The document discusses the evolution of web applications from monolithic server-side applications, to decoupled headless applications using REST, to the current trend of demand-driven applications. It introduces GraphQL as a query language that allows clients to request specific data from an API and receive only the required data in return. This helps address issues with over-fetching and under-fetching of data with REST APIs. The document outlines some key benefits and concepts of GraphQL such as JSON contracts, API rigidity, and versioning. It also provides examples of popular GraphQL clients and server implementations.