Degradation of Philippine Marine Life (2013)
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The degradation of Philippine marine life and coastal ecosystems like coral reefs and mangroves is outlined. The Philippines has extensive coastline and marine resources but coral reefs have over 70% damage from threats like blast fishing, while mangrove areas have declined sharply from 500,000 hectares to just 117,000 hectares due to activities like aquaculture and development. Specific areas of concern are discussed like the Tubbataha Reef, a UNESCO World Heritage Site that suffered damage when a US naval ship ran aground in the reef in 2013.
Degradation of Philippine Marine Life (2013)
- 1. Degradation of Philippine Marine Life Geog 111
- 2. STATE OF THE PHILIPPINE WATERS: Feature World Rank Coastline length 36,289 km 4th* Total Territorial Water Area 2,200,000 km2 -- Coral reef area 27,000 km2 3rd** (After Indonesia and Australia) Facts and Figures * **World Atlas of Coral Reefs, prepared by the United Nations Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre (UNEP-WCMC)
- 3. Facts and Figures (by type of Marine Ecosystem) Total territorial water exc. EEZ 2,200,200 km2 Coastal 266,000 km2 Shelf Area 184,600 km2 Coral Reef 27,000 km2 Mangrove 1,397 km2 Seagrass/algal beds 978 km2 Other Coastal 52,025 km2 Oceanic 17,460 km Source: Padilla, J.E. (2008). Analysis of Coastal and Marine Resources: A Contribution to the Philippine Country Environmental Analysis. Retrieved from http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTPHILIPPINES/Resources/WBCEAPhilCoastalandMarineSectorReportFINAL.pdf
- 4. The Philippines: Facts Rank, worldwide, among fish-producing countries: 6th Total production: 4.97 million metric tons Fish aquaculture Crustaceans Mollusks Aquatic plants (including seaweeds): 3rd largest producer 1.4% of total global aquaculture production worth US$ 1.58 billion Percent (%) of total world production: 3.12%
- 5. Philippine Species Diversity 2,818 marine fish species Corals: 307 genera Mangroves: 307 genera Seagrasses: 19 species Underestimates! Fauna in most locations not fully described Source: Padilla, J.E. (2008). Analysis of Coastal and Marine Resources: A Contribution to the Philippine Country Environmental Analysis. Retrieved from http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTPHILIPPINES/Resources/WBCEAPhilCoastalandMarineSectorReportFINAL.pdf
- 6. Major Species Produced Commercial value
- 7. FISHERIES Harvest Process Market Develop Conserve & Manage
- 8. Fisheries Industry The sector engaged in the production, growing, harvesting, processing, marketing, developing, conserving and managing of aquatic resources and fisheries areas Source: Philippine Fisheries Code of 1998.
- 9. Fisheries Products Fresh Agricultural and Fisheries Products Agricultural and fisheries products Natural state or habitat Agricultural areas or bodies of water used for aquaculture.
- 10. How important is fisheries? Contribution to GDP: 2.2 - 4.4% (inflation-dependent) 24.4% of GDP derived from agriculture 55% 33% 9% 3% 12% % of Philippine GDP Services Industry Agriculture (other kinds) Fisheries (as part of Agriculture) Source: The Philippines Country Report, Global Finance Mag http://www.gfmag.com/gdp-data-country-reports/198-the-philippines-gdp-country- ~3% contribution to PHL GDP
- 11. Philippine Fisheries: Growth Trends 10.00 8.00 6.00 4.00 2.00 - (2.00) (4.00) 1,600 1,400 1,200 1,000 800 600 400 200 - 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 "volume ('000 MT)" growth (%) 15.00 10.00 5.00 - (5.00) (10.00) (15.00) (20.00) 1,400 1,200 1,000 800 600 400 200 - 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 volume ('000 MT) growth (%) 20 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 - 3,000 2,500 2,000 1,500 1,000 500 - 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 volume ('000 MT) growth (%) 10 8 6 4 2 - (2) (4) (6) 6,000 5,000 4,000 3,000 2,000 1,000 - 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 volume ('000 MT) growth (%) Municipal Commercial Aquaculture Total
- 12. CORAL REEFS Natural aggregation of coral skeleton with or without living coral polyps intertidal and subtidal marine waters largest biogenic structures on the planet Right: Great Barrier Reef, Australia
- 13. Coral Reefs support assemblages of living corals and many other organisms Fish Mollusks Marine worms Crustaceans Algae Sponges
- 14. Coral Reefs “Tropical Rainforest of the Sea” A single reef can support up to 3,000 species of marine life Contributes 8-20% of the total fish caught/landed or an average of 15MT/sq. km Source: BFAR Thrusts Powerpoint Presentation. BFAR Strategies to Ensure Sustainable and Inclusive Growth for the Fisheries Sector, prepared by Information and Public Relations Group (Melannie R. Guerra)
- 15. Coral Reefs: Worldwide This new map of coral reefs systems rates the reefs by their exposure to different stress factors. The exposure index ranges from 0-1, with green indicating sites with a low exposure index (most likely to benefit from management), and red indicating sites with a high exposure index (less likely to benefit from management
- 16. Coral Reefs: Philippines The Philippines has about 25,000 to 27,000 km2 coral reef areas Annual economic benefits US$1.1 billion per year But only about 5% are in good condition, and only 1% in excellent condition Major threats are destructive fishing practices including cyanide poisoning and blast fishing; sediment spilling into the sea due to deforestation and urbanization; and climate change Coral reef conditions in the Philippines (Nanola et al, 2004)
- 17. Threats: Dynamite Fishing 1987 study: 25% of all municipal fish landings (equivalent to 250,000 metric tons per year) came from blast fishing 2002 study: 70% of Philippine coral reefs degraded annual fisheries production was reduced by about 177,500 metric tons in the 1990s
- 18. Threats: Dynamite Fishing Like Cambodia, China, and Japan, the Philippines shows over 70% of its reefs threatened and over 35% percent classified as high risk. Regularly bombed reefs exhibit 50–80 percent coral mortality. Over 2/3 of reefs in the Philippines are threatened by destructive fishing.
- 19. Threats: Fishing Malpractices Trawl Nets Muro-ami Superlights
- 20. Threats: Ocean Dumping Deliberate disposal of waste at sea Pollutants, mainly man-generated Ballast water Wastes soak up oxygen in the sea and release toxic chemicals Ballast water may encourage proliferation of organisms that hamper the growth of naturally-occurring fishes
- 21. Threats: Ocean Dumping Oil spills
- 22. Threats: Climate Change Impact: Coral bleaching When under stress, corals may expel their zooxanthellae, which leads to a lighter or completely white appearance, termed 'bleached‘ Stress Factors: High water temperatures ocean acidification
- 23. CORAL TRIANGLE INITIATIVE http://www.coraltriangleinitiative.org/
- 24. Coral Triangle Initiative: What is it? The Coral Triangle Initiative on Coral Reefs, Fisheries, and Food Security (CTI-CFF) is a multilateral partnership of six countries working together to sustain extraordinary marine and coastal resources by addressing crucial issues such as food security, climate change and marine biodiversity.
- 25. Coral Triangle Initiative: Area Spanned, Component Countries Indonesia Malaysia Papua New Guinea Philippines Solomon Islands Timor-Leste
- 26. Coral Triangle: Why so special? 5.7 sq. km of ocean water Contains at least 500 species of reef-building corals in each ecoregion Global center of marine biodiversity Resources sustain the lives of over 120 million people WWF: Top priority for marine conservation
- 27. CTI Regional Plan of Action Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea in March 2009 living and non-legally binding document conserve and sustainably manage coastal and marine resources within the Coral Triangle region takes into consideration laws and policies of each country
- 28. Our Own: TUBBATAHA REEF Sulu Sea, Philippines Discovered by divers in the late 1970s composed of two huge coral atolls and a smaller coral structure 20 km north of the atolls North Atoll South Atoll Jessie Beazley Reef
- 29. Tubbataha Reef 10,000 hectares of coral reef 600 species of fish 360 species of corals (about half of all coral species in the world) 11 species of sharks 13 species of dolphins & whales 100 species of birds Nesting Hawksbill & Green sea turtles. Source: http://www.tubbatahareef.org
- 31. Tubbataha Reef: History “Tubbataha” comes from the Samal language meaning “long reef exposed at low tide” Visited often by Samals
- 32. Tubbataha Reef: Concerns 1980s: Overfishing due to emergence of motorized boats Became a fishing destination Cyanide fishing Dynamite fishing In 1988, in response to a strong campaign by scuba divers and environmentalists, and with the endorsement of the Provincial Government of Palawan, then President Corazon Aquino declared Tubbataha as a national marine park – the first of its kind in the country. Source: http://tubbatahareef.org/wp/history
- 33. Tubbataha Reefs Natural Park Tubbataha Reefs Natural Park: 97,030-hectare Marine Protected Area (MPA) Palawan
- 34. What is a marine protected area? A region in which human activity has been placed under some restrictions in the interest of conserving the natural environment Idea similar to that of national parks 2.47% of Philippine territorial waters* http://www.indexmundi.com/facts/philippines/marine-protected-areas
- 36. Tubbataha Reef Disaster: Details January 17, 2:25 AM USS Guardian, a United States minesweeper, ran aground on Tubbata “The ship had been transiting the Sulu Sea between the southwest Philippines and Malaysia after a port visit to Subic Bay. The ship was stuck about 80 miles east-southeast of Palawan Island.” http://www.stripes.com/news/navy/sasebo-based- navy-ship-runs-aground-off-philippine-coast-1.204215
- 37. Tubbataha Reef Disaster: Damage As of January 19, 2013, 2/3 of the boat was submerged beneath the reef, according to WWF Damage estimated at P12,000 per square meter Will take more than 200 years for the reef to recover Coral reefs take time to rehabilitate
- 38. Tubbataha Reef Disaster: Liabilities MANILA, February 5, 2013 - Since the grounding of the USS Guardian on the Tubbataha Reef on January 17, a series of meetings between the Philippine Government and the United States (U.S.) Embassy officials have been held to discuss the incident. http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/293562/news/nation/joint-phl-us-statement-on-the- uss-guardian-grounding-on-tubbataha-reef “the United States will provide appropriate compensation for damage to the reef caused by the ship” – Ambassador Harry K. Thomas, Jr. How can this damage be measured?
- 39. Tubbataha Reef Disaster: Liabilities Philippine action: formation of the Maritime Casualty Investigation Team (MCIT) by the Philippine Coast Guard in accordance with its standard procedures and resolutions of the International Maritime Organization (IMO) on serious maritime incidents to establish the circumstances and causes of the grounding on Tubbataha Reef and to formulate safety measures to prevent a repetition of this incident.
- 40. Tubbataha Reef Disaster: Liabilities In the meantime, the United States is coordinating closely with PCG in the salvage operation to extract the USS Guardian from the reef.
- 41. MANGROVES Act as nursery to young fish, crabs, prawns and a feeding ground to many economically important fish species Protect coastal villages from waves and storms Source: BFAR Thrusts Powerpoint Presentation. BFAR Strategies to Ensure Sustainable and Inclusive Growth for the Fisheries Sector, prepared by Information and Public Relations Group (Melannie R. Guerra)
- 42. Mangroves: Resource Potential One hectare of mangroves generates 1,100 kg - 11,800 kg fisheries catch; with a market value of US$900 – US$12,400 per year
- 43. Mangroves: Status Major causes of the decline in the Philippines: Aquaculture Timber and charcoal production Human settlement Salt pond construction Industrialization Pollution Mangrove resources decline in the Philippines 500 288 175 140 138 117 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 1920 1970 1980 1988 1993 1995 Mangrove Area (in thousand hectares) Source: Melena, et.al., 2000
- 44. Philippine Fisheries Code of 1998 Department of Agriculture Administrative Order #6, Series of 1998. Implementing Rules and Regulations Pursuant to Republic Act 8435: An Act Prescribing Urgent Related Measures to Modernize the Agriculture and Fisheries Sector of the Country in order to Enhance their Profitability and Prepare Said Sector for the Challenges of Globalization Through An Adequate Focused and Rational Delivery of Necessary Support Services, Appropriate Funds Transfer, and for Other Purposes
- 45. Objectives
- 47. Conservation Efforts Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources (BFAR) Under the Department of Agriculture government agency responsible for the development, improvement, management and conservation of the country's fisheries and aquatic resources
- 48. BFAR’s Interventions Resource enhancement Conservation measures Resource protection BFAR works together with local governments in order to make sure that the laws pertaining to the seas are implemented to their full strength.
- 49. BFAR: Resource Enhancement Mangrove enhancement for aquasilviculture Mangroves can be managed for silviculture and give annual income up to $11,000/ha/yr (Primavera, 1993). At 3T mangrove trees per hectare; the total expected mangrove cover from 2011 to 2012 is estimated at 8,758 ha Mangrove Propagules Planted
- 50. BFAR: Resource Enhancement Mangrove Rehabilitation Of the total cost of 8 pesos per mangrove propagules planted, 6 pesos will go directly to the participating fisherfolk as additional income The remaining 2 pesos will cover the hiring of Community Organizers - hence, jobs are also being generated. Particulars Unit Cost Mangrove propagule P1.50 Planting (per pc.) P2.00 Survival (per pc.) P2.50 Administrative Cost (organizing, meetings and other related activities) P2.00 Total P8.00
- 51. BFAR: Conservation Measures Sardine “closed season;” fishing bans Seasonal closure to promote regrowth of fish populations Expansion of sardine closure area to include Visayan Sea and the Burias Pass Sardine production volume is expected to increase by 3- folds after 2 years of continuous compliance by commercial fishing vessels Tuna catch is also expected to improve; the sardines being part of its food
- 52. BFAR: Resource Protection Apprehension and control over illegal harvesting and trade of precious corals Minimization of overfishing and other forms of destructive fishing Intensified monitoring, control and surveillance activities
- 53. Bantay Dagat The Bantay Dagat(Sea Patrol) is a civilian fisheries patrol force made up of volunteers that try to keep a 24 hour watch on Philippine coastal waters up to 15 kilometers from shore To address lack of patrol boats and other technical equipment (e.g. GPS) in some provinces Source: http://philippinenavy.tripod.com/bantay.html
- 54. Bantay Dagat While extremely helpful to provincial fisheries, many have risked their lives in the dangerous effort of pursuing fishermen who conduct illegal activities.