Dates and Times in Java 7 and Java 8

Dates and Times in Java
Tecniche di Programmazione – A.A. 2014/2015

Summary
A.A. 2014/2015Tecniche di programmazione2
 Libraries and History
 The “old” Date/Calendar classes
 The new (≥Java8) java.time package
 Basic concepts
 Main classes
 Date operations
 Dealing with SQL dates

Libraries and History

A common problem
 Most software programs need to deal with dates and/or
times
 The human calendar system is extremely complex
 Uneven months, Leap years, Leap seconds
 Time zones, Daylight savings time
 Localized representations
 Time instants vs. time intervals vs. recurring instants
 Different calendar systems
 Available libraries, in all languages, are often over-
simplified or over-engineered

Two ways at representing time
 Machine time
 A given number of seconds (ms, ns) measured starting from a
known reference point
 Fixed reference (Epoch): absolute time
 Variable reference: time intervals
 Human time
 The passing of time, as we humans measure it
 Dates: day, month, year, week, weekday, century, …
 Times: hours, minutes, seconds, ms, …
 Takes into account local culture
 Gregorian Calendar, localization, time zones, DST

What we want to represent
 Exact time instants: Now.The moment of moon landing.
 Days (without times):The date I was born.The discovery
of Americas.
 Times (without dates): Office hours are 9-17.
 Recurring dates:Wedding anniversary. Christmas day.
(date without year)
 Date intervals: One week. Seven Days. 30 working days.
 Relative dates: nextThursday. By the end of next month.
 …

Basic operations
 Parsing: convert a string into a date/time object
 Formatting: covert a date/time object into a string
 Building: create a date/time object starting from its
components
 Analyzing: extracting date/time components from an
object
 Arithmetic: sum or subtract a quantity from a date/time;
compute the difference between two dates/times; equality
or majority comparing

In Java (<=7)
 java.util.Date (and related)
 Since the first version of Java (JDK 1.0)
 Oversimplified, incomplete
 Most of it was deprecated in JDK 1.1
 But still alive today
 java.util.Calendar (and related)
 Code donated by IBM to Sun
 Supports nearly all time and date details
 Overengineered, complex
 Unexpected behaviors
 Cannot completely replace Date (need to convert back&forth)

In Java (>=8)
 New java.time package
 Inspired by the «JodaTime» library
 Cleaner structure, easier usage
 Optimized on common use cases
 While supporting the more complex ones
 Explicit distinction between machine time and human
time

The “old” Date/Calendar classes

java.util.Date
 The Date object is really just a wrapper around a long
integer
 The number of milliseconds since January 1, 1970.
 It represents a date and a time (the name is wrong!)
 Works in UTC time, but not prefectly (leap seconds)
 Most methods are deprecated, now, in favor of Calendar or
DataFormatter objects

Date constructors
 Date() Allocates a Date object and initializes it so that it
represents the time at which it was allocated, measured
to the nearest millisecond.
 Date(long date) Allocates a Date object and initializes it
to represent the specified number of milliseconds since
the standard base time known as "the epoch", namely
January 1, 1970, 00:00:00 GMT.

Date methods (non-Deprecated)
boolean after(Date when) Tests if this date is after the specified date.
boolean before(Date when) Tests if this date is before the specified date.
long
getTime() Returns the number of milliseconds since January 1, 1970, 00:00:00
GMT represented by this Date object.
void
setTime(long time) Sets this Date object to represent a point in time that is
time milliseconds after January 1, 1970 00:00:00 GMT.
String
toString() Converts this Date object to a String of the form:
dow mon dd hh:mm:ss zzz yyyy
(example:Thu May 21 10:07:28 CEST 2015)
boolean equals(Object obj) Compares two dates for equality.
int hashCode() Returns a hash code value for this object.
Object clone() Return a copy of this object.
int compareTo(Date anotherDate) Compares two Dates for ordering.

java.text.DateFormat
 Abstract class for date/time formatting subclasses which
formats and parses dates or time in a language-
independent manner
 Subclasses: SimpleDateFormat
 allows for formatting (i.e., date → text), parsing (text → date),
and normalization
 The formatting styles include FULL, LONG, MEDIUM, and
SHORT
 A formatter is generated by a .getInstance static factory
method
 DateFormat.getDateInstance()
 DateFormat.getTimeInstance()
 DateFormat.getDateTimeInstance()

Examples
Date today = new Date() ;
System.out.println(today.toString()) ;
Thu May 21 10:14:33 CEST 2015
DateFormat format =
DateFormat.getDateInstance() ;
System.out.println(format.format(today)) ;
21-mag-2015
System.out.println(DateFormat.getDateInstance(
DateFormat.FULL).format(today)) ;
giovedì 21 maggio 2015
DateFormat.LONG).format(today)) ;
21 maggio 2015
DateFormat.MEDIUM).format(today)) ;
21-mag-2015
DateFormat.SHORT).format(today)) ;
21/05/15

Format localization
DateFormat.FULL, Locale.FRANCE)
.format(today)) ;
jeudi 21 mai 2015
DateFormat.FULL, Locale.GERMANY)
.format(today)) ;
Donnerstag, 21. Mai 2015
DateFormat.FULL, Locale.US).format(today)) ;
Thursday, May 21, 2015
DateFormat.FULL, Locale.CHINA).format(today)) ;
2015年5月21日星期四
DateFormat.FULL, Locale.JAPAN).format(today)) ;
2015年5月21日
DateFormat.FULL, new Locale("AR"))
.format(today)) ;
21‫مايو‬,2015

Custom formats
 Use SimpleDateFormat
 new SimpleDateFormat(String pattern)
 Defines a «pattern» for representing dates/times
 May format or parse according to the pattern
SimpleDateFormat sdf = new SimpleDateFormat("yyyy-MM-dd") ;
System.out.println(sdf.format(today)) ;
2015-05-21
SimpleDateFormat sdf2 = new SimpleDateFormat("hh:mm:ss") ;
System.out.println(sdf2.format(today)) ;
10:38:52

Formatting Patterns

Examples

Parsing
 public Date parse(String text) Parses text from a string to
produce a Date.
try {
String nataleString = "25/12/2015" ;
SimpleDateFormat sdf_it = new SimpleDateFormat("dd/MM/yyyy") ;
Date nataleDate = sdf_it.parse(nataleString) ;
System.out.println(nataleDate.toString()) ;
} catch (ParseException e) {
// TODO Auto-generated catch block
e.printStackTrace();
}

Date operations?
 The class Date is not able to do any computation on
dates
 Only methods are:
 date1.before(date2)
 date1.after(date2)
 date1.compareTo(date2)
 For all the rest, you must use Calendar.

java.util.Calendar
 Abstract class that provides methods for
 converting between a specific instant in time and a set of
calendar fields (YEAR, MONTH, DAY_OF_MONTH, HOUR,
…)
 manipulating the calendar fields, such as getting the date of the
next week.
 An instant in time can be represented by a millisecond
value that is an offset from the Epoch, January 1, 1970
00:00:00.000 GMT (Gregorian).
 May obtain a localized instance:
 Calendar rightNow = Calendar.getInstance();

Setting a date / time
 calendar.setTime(Date date)
 Will store in the calendar the same value of the Date object
 calendar.set(int field, int value)
 Sets or modifies one specific field
 Fields may be calendar-specific, we use GregorianCalendar
 Set full dates in one call
 set(int year, int month, int date) Sets the values for the calendar fields
YEAR, MONTH, and DAY_OF_MONTH.
 set(int year, int month, int date, int hourOfDay, int minute) Sets the
values for the calendar fieldsYEAR, MONTH, DAY_OF_MONTH,
HOUR_OF_DAY, and MINUTE.
 set(int year, int month, int date, int hourOfDay, int minute, int second)
Sets the values for the fieldsYEAR, MONTH, DAY_OF_MONTH,
HOUR_OF_DAY, MINUTE, and SECOND.

GregorianCalendar fields

Formatting/Parsing calendars
 No methods available in Calendar
 Must use DateFormat objects
 This implies converting to/from Date objects
Calendar c Date d
DateFormat df
c.setTime(d) ;
d = c.getTime() ;
s = df.format(d) ;
String s
d = df.parse(s) ;

Date arithmetics with Calendar
void
add(int field, int amount) Adds or subtracts the specified amount of time to
the given calendar field, based on the calendar's rules.
boolean
after(Object when) Returns whether this Calendar represents a time after
the time represented by the specified Object.
boolean
before(Object when) Returns whether this Calendar represents a time
before the time represented by the specified Object.

The new java.time package

Good introductions
http://www.slideshare.net/sual
eh/java-8-date-and-time-api
http://docs.oracle.com/javase/t
utorial/datetime/

Main principles
 Clear
 The methods in the API are well defined and their behavior is clear and expected. For
example, invoking a Date-Time method with a null parameter value typically triggers a
NullPointerException.
 Fluent
 The Date-Time API provides a fluent interface, making the code easy to read. Because
most methods do not allow parameters with a null value and do not return a null value,
method calls can be chained together and the resulting code can be quickly understood.
For example:
 LocalDate today = LocalDate.now(); LocalDate payday =
today.with(TemporalAdjusters.lastDayOfMonth()).minusDays(2);
 Immutable
 Most of the classes in the Date-Time API create objects that are immutable.To alter the
value of an immutable object, a new object must be constructed as a modified copy of the
original. Most of the methods used to create date or time objects are prefixed with of,
from, or with, rather than constructors, and there are no set methods. For example:
 LocalDate dateOfBirth = LocalDate.of(2012, Month.MAY,14);
 LocalDate firstBirthday = dateOfBirth.plusYears(1);
 Extensible
 The Date-Time API is extensible wherever possible. For example, you can define your own
time adjusters and queries, or build your own calendar system.

A variety of Temporal Classes

Consistent Method Naming Conventions
Prefix MethodType Use
of static factory
Creates an instance where the factory is primarily validating the input
parameters, not converting them.
from static factory
Converts the input parameters to an instance of the target class, which
may involve losing information from the input.
parse static factory Parses the input string to produce an instance of the target class.
format instance
Uses the specified formatter to format the values in the temporal object
to produce a string.
get instance Returns a part of the state of the target object.
is instance Queries the state of the target object.
with instance
Returns a copy of the target object with one element changed; this is the
immutable equivalent to a set method on a JavaBean.
plus instance Returns a copy of the target object with an amount of time added.
minus instance Returns a copy of the target object with an amount of time subtracted.
to instance Converts this object to another type.
at instance Combines this object with another.

Examples
LocalDateTime now =
LocalDateTime.now() ;
now.toString() =
2015-05-21T11:36:48.008
Defaults to ISO 8601
format
LocalDate natale =
LocalDate.of(2015, 12, 25) ;
LocalDate natale =
LocalDate.of(2015,
Month.DECEMBER, 25) ;
natale.toString() =
2015-12-25
A Date has noTime
component

Accessing fields
 In general: get(TemporalField field)
 In detail:
 getDayOfMonth()
 getDayOfWeek()
 getDayOfYear()
 getHour()
 getMinute()
 getMonth()
 getMonthValue()
 getNano()
 getSecond()
 getYear()

Machine time
 The Instant class, represents the start of a nanosecond
on the timeline. It counts time beginning from the first
second of January 1, 1970 (1970-01-01T00:00:00Z) - the
Epoch.
 The Instant class does not work with human units of
time, such as years, months, or days
 If you want to perform calculations in those units, you can
convert an Instant to another class, such as
LocalDateTime
 LocalDateTime ldt =
LocalDateTime.ofInstant(timestamp,
ZoneId.systemDefault());

Parsing and Formatting
 Methods .parse() and .format() in all date and time
classes
 By default, work with ISO formats
 May use a DateTimeFormatter to customize the
format
 Many commonly used DateTimeFormatter isntances are
pre-defined

Predefined formatters

Predefined formatters
DateTimeFormatter.ISO_DATE.format(natale)
DateTimeFormatter.ofLocalizedDate(FormatStyle.LONG).format(natale)

Custom formatters

Custom formatters
DateTimeFormatter formatter =
DateTimeFormatter.ofPattern("yyyy MM dd");
String text = date.toString(formatter);
LocalDate date = LocalDate.parse(text,
formatter);

Date/Time arithmetics
 The date and time classes already contain basic
operations for adding/subtracting/comparing
 For more complex operations, you may use the
TemporalAdjuster classes, as a parameter of the
.with() method of date/time classes
 Many predefinted TemporalAdjuster classes already defined
as static instances of TemporalAdjusters

Arithmetic in LocalDateTime
 isAfter(other) isBefore(other)
isEqual(other)
 minus(long amountToSubtract, TemporalUnit
unit) minus(TemporalAmount
amountToSubtract)
 minusDays(long days) minusHours(long
hours) minusMinutes(long minutes)
minusMonths(long months) minusNanos(long
nanos) minusSeconds(long seconds)
minusWeeks(long weeks) minusYears(long
years)
 Same with plusXXX()

Computing differences
 With LocalDate objects
 until(Temporal endExclusive, TemporalUnit
unit)
 Calculates the amount of time until another date-time in terms
of the specified unit.
 With Instants and Duration.beteween
 Instant t1, t2;
 long ns = Duration.between(t1, t2).toNanos();
 With Dates and Period.between
 LocalDate today = LocalDate.now();
 LocalDate birthday = LocalDate.of(1960,
Month.JANUARY, 1);
 Period p = Period.between(birthday, today);

Temporal Adjusters
 dayOfWeekInMonth(int ordinal, DayOfWeek dayOfWeek) a new date in the same month with the ordinal
day-of-week
 firstDayOfMonth() a new date set to the first day of the current month
 firstDayOfNextMonth() a new date set to the first day of the next month
 firstDayOfNextYear() a new date set to the first day of the next year.
 firstDayOfYear() a new date set to the first day of the current year.
 firstInMonth(DayOfWeek dayOfWeek) a new date in the same month with the first matching day-of-week
 lastDayOfMonth() a new date set to the last day of the current month
 lastDayOfYear() a new date set to the last day of the current year
 lastInMonth(DayOfWeek dayOfWeek) a new date in the same month with the last matching day-of-week.
 next(DayOfWeek dayOfWeek) adjusts the date to the first occurrence of the specified day-of-week after
the date being adjusted
 nextOrSame(DayOfWeek dayOfWeek) adjusts the date to the first occurrence of the specified day-of-week
after the date being adjusted unless it is already on that day in which case the same object is returned.
 previous(DayOfWeek dayOfWeek) adjusts the date to the first occurrence of the specified day-of-week
before the date being adjusted
 previousOrSame(DayOfWeek dayOfWeek) adjusts the date to the first occurrence of the specified day-of-
week before the date being adjusted unless it is already on that day in which case the same object is
returned

Example

Compatibility JDK7-JDK8
 Calendar.toInstant() converts the Calendar object to an
Instant.
 GregorianCalendar.toZonedDateTime() converts a
GregorianCalendar instance to a ZonedDateTime.
 GregorianCalendar.from(ZonedDateTime) creates a
GregorianCalendar object using the default locale from a
ZonedDateTime instance.
 Date.from(Instant) creates a Date object from an Instant.
 Date.toInstant() converts a Date object to an Instant.
 TimeZone.toZoneId() converts a TimeZone object to a
ZoneId.

Summary
 The Instant class provides a machine view of the timeline.
 The LocalDate, LocalTime, and LocalDateTime classes
provide a human view of date and time without any reference
to time zone.
 The ZoneId, ZoneRules, and ZoneOffset classes describe time
zones, time zone offsets, and time zone rules.
 The ZonedDateTime class represents date and time with a
time zone.The OffsetDateTime and OffsetTime classes
represent date and time, or time, respectively.These classes
take a time zone offset into account.
 The Duration class measures an amount of time in seconds
and nanoseconds.
 The Period class measures an amount of time using years,
months, and days.

Dealing with SQL dates

Adding SQL into the picture
 How are dates and times represented in standard SQL?
 How are dates and times implemented in MySQL?
 Differences, incompatibilities
 How are dates and times transferred over JDBC?

“Standard” SQL
 DATE: for date values (e.g. 2011-05-03)
 TIME: for time values (e.g. 15:51:36).The granularity of
the time value is usually a tick (100 nanoseconds).
 TIMESTAMP:This is a DATE and a TIME put together in
one variable (e.g. 2011-05-03 15:51:36).
 TIME WITH TIME ZONE or TIMETZ: the same as TIME,
but including details about the time zone in question.
 TIMESTAMP WITH TIME ZONE or TIMESTAMPTZ: the
same as TIMESTAMP, but including details about the time
zone in question.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL#Date_and_time

MySQL
 DATE: values with a date part but no time part, in 'YYYY-MM-
DD' format. Supported range '1000-01-01' to '9999-12-31'.
 DATETIME: values that contain both date and time parts, in
'YYYY-MM-DD HH:MM:SS' format. Supported range is '1000-
01-01 00:00:00' to '9999-12-31 23:59:59'.
 TIMESTAMP: values that contain both date and time parts.
Range of '1970-01-01 00:00:01' UTC to '2038-01-19
03:14:07' UTC. Internally represented as Unix milliseconds
 TIMESTAMP and DATETIME offer automatic initialization and
updating to the current date and time:
 Non-standard DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP column attribute

MySQL
 TIME: values in 'HH:MM:SS' format (or 'HHH:MM:SS').
Values may range from '-838:59:59' to '838:59:59'.
May represent the hour or the day, or an elapsed time
interval (even >24hr)
 YEAR: a 1-byte type used to represent year values. It can
be declared as YEAR or YEAR(4) and has a display width
of four characters.
 Year values in the range 00-69 are converted to 2000-2069.
 Year values in the range 70-99 are converted to 1970-1999.

JDBC (MySQL Connector/J)
 Supported SQL types are enumerated in java.sql.Types
 http://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/sql/Types.html
 Represented in java as classes in java.sql
 java.sql.Date (subclass of java.util.Date)
 the millisecond values wrapped by a java.sql.Date instance must
be 'normalized' by setting the hours, minutes, seconds, and
milliseconds to zero
 java.sql.Time (subclass of java.util.Date)
 The date components should be set to the "zero epoch" value of
January 1, 1970 and should not be accessed.
 java.sql.Timestamp (subclass of java.util.Date)
 Supports factional seconds.A composite of a java.util.Date and a
separate nanoseconds value.

MySQL to Java mappings
MySQLType
Name
Return
value of
GetColumn
ClassName
Returned as Java Class
DATE DATE java.sql.Date
DATETIME DATETIME java.sql.Timestamp
TIMESTAMP[(M)] TIMESTAMP java.sql.Timestamp
TIME TIME java.sql.Time
YEAR[(2|4)] YEAR
If yearIsDateType configuration property is
set to false, then the returned object type is
java.sql.Short.
If set to true (the default), then the returned
object is of type java.sql.Date with the date
set to January 1st, at midnight.
http://dev.mysql.com/doc/connector-j/en/connector-j-reference-type-conversions.html

From SQL to Java 8
 java.sql.Timestamp
supports
 static Timestamp
from(Instant instant)
 Instant toInstant()
 LocalDateTime
toLocalDateTime()
 static Timestamp
valueOf(LocalDateTime
dateTime)
 java.sql.Date
supports
 LocalDate
toLocalDate()
 static Date
valueOf(LocalDate date)
LocalDate
Instant
Date
Timestamp

Resources
 JDK8 java.time
 Official tutorial
http://docs.oracle.com/javase/tutorial/datetime/TOC.html
 JavaDoc
https://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/time/package-
summary.html
 MySql Date and times
 http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.7/en/date-and-time-
types.html
 MySQL Connector/J
 http://dev.mysql.com/doc/connector-j/en/index.html
 Comparison of different SQL implementations
 http://troels.arvin.dk/db/rdbms/

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“Attribuzione - Non commerciale - Condividi allo stesso modo (CC
BY-NC-SA)”
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originali e in modo tale da non suggerire che essi avallino te o il modo in
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