Dbms schema & instance
Download as PPTX, PDF2 likes955 views
The DBMS schema defines the overall logical structure and description of a database. A sub-schema allows different personalized views of the same underlying data. A DBMS instance refers to the specific set of data stored in a database at a particular moment in time.
1 of 4
Download to read offline
Ad
Recommended
Data independence
Data independenceAashima Wadhwa This document discusses data independence in databases. It defines database schemas, including the internal, conceptual, and external schemas that make up the three-schema architecture. The database state and valid state are also defined. Logical data independence allows changes to the conceptual schema without changing external schemas or applications. Physical data independence allows changes to the internal schema without changing the conceptual schema. Both help ensure that changes to lower-level schemas do not require changes to higher-level schemas and applications.
FUNCTION DEPENDENCY AND TYPES & EXAMPLE
FUNCTION DEPENDENCY AND TYPES & EXAMPLEVraj Patel Functional dependency defines a relationship between attributes in a table where a set of attributes determine another attribute. There are different types of functional dependencies including trivial, non-trivial, multivalued, and transitive. An example given is a student table with attributes Stu_Id, Stu_Name, Stu_Age which has the functional dependency of Stu_Id->Stu_Name since the student ID uniquely identifies the student name.
Integrity Constraints
Integrity ConstraintsMegha yadav Integrity constraints are rules used to maintain data quality and ensure accuracy in a relational database. The main types of integrity constraints are domain constraints, which define valid value sets for attributes; NOT NULL constraints, which enforce non-null values; UNIQUE constraints, which require unique values; and CHECK constraints, which specify value ranges. Referential integrity links data between tables through foreign keys, preventing orphaned records. Integrity constraints are enforced by the database to guard against accidental data damage.
SQL Views
SQL Viewsbaabtra.com - No. 1 supplier of quality freshers The document discusses various SQL concepts like views, triggers, functions, indexes, joins, and stored procedures. Views are virtual tables created by joining real tables, and can be updated, modified or dropped. Triggers automatically run code when data is inserted, updated or deleted from a table. Functions allow reusable code and improve clarity. Indexes allow faster data retrieval. Joins combine data from different tables. Stored procedures preserve data integrity.
Operator Overloading
Operator OverloadingNilesh Dalvi Operator overloading allows user-defined types in C++ to behave similarly to built-in types when operators are used on them. It allows operators to have special meanings depending on the context. Some key points made in the document include:
- Operator overloading enhances the extensibility of C++ by allowing user-defined types to work with operators like addition, subtraction, etc.
- Common operators that can be overloaded include arithmetic operators, increment/decrement, input/output, function call, and subscript operators.
- To overload an operator, a member or friend function is declared with the same name as the operator being overloaded. This function performs the desired operation on the class type.
-
Er model ppt
Er model pptPihu Goel The document discusses the entity relationship (ER) model used for conceptual database design. It describes the key components of an ER diagram including entities represented as rectangles, attributes described as ovals, and relationships shown as diamonds. Different types of relationships are also defined such as one-to-one, one-to-many, many-to-one, and many-to-many. The ER model provides a way to design and visualize the entities, attributes, and relationships within a database in a simple diagram.
database language ppt.pptx
database language ppt.pptxAnusha sivakumar This document provides information about different types of database languages. It discusses database definition languages (DDL) which are used to define the database structure, data manipulation languages (DML) which are used to retrieve and modify data, data control languages (DCL) which control security and access, and transaction control languages (TCL) which manage transactions. Examples of commands for each language type are provided, such as CREATE, ALTER, and DROP for DDL and SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, and DELETE for DML.
Indexing structure for files
Indexing structure for filesZainab Almugbel Modified version of Chapter 18 of the book Fundamentals_of_Database_Systems,_6th_Edition with review questions
as part of database management system course
15. Transactions in DBMS
15. Transactions in DBMSkoolkampus Transactions are units of program execution that access and update database items. A transaction must preserve database consistency. Concurrent transactions are allowed for increased throughput but can result in inconsistent views. Serializability ensures transactions appear to execute serially in some order. Conflict serializability compares transaction instruction orderings while view serializability compares transaction views. Concurrency control protocols enforce serializability without examining schedules after execution.
Enhanced E-R diagram
Enhanced E-R diagramMayank Jain The document discusses enhanced entity-relationship (EER) modeling concepts, including subclasses and superclasses, specialization and generalization, categories, and attribute inheritance. It provides examples of each concept and constraints on specialization and generalization. Key points include:
- Subclasses represent subgroups of a superclass and inherit attributes and relationships.
- Specialization defines subclasses based on distinguishing characteristics, while generalization identifies a superclass from common subclass features.
- Categories represent subclasses that can exist in multiple superclasses through a union.
- Constraints include disjointness, completeness, and whether subclasses are predicate-defined or user-defined.
Functional dependency
Functional dependencyDashani Rajapaksha Functional dependencies (FDs) describe relationships between attributes in a database relation. FDs constrain the values that can appear across attributes for each tuple. They are used to define database normalization forms.
Some examples of FDs are: student ID determines student name and birthdate; sport name determines sport type; student ID and sport name determine hours practiced per week.
FDs can be trivial, non-trivial, multi-valued, or transitive. Armstrong's axioms provide rules for inferring new FDs. The closure of a set of attributes includes all attributes functionally determined by that set according to the FDs. Closures are used to identify keys, prime attributes, and equivalence of FDs.
PHP FUNCTIONS
PHP FUNCTIONSZeeshan Ahmed This document discusses various PHP functions and concepts related to working with databases in PHP, including:
- PHP functions for arrays, calendars, file systems, MySQL, and math
- Using phpMyAdmin to manage MySQL databases
- The GET and POST methods for passing form data
- SQL commands for creating, altering, and manipulating database tables
- Connecting to a MySQL database from PHP using mysql_connect()
It provides code examples for using many of these PHP functions and SQL commands to interact with databases. The document is an overview of key topics for learning PHP database programming.
Schema
SchemaPragya Srivastava This document discusses data independence and the three-schema architecture in database systems. It explains that the schema is the overall structure or design of a database, while a subschema is a subset of the schema that inherits its properties and provides a window for users to view specific parts of the database. The three-schema architecture consists of the physical, logical, and view levels. The physical level deals with how data is stored, the logical level describes what data is stored and relationships, and the view level presents an external schema that users interact with. Data independence allows changes to schemas at one level without affecting higher levels, as seen through examples of logical and physical data independence.
2 phase locking protocol DBMS
2 phase locking protocol DBMSDhananjaysinh Jhala 1) The two-phase locking protocol requires transactions to acquire locks in two phases - the growing phase where locks can be acquired but not released, and the shrinking phase where locks can be released but not acquired.
2) The two-phase locking protocol ensures conflict serializability by ordering transactions based on their lock points.
3) However, it does not prevent deadlocks and can cause cascading rollbacks if transactions release locks before committing. Modifications like strict two-phase locking prevent this by requiring locks to be held until commit.
Normalization in DBMS
Normalization in DBMSHitesh Mohapatra This document discusses database normalization and different normal forms including 1NF, 2NF, 3NF, and BCNF. It defines anomalies like insertion, update, and deletion anomalies that can occur when data is not normalized. Examples are provided to illustrate the different normal forms and how denormalizing data can lead to anomalies. The key aspects of each normal form like removing repeating groups (1NF), removing functional dependencies on non-prime attributes (2NF), and removing transitive dependencies (3NF, BCNF) are explained.
Stack data structure
Stack data structureTech_MX The document discusses implementation of stacks. It describes stacks as linear data structures that follow LIFO principles. Key stack operations like push and pop are outlined. Stacks are often implemented using arrays or linked lists. Examples of stack applications include recursion handling, expression evaluation, parenthesis checking, and backtracking problems. Conversion from infix to postfix notation using a stack is also demonstrated.
Sql subquery
Sql subqueryRaveena Thakur A SQL subquery is a query nested inside another query. Subqueries can be used in the SELECT, WHERE, INSERT, UPDATE, or DELETE clauses. The subquery executes first and its results are then used by the outer query. There are three types of subqueries: single row, multiple row, and multiple column. Single row subqueries use comparison operators like =, <, > and return one row. Multiple row subqueries use operators like IN, ANY, ALL and return multiple rows. Multiple column subqueries compare more than one column between the outer and inner queries.
Dbms 14: Relational Calculus
Dbms 14: Relational CalculusAmiya9439793168 Relational Calculus , Tuple Relational Calculus , Safe Expressions , Queries , Domain Relational Calculus , Queries
Relational algebra in DBMS
Relational algebra in DBMSArafat Hossan This is a slide on relational algebra. i have discussed some common operation of relational algebra. most impotently i have add all the sql of corresponding operation and also the syntax.
Unit 5 composite datatypes
Unit 5 composite datatypesDrkhanchanaR This document discusses composite data types in PL/SQL such as records, tables, nested records, and variable-sized arrays (varrays). Records are similar to rows in database tables and can contain fields of scalar or other composite types. Tables are collections of elements of the same type indexed by numbers. Nested records allow records to be included as fields within other records. Varrays are single-dimensional arrays with a bounded size. Procedures and functions are used to modularize PL/SQL code.
EER modeling
EER modelingDabbal Singh Mahara This is contents for advance Database Management System for BSC CSIT Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu.
All data models in dbms
All data models in dbmsNaresh Kumar This document discusses different data models used in database management systems including record-based, relational, network, hierarchical, and entity-relationship models. It provides details on each model such as how data is organized. A record-based model uses fixed-length records and fields. The relational model organizes data into tables with rows and columns. The network model links entities through multiple paths in a graph structure. The hierarchical model arranges data in a tree structure. Finally, the entity-relationship model views the real world as entities and relationships between entities.
Joins in SQL
Joins in SQLVigneshwaran Sankaran Joins in SQL are used to combine data from two or more tables based on common columns between them. There are several types of joins, including inner joins, outer joins, and cross joins. Inner joins return rows that match between tables, outer joins return all rows including non-matching rows, and cross joins return the cartesian product between tables.
SQL Joins.pptx
SQL Joins.pptxAnkit Rai This presentation gives a clear and concise description of joins in sql and several types of sql joins.
These slides also contains the pictorial representation as well as syntax for each type of joins.
Entity relationship modelling
Entity relationship modellingDr. C.V. Suresh Babu This document provides an overview of entity-relationship modeling as a first step for designing a relational database. It describes how to model entities, attributes, relationships, and participation constraints. Key aspects covered include using boxes to represent entity types, diamonds for relationship types, and labeling relationships with degrees. The document also discusses handling multi-valued attributes and deciding whether to model concepts as attributes or entity types.
16. Concurrency Control in DBMS
16. Concurrency Control in DBMSkoolkampus The document discusses various concurrency control techniques for database systems, including lock-based protocols, timestamp-based protocols, and graph-based protocols. Lock-based protocols use locks to control concurrent access to data with different lock modes. Timestamp-based protocols assign timestamps to transactions and manage concurrency to ensure transactions execute in timestamp order. Graph-based protocols impose a partial ordering on data items modeled as a directed acyclic graph.
deadlock handling
deadlock handlingSuraj Kumar The document discusses deadlocks in database systems. It defines deadlock as a waiting state where transactions are unable to progress because each is holding a resource needed by another, forming a cyclic dependency. It outlines the four conditions for deadlock - mutual exclusion, hold and wait, no preemption, and circular wait. Methods for handling deadlocks include avoidance, prevention, detection and recovery. Prevention techniques involve locking protocols or transaction rollback with timestamps. Detection uses a wait-for graph to identify cycles indicating deadlocks, and recovery requires selecting victims to rollback to break cycles.
File organization 1
File organization 1Rupali Rana This document discusses different methods for organizing and indexing data stored on disk in a database management system (DBMS). It covers unordered or heap files, ordered or sequential files, and hash files as methods for physically arranging records on disk. It also discusses various indexing techniques like primary indexes, secondary indexes, dense vs sparse indexes, and multi-level indexes like B-trees and B+-trees that provide efficient access to records. The goal of file organization and indexing in a DBMS is to optimize performance for operations like inserting, searching, updating and deleting records from disk files.
Presentation on Tourism Product Development By Md Shaifullar Rabbi
Presentation on Tourism Product Development By Md Shaifullar RabbiMd Shaifullar Rabbi Presentation on Tourism Product Development By Md Shaifullar Rabbi, Assistant Manager- SABRE Bangladesh.
Marie Boran Special Collections Librarian Hardiman Library, University of Gal...
Marie Boran Special Collections Librarian Hardiman Library, University of Gal...Library Association of Ireland Phoenix – A Collaborative Renewal of Children’s and Young People’s Services Clare Doyle - Cork City Libraries
Ad
More Related Content
What's hot (20)
15. Transactions in DBMS
15. Transactions in DBMSkoolkampus Transactions are units of program execution that access and update database items. A transaction must preserve database consistency. Concurrent transactions are allowed for increased throughput but can result in inconsistent views. Serializability ensures transactions appear to execute serially in some order. Conflict serializability compares transaction instruction orderings while view serializability compares transaction views. Concurrency control protocols enforce serializability without examining schedules after execution.
Enhanced E-R diagram
Enhanced E-R diagramMayank Jain The document discusses enhanced entity-relationship (EER) modeling concepts, including subclasses and superclasses, specialization and generalization, categories, and attribute inheritance. It provides examples of each concept and constraints on specialization and generalization. Key points include:
- Subclasses represent subgroups of a superclass and inherit attributes and relationships.
- Specialization defines subclasses based on distinguishing characteristics, while generalization identifies a superclass from common subclass features.
- Categories represent subclasses that can exist in multiple superclasses through a union.
- Constraints include disjointness, completeness, and whether subclasses are predicate-defined or user-defined.
Functional dependency
Functional dependencyDashani Rajapaksha Functional dependencies (FDs) describe relationships between attributes in a database relation. FDs constrain the values that can appear across attributes for each tuple. They are used to define database normalization forms.
Some examples of FDs are: student ID determines student name and birthdate; sport name determines sport type; student ID and sport name determine hours practiced per week.
FDs can be trivial, non-trivial, multi-valued, or transitive. Armstrong's axioms provide rules for inferring new FDs. The closure of a set of attributes includes all attributes functionally determined by that set according to the FDs. Closures are used to identify keys, prime attributes, and equivalence of FDs.
PHP FUNCTIONS
PHP FUNCTIONSZeeshan Ahmed This document discusses various PHP functions and concepts related to working with databases in PHP, including:
- PHP functions for arrays, calendars, file systems, MySQL, and math
- Using phpMyAdmin to manage MySQL databases
- The GET and POST methods for passing form data
- SQL commands for creating, altering, and manipulating database tables
- Connecting to a MySQL database from PHP using mysql_connect()
It provides code examples for using many of these PHP functions and SQL commands to interact with databases. The document is an overview of key topics for learning PHP database programming.
Schema
SchemaPragya Srivastava This document discusses data independence and the three-schema architecture in database systems. It explains that the schema is the overall structure or design of a database, while a subschema is a subset of the schema that inherits its properties and provides a window for users to view specific parts of the database. The three-schema architecture consists of the physical, logical, and view levels. The physical level deals with how data is stored, the logical level describes what data is stored and relationships, and the view level presents an external schema that users interact with. Data independence allows changes to schemas at one level without affecting higher levels, as seen through examples of logical and physical data independence.
2 phase locking protocol DBMS
2 phase locking protocol DBMSDhananjaysinh Jhala 1) The two-phase locking protocol requires transactions to acquire locks in two phases - the growing phase where locks can be acquired but not released, and the shrinking phase where locks can be released but not acquired.
2) The two-phase locking protocol ensures conflict serializability by ordering transactions based on their lock points.
3) However, it does not prevent deadlocks and can cause cascading rollbacks if transactions release locks before committing. Modifications like strict two-phase locking prevent this by requiring locks to be held until commit.
Normalization in DBMS
Normalization in DBMSHitesh Mohapatra This document discusses database normalization and different normal forms including 1NF, 2NF, 3NF, and BCNF. It defines anomalies like insertion, update, and deletion anomalies that can occur when data is not normalized. Examples are provided to illustrate the different normal forms and how denormalizing data can lead to anomalies. The key aspects of each normal form like removing repeating groups (1NF), removing functional dependencies on non-prime attributes (2NF), and removing transitive dependencies (3NF, BCNF) are explained.
Stack data structure
Stack data structureTech_MX The document discusses implementation of stacks. It describes stacks as linear data structures that follow LIFO principles. Key stack operations like push and pop are outlined. Stacks are often implemented using arrays or linked lists. Examples of stack applications include recursion handling, expression evaluation, parenthesis checking, and backtracking problems. Conversion from infix to postfix notation using a stack is also demonstrated.
Sql subquery
Sql subqueryRaveena Thakur A SQL subquery is a query nested inside another query. Subqueries can be used in the SELECT, WHERE, INSERT, UPDATE, or DELETE clauses. The subquery executes first and its results are then used by the outer query. There are three types of subqueries: single row, multiple row, and multiple column. Single row subqueries use comparison operators like =, <, > and return one row. Multiple row subqueries use operators like IN, ANY, ALL and return multiple rows. Multiple column subqueries compare more than one column between the outer and inner queries.
Dbms 14: Relational Calculus
Dbms 14: Relational CalculusAmiya9439793168 Relational Calculus , Tuple Relational Calculus , Safe Expressions , Queries , Domain Relational Calculus , Queries
Relational algebra in DBMS
Relational algebra in DBMSArafat Hossan This is a slide on relational algebra. i have discussed some common operation of relational algebra. most impotently i have add all the sql of corresponding operation and also the syntax.
Unit 5 composite datatypes
Unit 5 composite datatypesDrkhanchanaR This document discusses composite data types in PL/SQL such as records, tables, nested records, and variable-sized arrays (varrays). Records are similar to rows in database tables and can contain fields of scalar or other composite types. Tables are collections of elements of the same type indexed by numbers. Nested records allow records to be included as fields within other records. Varrays are single-dimensional arrays with a bounded size. Procedures and functions are used to modularize PL/SQL code.
EER modeling
EER modelingDabbal Singh Mahara This is contents for advance Database Management System for BSC CSIT Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu.
All data models in dbms
All data models in dbmsNaresh Kumar This document discusses different data models used in database management systems including record-based, relational, network, hierarchical, and entity-relationship models. It provides details on each model such as how data is organized. A record-based model uses fixed-length records and fields. The relational model organizes data into tables with rows and columns. The network model links entities through multiple paths in a graph structure. The hierarchical model arranges data in a tree structure. Finally, the entity-relationship model views the real world as entities and relationships between entities.
Joins in SQL
Joins in SQLVigneshwaran Sankaran Joins in SQL are used to combine data from two or more tables based on common columns between them. There are several types of joins, including inner joins, outer joins, and cross joins. Inner joins return rows that match between tables, outer joins return all rows including non-matching rows, and cross joins return the cartesian product between tables.
SQL Joins.pptx
SQL Joins.pptxAnkit Rai This presentation gives a clear and concise description of joins in sql and several types of sql joins.
These slides also contains the pictorial representation as well as syntax for each type of joins.
Entity relationship modelling
Entity relationship modellingDr. C.V. Suresh Babu This document provides an overview of entity-relationship modeling as a first step for designing a relational database. It describes how to model entities, attributes, relationships, and participation constraints. Key aspects covered include using boxes to represent entity types, diamonds for relationship types, and labeling relationships with degrees. The document also discusses handling multi-valued attributes and deciding whether to model concepts as attributes or entity types.
16. Concurrency Control in DBMS
16. Concurrency Control in DBMSkoolkampus The document discusses various concurrency control techniques for database systems, including lock-based protocols, timestamp-based protocols, and graph-based protocols. Lock-based protocols use locks to control concurrent access to data with different lock modes. Timestamp-based protocols assign timestamps to transactions and manage concurrency to ensure transactions execute in timestamp order. Graph-based protocols impose a partial ordering on data items modeled as a directed acyclic graph.
deadlock handling
deadlock handlingSuraj Kumar The document discusses deadlocks in database systems. It defines deadlock as a waiting state where transactions are unable to progress because each is holding a resource needed by another, forming a cyclic dependency. It outlines the four conditions for deadlock - mutual exclusion, hold and wait, no preemption, and circular wait. Methods for handling deadlocks include avoidance, prevention, detection and recovery. Prevention techniques involve locking protocols or transaction rollback with timestamps. Detection uses a wait-for graph to identify cycles indicating deadlocks, and recovery requires selecting victims to rollback to break cycles.
File organization 1
File organization 1Rupali Rana This document discusses different methods for organizing and indexing data stored on disk in a database management system (DBMS). It covers unordered or heap files, ordered or sequential files, and hash files as methods for physically arranging records on disk. It also discusses various indexing techniques like primary indexes, secondary indexes, dense vs sparse indexes, and multi-level indexes like B-trees and B+-trees that provide efficient access to records. The goal of file organization and indexing in a DBMS is to optimize performance for operations like inserting, searching, updating and deleting records from disk files.
Recently uploaded (20)
Presentation on Tourism Product Development By Md Shaifullar Rabbi
Presentation on Tourism Product Development By Md Shaifullar RabbiMd Shaifullar Rabbi Presentation on Tourism Product Development By Md Shaifullar Rabbi, Assistant Manager- SABRE Bangladesh.
Marie Boran Special Collections Librarian Hardiman Library, University of Gal...
Marie Boran Special Collections Librarian Hardiman Library, University of Gal...Library Association of Ireland Phoenix – A Collaborative Renewal of Children’s and Young People’s Services Clare Doyle - Cork City Libraries
One Hot encoding a revolution in Machine learning
One Hot encoding a revolution in Machine learningmomer9505 A brief introduction to ONE HOT encoding a way to communicate with machines
To study the nervous system of insect.pptx
To study the nervous system of insect.pptxArshad Shaikh The *nervous system of insects* is a complex network of nerve cells (neurons) and supporting cells that process and transmit information. Here's an overview:
Structure
1. *Brain*: The insect brain is a complex structure that processes sensory information, controls behavior, and integrates information.
2. *Ventral nerve cord*: A chain of ganglia (nerve clusters) that runs along the insect's body, controlling movement and sensory processing.
3. *Peripheral nervous system*: Nerves that connect the central nervous system to sensory organs and muscles.
Functions
1. *Sensory processing*: Insects can detect and respond to various stimuli, such as light, sound, touch, taste, and smell.
2. *Motor control*: The nervous system controls movement, including walking, flying, and feeding.
3. *Behavioral responThe *nervous system of insects* is a complex network of nerve cells (neurons) and supporting cells that process and transmit information. Here's an overview:
Structure
1. *Brain*: The insect brain is a complex structure that processes sensory information, controls behavior, and integrates information.
2. *Ventral nerve cord*: A chain of ganglia (nerve clusters) that runs along the insect's body, controlling movement and sensory processing.
3. *Peripheral nervous system*: Nerves that connect the central nervous system to sensory organs and muscles.
Functions
1. *Sensory processing*: Insects can detect and respond to various stimuli, such as light, sound, touch, taste, and smell.
2. *Motor control*: The nervous system controls movement, including walking, flying, and feeding.
3. *Behavioral responses*: Insects can exhibit complex behaviors, such as mating, foraging, and social interactions.
Characteristics
1. *Decentralized*: Insect nervous systems have some autonomy in different body parts.
2. *Specialized*: Different parts of the nervous system are specialized for specific functions.
3. *Efficient*: Insect nervous systems are highly efficient, allowing for rapid processing and response to stimuli.
The insect nervous system is a remarkable example of evolutionary adaptation, enabling insects to thrive in diverse environments.
The insect nervous system is a remarkable example of evolutionary adaptation, enabling insects to thrive
World war-1(Causes & impacts at a glance) PPT by Simanchala Sarab(BABed,sem-4...
World war-1(Causes & impacts at a glance) PPT by Simanchala Sarab(BABed,sem-4...larencebapu132 This is short and accurate description of World war-1 (1914-18)
It can give you the perfect factual conceptual clarity on the great war
Regards Simanchala Sarab
Student of BABed(ITEP, Secondary stage)in History at Guru Nanak Dev University Amritsar Punjab 🙏🙏
Biophysics Chapter 3 Methods of Studying Macromolecules.pdf
Biophysics Chapter 3 Methods of Studying Macromolecules.pdfPKLI-Institute of Nursing and Allied Health Sciences Lahore , Pakistan. This chapter provides an in-depth overview of the viscosity of macromolecules, an essential concept in biophysics and medical sciences, especially in understanding fluid behavior like blood flow in the human body.
Key concepts covered include:
✅ Definition and Types of Viscosity: Dynamic vs. Kinematic viscosity, cohesion, and adhesion.
⚙️ Methods of Measuring Viscosity:
Rotary Viscometer
Vibrational Viscometer
Falling Object Method
Capillary Viscometer
🌡️ Factors Affecting Viscosity: Temperature, composition, flow rate.
🩺 Clinical Relevance: Impact of blood viscosity in cardiovascular health.
🌊 Fluid Dynamics: Laminar vs. turbulent flow, Reynolds number.
🔬 Extension Techniques:
Chromatography (adsorption, partition, TLC, etc.)
Electrophoresis (protein/DNA separation)
Sedimentation and Centrifugation methods.
Introduction to Vibe Coding and Vibe Engineering
Introduction to Vibe Coding and Vibe EngineeringDamian T. Gordon Introduction to Vibe Coding and Vibe Engineering
How to Subscribe Newsletter From Odoo 18 Website
How to Subscribe Newsletter From Odoo 18 WebsiteCeline George Newsletter is a powerful tool that effectively manage the email marketing . It allows us to send professional looking HTML formatted emails. Under the Mailing Lists in Email Marketing we can find all the Newsletter.
Michelle Rumley & Mairéad Mooney, Boole Library, University College Cork. Tra...
Michelle Rumley & Mairéad Mooney, Boole Library, University College Cork. Tra...Library Association of Ireland
Metamorphosis: Life's Transformative Journey
Metamorphosis: Life's Transformative JourneyArshad Shaikh *Metamorphosis* is a biological process where an animal undergoes a dramatic transformation from a juvenile or larval stage to a adult stage, often involving significant changes in form and structure. This process is commonly seen in insects, amphibians, and some other animals.
CBSE - Grade 8 - Science - Chemistry - Metals and Non Metals - Worksheet
CBSE - Grade 8 - Science - Chemistry - Metals and Non Metals - WorksheetSritoma Majumder Introduction
All the materials around us are made up of elements. These elements can be broadly divided into two major groups:
Metals
Non-Metals
Each group has its own unique physical and chemical properties. Let's understand them one by one.
Physical Properties
1. Appearance
Metals: Shiny (lustrous). Example: gold, silver, copper.
Non-metals: Dull appearance (except iodine, which is shiny).
2. Hardness
Metals: Generally hard. Example: iron.
Non-metals: Usually soft (except diamond, a form of carbon, which is very hard).
3. State
Metals: Mostly solids at room temperature (except mercury, which is a liquid).
Non-metals: Can be solids, liquids, or gases. Example: oxygen (gas), bromine (liquid), sulphur (solid).
4. Malleability
Metals: Can be hammered into thin sheets (malleable).
Non-metals: Not malleable. They break when hammered (brittle).
5. Ductility
Metals: Can be drawn into wires (ductile).
Non-metals: Not ductile.
6. Conductivity
Metals: Good conductors of heat and electricity.
Non-metals: Poor conductors (except graphite, which is a good conductor).
7. Sonorous Nature
Metals: Produce a ringing sound when struck.
Non-metals: Do not produce sound.
Chemical Properties
1. Reaction with Oxygen
Metals react with oxygen to form metal oxides.
These metal oxides are usually basic.
Non-metals react with oxygen to form non-metallic oxides.
These oxides are usually acidic.
2. Reaction with Water
Metals:
Some react vigorously (e.g., sodium).
Some react slowly (e.g., iron).
Some do not react at all (e.g., gold, silver).
Non-metals: Generally do not react with water.
3. Reaction with Acids
Metals react with acids to produce salt and hydrogen gas.
Non-metals: Do not react with acids.
4. Reaction with Bases
Some non-metals react with bases to form salts, but this is rare.
Metals generally do not react with bases directly (except amphoteric metals like aluminum and zinc).
Displacement Reaction
More reactive metals can displace less reactive metals from their salt solutions.
Uses of Metals
Iron: Making machines, tools, and buildings.
Aluminum: Used in aircraft, utensils.
Copper: Electrical wires.
Gold and Silver: Jewelry.
Zinc: Coating iron to prevent rusting (galvanization).
Uses of Non-Metals
Oxygen: Breathing.
Nitrogen: Fertilizers.
Chlorine: Water purification.
Carbon: Fuel (coal), steel-making (coke).
Iodine: Medicines.
Alloys
An alloy is a mixture of metals or a metal with a non-metal.
Alloys have improved properties like strength, resistance to rusting.
YSPH VMOC Special Report - Measles Outbreak Southwest US 4-30-2025.pptx
YSPH VMOC Special Report - Measles Outbreak Southwest US 4-30-2025.pptxYale School of Public Health - The Virtual Medical Operations Center (VMOC) A measles outbreak originating in West Texas has been linked to confirmed cases in New Mexico, with additional cases reported in Oklahoma and Kansas. The current case count is 795 from Texas, New Mexico, Oklahoma, and Kansas. 95 individuals have required hospitalization, and 3 deaths, 2 children in Texas and one adult in New Mexico. These fatalities mark the first measles-related deaths in the United States since 2015 and the first pediatric measles death since 2003.
The YSPH Virtual Medical Operations Center Briefs (VMOC) were created as a service-learning project by faculty and graduate students at the Yale School of Public Health in response to the 2010 Haiti Earthquake. Each year, the VMOC Briefs are produced by students enrolled in Environmental Health Science Course 581 - Public Health Emergencies: Disaster Planning and Response. These briefs compile diverse information sources – including status reports, maps, news articles, and web content– into a single, easily digestible document that can be widely shared and used interactively. Key features of this report include:
- Comprehensive Overview: Provides situation updates, maps, relevant news, and web resources.
- Accessibility: Designed for easy reading, wide distribution, and interactive use.
- Collaboration: The “unlocked" format enables other responders to share, copy, and adapt seamlessly. The students learn by doing, quickly discovering how and where to find critical information and presenting it in an easily understood manner.
Unit 6_Introduction_Phishing_Password Cracking.pdf
Unit 6_Introduction_Phishing_Password Cracking.pdfKanchanPatil34 Initial stages of attacks, Phishing, Password Cracking, guidelines to prevent password attacks, Strong password, weak password,
To study Digestive system of insect.pptx
To study Digestive system of insect.pptxArshad Shaikh Education is one thing no one can take away from you.”
Political History of Pala dynasty Pala Rulers NEP.pptx
Political History of Pala dynasty Pala Rulers NEP.pptxArya Mahila P. G. College, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India. The Pala kings were people-protectors. In fact, Gopal was elected to the throne only to end Matsya Nyaya. Bhagalpur Abhiledh states that Dharmapala imposed only fair taxes on the people. Rampala abolished the unjust taxes imposed by Bhima. The Pala rulers were lovers of learning. Vikramshila University was established by Dharmapala. He opened 50 other learning centers. A famous Buddhist scholar named Haribhadra was to be present in his court. Devpala appointed another Buddhist scholar named Veerdeva as the vice president of Nalanda Vihar. Among other scholars of this period, Sandhyakar Nandi, Chakrapani Dutta and Vajradatta are especially famous. Sandhyakar Nandi wrote the famous poem of this period 'Ramcharit'.
LDMMIA Reiki Master Spring 2025 Mini Updates
LDMMIA Reiki Master Spring 2025 Mini UpdatesLDM Mia eStudios As of Mid to April Ending, I am building a new Reiki-Yoga Series. No worries, they are free workshops. So far, I have 3 presentations so its a gradual process. If interested visit: https://www.slideshare.net/YogaPrincess
https://ldmchapels.weebly.com
Blessings and Happy Spring. We are hitting Mid Season.
Quality Contril Analysis of Containers.pdf
Quality Contril Analysis of Containers.pdfDr. Bindiya Chauhan Quality control test for containers, rubber closures and secondary packing materials.
How to track Cost and Revenue using Analytic Accounts in odoo Accounting, App...
How to track Cost and Revenue using Analytic Accounts in odoo Accounting, App...Celine George Analytic accounts are used to track and manage financial transactions related to specific projects, departments, or business units. They provide detailed insights into costs and revenues at a granular level, independent of the main accounting system. This helps to better understand profitability, performance, and resource allocation, making it easier to make informed financial decisions and strategic planning.
Phoenix – A Collaborative Renewal of Children’s and Young People’s Services C...
Phoenix – A Collaborative Renewal of Children’s and Young People’s Services C...Library Association of Ireland
How to manage Multiple Warehouses for multiple floors in odoo point of sale
How to manage Multiple Warehouses for multiple floors in odoo point of saleCeline George The need for multiple warehouses and effective inventory management is crucial for companies aiming to optimize their operations, enhance customer satisfaction, and maintain a competitive edge.
Marie Boran Special Collections Librarian Hardiman Library, University of Gal...
Marie Boran Special Collections Librarian Hardiman Library, University of Gal...Library Association of Ireland
Biophysics Chapter 3 Methods of Studying Macromolecules.pdf
Biophysics Chapter 3 Methods of Studying Macromolecules.pdfPKLI-Institute of Nursing and Allied Health Sciences Lahore , Pakistan.
Michelle Rumley & Mairéad Mooney, Boole Library, University College Cork. Tra...
Michelle Rumley & Mairéad Mooney, Boole Library, University College Cork. Tra...Library Association of Ireland
YSPH VMOC Special Report - Measles Outbreak Southwest US 4-30-2025.pptx
YSPH VMOC Special Report - Measles Outbreak Southwest US 4-30-2025.pptxYale School of Public Health - The Virtual Medical Operations Center (VMOC)
Political History of Pala dynasty Pala Rulers NEP.pptx
Political History of Pala dynasty Pala Rulers NEP.pptxArya Mahila P. G. College, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India.
Phoenix – A Collaborative Renewal of Children’s and Young People’s Services C...
Phoenix – A Collaborative Renewal of Children’s and Young People’s Services C...Library Association of Ireland
Ad
Dbms schema & instance
- 1. DBMS Schema and Instance
- 2. DBMS Schema and Instance DBMS Schema :- The overall description of the database is called DBMS Schema. OR The Logical representation of database is called DBMS Schema. RDBM S Roll Name Age 11 Papan 18 SQL Example :
- 3. DBMS Schema and Instance DBMS Sub- Schema :- Sub-schema is used to create very different and personalized view of the Same data. DBMS Schema Sub-Schema Sub-Schema User-1 User-2 User-3 Roll Name Age 11 Papan 18 Name Papan Example :
- 4. DBMS Schema and Instance DBMS Instance :- The data stored in a database at a particular moment is called Instance of the database. Date : 1/1/2019 Student Table : Records = 50 Date : 1/2/2019 Student Table : Records = 300