Degrees of data abstraction
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The document discusses three levels of data abstraction defined by ANSI SPARC: external, conceptual, and internal. The external level represents the end user's view. The conceptual level integrates all external views into a global view of the entire database. The internal level maps the conceptual model to a specific DBMS and depends on the database software used.
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Degrees of data abstraction
- 2. American National Standard Institute (ANSI) Standards Planning and Requirements Committee (SPARC) Defined a framework for data modelling based on degrees of data abstraction.
- 3. Defines three levels of abstraction: external conceptual internal
- 5. Is the end user’s view of the data environment. The term end user’s refers to the people who use the application programs to manipulate the data and generate information.
- 6. A specific representation of an external view is known as an external schema. Each external schema includes the appropriateness entities, relationships, processes, and constraints imposed by the business unit.
- 8. It makes it easy to identify specific data required to support each business unit’s operations.
- 9. It makes the designer’s job easy by providing feedback about the model’s adequacy.
- 10. It helps to ensure security constraints in the database design. Damaging an entire database is more difficult when each business unit works with only a subset of data.
- 11. It makes application program development much simpler.
- 12. The conceptual model represents as a global view of the entire database as viewed by the entire organization.
- 13. Conceptual model integrates all external views (entities, relationships, constraints, and processes) into single global of a data. Also known as conceptual schema
- 15. First, it provides a relatively easily bird’s eye (macro level) view of the data environment.
- 17. Second, the conceptual model is independent of both software and hardware.
- 18. 1. Software independence means that the model does not depend on the DBMS software used to implement the model. 2. Hardware independence means that the model does not depend on the hardware used in the implementation of the model.
- 19. Generally, the term logical design is used to refer to the task of creating a conceptual data model that could be implemented in any DBMS.
- 20. Once a specific DBMS has been selected, the internal model maps the conceptual model to the DBMS.
- 21. The internal model is the representation of the database as seen by the DBMS.
- 23. Internal model depends on specific database software, it is said to be the software dependent.
- 24. Internal model is still hardware-independent because it is unaffected by the choice of the computer on which the software is installed.
- 25. This lowest level of data abstraction is concerned exclusively with physical storage methods.
- 26. Early data models forced the database designer to take the details of the physical model’s data storage requirements into account
- 27. However, the now dominant relational model is aimed largely at the logical rather than the physical level; therefore it does not require the physical-level details common to its predecessors.