Diabetes Mellitus
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The document discusses diabetes management, focusing on diabetic emergencies including hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia. It explains the causes, symptoms, and treatments for both conditions, emphasizing the importance of monitoring blood sugar levels and seeking medical assistance when necessary. The document also outlines emergency treatments and the need for glucagon kits for severe cases.
Diabetes Mellitus
- 1. Mr. Ashok Kumar Mourya (UCMS 9th Batch B.pharm) Presentation Diabetes emergency management
- 2. Diabetes mellitus Diabetes is a chronic condition in which the body struggles to produce or respond to insulin, the hormone which regulates blood sugar levels. A diabetic emergency happens when a person’s blood glucose level goes outside the normal range(between 70-100mg/dl) resulting in either too much sugar in the blood (hyperglycaemia) or too little sugar in the blood (hypoglycaemia). 442 million adults have diabetes worldwide, or one in 11 people. The number of diabetes cases worldwide has quadrupled since 1990 (WHO, 2020).
- 3. Continue:- Diabetes is a long-term medical condition where the body cannot produce enough insulin. Sometimes those who have diabetes may have a diabetic emergency, where their blood sugar level becomes too high or too low. Both conditions could be serious and may need treatment in hospital. Insulin produced by the pancreas that regulates the blood sugar (glucose) levels in the body. When someone has diabetes, their body cannot keep the blood sugar level within the normal range. Their level can be higher or lower
- 4. Types of Diabetes Mellitus Types of Diabetes Mellitus • Type 1 Diabetes (Insulin dependent diabetes mellitus) • Type 2 Diabetes (Non-Insulin dependent diabetes mellitus) • Gestational Diabetes. • Other Forms of Diabetes.
- 5. Diabetes emergencies Hyperglycemia is a condition in which an excessive amount of glucose circulates in the blood plasma. This is generally a blood sugar level higher than 11.1 mmol/l (200 mg/dL), but symptoms may not start to become noticeable until even higher values such as 13.9–16.7 mmol/l (~250–300 mg/dL). Hyperglycemia
- 6. Causes:- Hyperglycaemia may be caused by: diabetes, endocrine disorders (insulin resistance and thyroid, adrenal, pancreatic, and pituitary disorders), sepsis and certain infections, intracranial diseases (e.g. encephalitis, brain tumors (especially if near the pituitary gland), brain haemorrhages, and meningitis) prolonged/major surgeries, excessive eating, severe stress, and physical trauma.
- 7. Sign and symptoms • Polyphagia – frequent hunger ,Polydipsia( frequent thirst) • Polyuria – increased volume of urination • Blurred vision ,weight gain or loss • Fatigue ,Restlessness • Weight gain or loss, Cardiac arrhythmia • Poor wound healing (cuts, scrapes, etc.) • Dry mouth ,Dry or itchy skin
- 8. C If responsive: Seek medical advice If unresponsive: Conduct a primary survey Call an ambulance urgently Provide supplemental oxygen if able When medical assistance reaches a person suffering hyperglycemia, they will usually test the person’s blood sugar level and give an insulin injection in order to lower the blood sugar levels. Care for Hyperglycemia
- 9. Home Treatment Get physical. Regular exercise, But don't exercise if you have ketones in your urine. This can drive your blood sugar even higher. • Take your medication as directed. • Follow your diabetes eating plan. It helps to eat smaller portions and avoid sugary beverages. • Check your blood sugar. Monitor your blood glucose as directed by your health care provider. • Adjust your insulin doses.
- 10. Emergency treatment Emergency treatment for severe hyperglycemia • Fluid replacement. • Electrolyte replacement. • Insulin therapy.
- 11. Hypoglycaemia Hypoglycemia is a condition in which your blood sugar (glucose) level is low than normal range. Hypoglycemia occurs when your blood sugar (glucose) level falls too low for bodily functions to continue. There are several reasons why this can happen. The most common reason for low blood sugar is a side effect of medications used to treat diabetes.
- 12. Sign and Symptoms From milder, more common indicators to most severe, signs and symptoms of low blood glucose include: • Feeling shaky. • Being nervous or anxious, first heartbeat • Sweating, chills and clamminess. • Irritability or impatience. • Confusion, Hunger, Feeling lightheaded or dizzy
- 13. Care for Hypoglycemic patient Hypoglycaemia: If the person is responsive, cooperative and able to swallow: Give a sweet, sugary drink or food Never give diabetic drinks Seek medical assistance
- 14. Continue…. If the person is unresponsive: Conduct a primary survey Call an ambulance immediately Provide supplemental oxygen if able When medical assistance reaches a person suffering hypoglycaemia, they will usually inject them with glucagon (a hormone that raises blood sugar levels).
- 15. Treatment of Hypoglycemia Eat or drink 15 to 20 gram of fast acting carbohydrates. These are sugary foods or drinks without protein or fat that are easily converted to sugar in the body. Recheck blood sugar levels 15 minutes after treatment. If blood sugar levels are under 70 mg/dL eat or drink another 15 to 20 grams of fast-acting carbohydrate, and recheck your blood sugar level again in 15 minutes. •Have a snack or meal. healthy snack or meal can help prevent another drop in blood sugar.
- 16. Severe hypoglycemia Continue……. Immediate treatment of severe hypoglycemia Hypoglycemia is considered severe if you need help from someone to recover. For example, if you can't eat, you might need a glucagon injection or intravenous glucose. In general, people with diabetes who are treated with insulin should have a glucagon kit for emergencies. Family and friends need to know where to find the kit and how to use it in case of emergency. If you're helping someone who is unconscious, don't try to give the person food or drink. If there's no glucagon kit available or you don't know how to use it, call for emergency medical help.