What a comical little thing you are! Well, I suppose he must go.
Then you’re not going to stop and play with me?”
“No, sir; because Tige wants to see the baby.”
“He won’t go with her,” said Mrs. Rhines, “without some of us go
with him.”
“Yes, he will,” said the captain, “if I tell him to, and give him
something to carry.”
“Then you must give him something that he won’t eat, or she’ll give
every mite of it to him.”
Captain Rhines filled Fannie’s basket with apples, and put in some
flowers, and Mrs. Rhines gave her some cake to eat herself. Tige
took the basket in his mouth, and away they went; but Fannie gave
him all her cake before she got home.
She made out to get him into the house, where he licked the baby’s
face, and frightened it half to death, and then set out for home,
refusing the most urgent solicitations to stay to dinner.
Tige also had the promise of going over to Elm Island again, to see
the baby there.
The heart of Captain Rhines was bound up in John. Two days had
now passed since the time fixed in his mind for their arrival. He
became very uneasy. Every few moments he would catch the spy-
glass, and run out on the hill to look.
“Why, Captain Rhines,” said his wife, “I don’t think you need laugh
any more at us women for being nervous and fidgety when our

friends are away! I’m sure you beat us all. Old Aunt Nabby Rideout,
of Marblehead, that they say used to bank up her house with tea-
grounds, never begun with you! You can’t expect folks that are
coming by water to come just at the time they set. You must have
patience.”
“Patience! I’ve had patience to kill.”
“Perhaps they’ve had a head wind, or calm.”
“No, they haven’t! I know how the winds have been. They’ve had as
good and steady a wind as ever blew—just the breeze for a boat.”
The next day after this conversation, the captain, after running in
and out half of the forenoon with the spy-glass in his hand, said,
“Wife, I won’t look any more till they come. I’m going to have
patience; but there’s Tige been laying all the morning before the
door, with his nostrils to the wind.”
He put the glass in the brackets, and taking up a book, began to
read. He had hardly commenced, when a tremendous roar, ending in
a prolonged howl, rang through the house.
“Heavens!” cried the captain; “why couldn’t I have seen them? I’ve
been looking with all the eyes I’ve got the whole morning;” and
rushing to the door, he caught a glimpse of Tige’s tail disappearing
round the corner of the wood-pile.
To his astonishment, there was no boat to be seen in the cove, nor
in the offing. Turning round to learn what had become of Tige, he
espied him going at full speed across the orchard, clearing logs and
fences at a leap, for the main road, emitting sharp, short barks as he
ran, and was soon lost to view around a point of thick woods. The
captain sat down on a log to see what would turn up next, and in a
quarter of an hour was joined by all the family.
“What do you suppose it means?” asked Mrs. Rhines.

“Means? It means they are coming along the road. Tige has known
it since six o’clock this morning. I knew he did by his actions, and
that was what made me so patient.”
“Yes, you was very patient; but what has become of their boat?”
“I don’t know. Perhaps she has sprung a-leak, or they run on to
some reef and punched a hole in her. Here they come!” roared the
captain, as Tige’s voice was again heard. He was evidently returning,
and the barking sounded louder and louder. In a few minutes Tige
appeared in view around the point of woods.
He presented a comical appearance. He was coming sidewise,
doubled all up like a rainbow, or the colonel’s horse prancing at the
head of the regiment general-muster morning, caused by the effort
to keep one eye on the boys and the other on Captain Rhines and
his company, and progress at the same time.
These anxiously-expected ones came in sight, each with a pack on
his back. John also bore a gun on his shoulder, and Charlie a hatchet
in his hand.
“They have travelled all the way!” exclaimed Captain Rhines.
“What are we thinking about! Here it is, most noon, not a thing done
towards dinner, and these poor boys tired and half starved!” said
Mrs. Rhines.
This was the signal for a general stampede in the direction of the
house.
“I’ll get some dry wood, and have a fire in no time, wife.”
Then, with the combined efforts of these practised hands, a great
fire was roaring in the chimney, the teakettle boiling, the table in the
floor, and eggs frying by the time that Tige burst into the room,
followed by the boys.

“Why, John, how you’ve grown!” said Captain Rhines, twirling him
round on his heel; “and Charlie, too; I believe he has grown more
than you have. There was more chance for it. You was as big as a
moose before.”
“I guess hard work agrees with both of you,” said Mrs. Rhines.
“It always did,” replied Charlie. “We’re the boys for that.”
“Yes,” added John, “none of the western boys can lay us on our
backs, either. Mother, do your hens lay well?”
“Yes; but what makes you ask that?”
“Because, if you think there’s eggs enough in that kettle, you’re very
much mistaken.”
“There’s half a bushel in the buttery,” said his father. “They’ll stay
your stomachs, and after dinner I’ll kill a fat wether I’ve got in the
barn.”
The captain could not well have given stronger evidence of
hospitality and glad welcome than by his resolve to kill a wether, that
would afford double the wool which could be sheared from an
ordinary sheep, as will be evident if we reflect a moment upon the
state of affairs at that period. Before the war of the revolution, when
the British government was imposing onerous taxes upon our
fathers, prohibiting American manufactures, and endeavoring to
compel them to purchase those of the mother country, they not only
threw the tea overboard, but in every way attempted to clothe
themselves, that they might be independent of Great Britain. In
order to be provided with material for cloth, the people of
Massachusetts resolved to eat no lamb, and not a butcher dared to
offer any for sale. Bounties were offered for wolves, flocks of sheep
were increased by every possible means, great quantities of flax
were raised, and every household was transposed into a

manufactory, where wool and flax were carded, spun, and wove, and
colored with barks and roots found in the woods.
“Save your money, and save your country,” became a proverb.
After the war, and at the period of our tale, when the country was
oppressed with debt, and its infant manufactures were struggling for
existence, when Great Britain, while excluding us from her West
India ports, was deluging the country with her manufactures in order
to effectually crush our own, all true patriots, and the government to
the extent that lay in its power, strove to sustain the old spirit of
independence, and raise wool and flax. Captain Rhines very rarely,
and Uncle Isaac never, killed a lamb; but on this occasion the glad
father was willing to slaughter even a wether.
Evil kills the home-feeling; virtue deepens and strengthens it. The
fact that the presence of these boys added so much to the
happiness of home, and that they were so happy to get home, was a
fine tribute both to their heart and principles.

CHAPTER VI.
TELLING AND HEARING THE NEWS.
“What’s the news, father?” asked John, when the protracted meal
was at length finished. “Who’s dead? who’s married?”
“Are all well on the island?” interposed Charlie.
“All are first-rate on the island. Aunt Molly Bradish, good old soul!
has gone to heaven. She was buried a week ago Tuesday. Nobody
else has died that you are much acquainted with; but old Mrs. Yelf is
very sick, and you must go and see her. She has talked about you
ever since you have been gone, and will never forget the good turns
you did her after her husband died.”
“How is Uncle Isaac, father?”
“Smart as a steel trap; has killed lots of birds, and last winter bears,
deer, and three wolves; and the last time I rode by there, I saw a
seal-skin stretched on the barn.”
“How is Fred?”
“First-rate.”
“Has he built a new store?”
“A real nice one.”
“And put a T on the wharf?”

“Yes.”
“Why don’t you talk some, Charlie?” asked John. “You sit there just
as mum!”
“He can’t get a word in edgewise,” said Mrs. Rhines, “you talk so fast
yourself.”
“Well, then, I’ll hold my tongue.”
“There’s another hole bored in your great maple, Charlie,” said Mary.
“There is? Who bored it?”
“Guess.”
“Joe Bradish?”
“Guess again.”
“Sydney Chase?”
“Guess again. O, you’ll never guess! James Welch;” and she told him
the story.
“I’ll name that spring ‘Quicksilver Spring.’”
“Father,” said Mary, “you haven’t told the boys who is married.”
“Indeed, their questions follow each other so fast, I lose my
reckoning. Joe Griffin.”
“Joe!” cried John. “Where does he live?”
“Right on the shore, between Pleasant Point and Uncle Isaac’s, in a
log house.”
“Then he’ll be close to me,” said Charlie.

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