4. Polysystem Theory
ā¢ Hierarchy or position of systems.
ā¢ The society is made-up of systems.
ā¢ The interrelationship of the system
is what makes the polysystem.
ā¢ Itamar Even-Zohar
5. A. Primary Position
ā¢ Translators are creative and breaks the
conventions.
ā¢ Participates actively in shaping the centre
of the Polysystem.
6. ā¢ Conservative or traditional
ā¢ No major influence over the central
system.
B. Secondary Position
9. Postcolonial Theory
ā¢ Cover studies of the history of the
former colonies, studies of powerful
European empires, resistance to the
colonialist powers, and more broadly
studies of the effect of the imbalance of
power relations between colonized and
10. 1. Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak (1942)
ā¢ "The politics of translation".
ā¢ Translating third world literature into
English has a consequence.
ā¢ Feminists from hegemonic countries should show real
solidarity with women in postcolonial contexts by
learning the language in which those women speak.
11. 2. Tejeswini Niranjana (1958)
ā¢ Power imbalance in language.
ā¢ Question the colonialism.
12. 3. Susan Bassnett and Harish Trivedi (1999)
ā¢ Unequal struggle of various local languages.
ā¢ Translation is a battleground of the
postcolonial context.
13. Homi Bhabha
ā¢ āThe translator is no longer a mediator
between two different poles, but her/his
activities are inscribed in cultural overlapping
which may imply difference.ā
