C# has several built-in datatypes that specify the size and type of data. The main datatypes are integral (int, long, etc.), floating point (float, double), character (char, string), and other types like boolean and datetime. Integral types store integers of different sizes like byte, short, int. Floating point types store fractional values like float and double. Character types store character and string values. Other types include boolean to store true/false values and datetime for dates/times. The document provides details on the range and default values of common C# datatypes.