Difrentiation

15
·II·
DIFFERENTIATION
Differentiation is the process of determining the derivative of a function. Part II
begins with the formal definition of the derivative of a function and shows how
the definition is used to find the derivative. However, the material swiftly moves
on to finding derivatives using standard formulas for differentiation of certain
basic function types. Properties of derivatives, numerical derivatives, implicit dif-ferentiation,
and higher-order derivatives are also presented.

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Definition of the derivative
and derivatives of some
simple functions
f c f x f c
( ) lim ( ) ( )
17
Definition of the derivative
The derivative f ` (read “ f prime”) of the function f at the number x is defined as

`
f x f x h f x
( ) lim ( ) ( ),
h l
0
h
if this limit exists. If this limit does not exist, then f does
not have a derivative at x. This limit may also be written `

l

x c x c
for the derivative at c.
PROBLEM Given the function f defined by f (x)
2x 5, use the
definition of the derivative to find f `(x).
f x f x h f x
( ) lim ( ) ( )
SOLUTION By definition, `

h l
0
h

2 5 2 5 2 2 5) 2x
5

x h x
lim( ( ) ) ( )
lim(
h h

h
l l
x h
0 0
h

2 2 5 2 5
2 2
2.

x h x
h
lim lim lim( )
h h h
0 h
0 h 0
l l l
PROBLEM Given the function f defined by f (x) x2 2x, use the definition
of the derivative to find f `(x).
f x f x h f x
( ) lim ( ) ( )
SOLUTION By definition, `

h l
0
h

2 2 2 2

lim(( ) ( )) ( )
h
l
x h x h x x
0 h

2 2 2 2 2
2

2
lim( )
h
l
x xh h x h x x
0 h

2 2 2 2 2 2 2h

x xh h x h x x
lim lim
h h
h
l l
xh h
0
2 2 2
0
h

h x h
2 2 2 2 2 2
lim( ) lim( )
.
h h
h
l l
x h x
0 0
Various symbols are used to represent the derivative of a function f. If you
use the notation y f(x), then the derivative of f can be symbolized by
f ` x y` D f x D y dy
x x dx ( ), , ( ), , , or d
dx
f (x).
·4·

Note: Hereafter, you should assume that any value for which a function is undefined is excluded.
EXERCISE
4·1
EXERCISE
18 Differentiation
Use the definition of the derivative to find f `(x).
1. f (x) 4 6. f (x) 5x2 x
3
2. f (x) 7x 2 7. f (x) x3 13x
3. f (x)
3x
9 8. f (x) 2x3 15
4. f (x) 10
3x 9. f x
x
( )

1
3
4
5. f (x)
x
10. f x
x
( )
1
Derivative of a constant function
Fortunately, you do not have to resort to finding the derivative of a function directly from the
definition of a derivative. Instead, you can memorize standard formulas for differentiating cer-tain
basic functions. For instance, the derivative of a constant function is always zero. In other
words, if f (x) c is a constant function, then f `(x) 0 ; that is, if c is any constant, d
dx
(c) 0.
The following examples illustrate the use of this formula:
U d
dx
(25) 0
U d
dx
(
100) 0
4·2
Find the derivative of the given function.
1. f (x) 7 6. g(x) 25
2. y 5 7. s(t) 100
3. f (x) 0 8. z(x) 23
4. f (t)
3 9. y

1
2
5. f (x) P 10. f (x) 41

Derivative of a linear function
The derivative of a linear function is the slope of its graph. Thus, if f (x) mx b is a linear func-tion,
3
4
2, then `
y 1 x
Definition of the derivative and derivatives of some simple functions 19
then f `(x) m; that is, d
dx
(mx b) m.
U If f (x) 10x
2, then f `(x) 10
U If y
2x + 5, then y`
2
U d
dx
3 x
5
3
5
¤
¦¥
³
µ´

EXERCISE
4·3
1 f (x) 9x 6. f (x) P x
25
2. g(x)
75x 7. f (x)
x
3. f (x) x 1 8. s(t) 100t
45
4. y 50x + 30 9. z(x) 0.08x 400
5. f (t) 2t 5 10. f (x) 41x 1
Derivative of a power function
The function f(x) xn is called a power function. The following formula for finding the derivative
of a power function is one you will use frequently in calculus:
If n is a real number, then d
dx
(xn ) nxn
1 .
U If f (x) x2, then f `(x) 2x
U If y x 1
2
1
2
U d
dx
(x
1 )
1x
2

EXERCISE
4·4
20 Differentiation
1. f (x) x3 6. f (x) xP
2. g(x) x100 7. f x
x
( )
1
5
3. f (x) x 1
4 8. s(t) t 0.6
4. y x 9. h(s) s 45
5. f (t) t1 10. f x
x
( )
1
3 2
Numerical derivatives
In many applications derivatives need to be computed numerically. The term numerical derivative
refers to the numerical value of the derivative of a given function at a given point, provided the
function has a derivative at the given point.
Suppose k is a real number and the function f is differentiable at k, then the numerical de-rivative
of f at the point k is the value of f `(x)when x k. To find the numerical derivative of a
function at a given point, first find the derivative of the function, and then evaluate the derivative
at the given point. Proper notation to represent the value of the derivative of a function f at a point
k includes `
( ), , and dy

f k dy
dx x k
dx k
.
PROBLEM If f (x) x2 , find f `(5).
SOLUTION For f (x) x2 , f `(x) 2x; thus, f `(5) 2(5)10
2 , find dy
PROBLEM If y x 1
dx x9
.
SOLUTION Fory x y dy
` x1

dx
2
1
2 1
2
, ; thus, dy
dx x
1
2
9 1

•
2
9
1
3
1
6
1
( ) 2
PROBLEM Find d
dx
(x
1 ) at x 25.
SOLUTION d
dx
(x
1 )
1x
2 ; at x 25
1x

1 25

1
625
, 2 ( ) 2
Note the following two special situations:
1. If f (x) c is a constant function, then f `(x) 0, for every real number x; and
2. If f (x) mx b is a linear function, then f `(x) m, for every real number x.

Numerical derivatives of these functions are illustrated in the following examples:
U If f (x) 25, then f `(5) 0
1
5 find f `(2).
( ) ,
Definition of the derivative and derivatives of some simple functions 21
U If y
2x + 5, then dy
dx x

9
2
EXERCISE
4·5
Evaluate the following.
1. If f (x) x3 , find f `(5). 6. If f (x) xP , find f `(10).
2. If g(x)
100, find g`(25). 7. If f x
x
3. If f (x) x , 1
4 find f `(81). 8. If s(t) t 0.6 , find s`(32).
4. If y x , find dy
dx x49
. 9. If h(s) s , 45
find h`(32).
5. If f (t) t, find f `(19). 10. If y
x

1
3 2
, find dy
dx 64
.

23
Constant multiple of a function rule
Suppose f is any differentiable function and k is any real number, then kf is also
differentiable with its derivative given by
d
dx
kf x k d
( ( )) ( f (x)) kf `(x)
dx
Thus, the derivative of a constant times a differentiable function is the prod-uct
of the constant times the derivative of the function. This rule allows you to
factor out constants when you are finding a derivative. The rule applies even when
the constant is in the denominator as shown here:
d
dx
f x
k
d
dx k
1 1 1
f x
k
d
dx
( ) ( ) ( f (x))
¤
¦¥
³
µ´

¤
¦¥
³
µ´
k
f `(x)
U If f(x)
5x2, then f ` x
d

( ) 5 (x2 ) 5(2)x1 10x
dx
U I f y 6x 1
2 , then `
¤
y dy
6 6 x x 1
6
3 1
¦¥
³
µ´
dx
d
dx
x d
dx
2
2
1
2
1
2 x
1
2
U d
dx
x d
(4
1 ) 4 (x
1 )
4x
2
dx
EXERCISE
5·1
For problems 1–10, use the constant multiple of a function rule to find the
derivative of the given function.
1. f (x) 2x3 6. f x
x
( )
P
2P
2. g x
x
( )
100
25
7. f x
x
( )
10
5
3. f (x) 20x
1
4 8. s(t) 100t 0.6
4. y
16 x 9. h(s)
25s
45
5. f t
t
( )
2
3
10. f x
x
( )
1
43 2
·5·
Rules of differentiation ·5·

For problems 11–15, find the indicated numerical derivative.
11. f `(3) when f(x) 2x3 14. dy
EXERCISE
24 Differentiation
dx 25
when y
16 x
12. g`(1) when g x
x
( )
100
25
15. f `(200) when f t
t
( )
2
3
13. f `(81) when f (x) 20x
1
4
Rule for sums and differences
For all x where both f and g are differentiable functions, the function (f + g) is differentiable with
its derivative given by
d
dx
( f (x) g(x)) f `(x) g `(x)
Similarly, for all x where both f and g are differentiable functions, the function (f
g) is dif-ferentiable
with its derivative given by
d
dx
( f (x)
g(x)) f `(x)
g `(x)
Thus, the derivative of the sum (or difference) of two differentiable functions is equal to the
sum (or difference) of the derivatives of the individual functions.
U If h(x)
5x2 x, then h` x

d
( ) ( 5 2 ) (x) 10x 1
dx
x d
dx
U If y 3x4
2x3 5x 1, then y` d

dx
x d
3 4 2 3 5 1
dx
x d
dx
x d
dx
12x3
6x2 5 0 12x3
6x2 5
U
d
dx
x x d
(10 5
3 ) (10 5 )
(3x) 50x4
3
dx
x d
dx
5·2
For problems 1–10, use the rule for sums and differences to find the derivative of the given
function.
1. f (x) x7 2x10 4. C(x) 1000200x
40x2
2. h(x) 30
5x2 5. y
x

15
25
3. g(x) x100
40x5 6. s t t
t
2
3
( ) 16

2 10

5
2
5
2
( )

( ) ( 2 4) (2 3) (2 3) (x2 4) (x2 4)(2) (2x
3)(2x)
Rules of differentiation 25
7. g x
100
25
x
20 9. q(v) v
v 2
( )
x
5
35
7 15
8. y 12x0.2 0.45x 10. f x
5
2
5
2
( )

x x
5
2 2 2
11. `
¤
¦¥
³
µ´
h
1
2

5x2 2
when h(x) 3014. q`(32) when q(v) v 5

v 35
7 15
12. C`(300) when C(x) 1000200x
40x2 15. f `(6) when f x
x x
5
2 2 2
13. s`(0) when s t t
t
2
3
( ) 16

2 10
Product rule
For all x where both f and g are differentiable functions, the function (fg) is differentiable with its
derivative given by
d
dx
( f (x)g(x)) f (x)g `(x) g(x) f `(x)
Thus, the derivative of the product of two differentiable functions is equal to the first func-tion
times the derivative of the second function plus the second function times the derivative of
the first function.
U If h(x) (x2 4)(2x
3),
then h` x x d

dx
x x d
dx
2x2 8 4x2
6x 6x2
6x 8
U If y (2x3 1)(
x2 5x 10),
then y` x

d
(2 3 1) ( 2 5 10) ( 2 5 10) (2x3 1)
dx
(2x3 1)(
2x 5) (
x2 5x 10)(6x2 )
(
4x4 10x3
2x 5) (
6x4 30x3 60x2 )

10x4 40x3 60x2
2x 5
x x x x d
dx
Notice in the following example that converting to negative and fractional exponents makes
differentiating easier.

U d
dx
3x
1 2x 2 d 2
5
( x
2
5) 3 2 ( 2 5) 3x 1 2x
EXERCISE
x
26 Differentiation
x
x x d
dx
¤
¦¥
³
µ´
§
©¨
¶
¸·

1
2
1
dx
(x )
(x2
5)
3x
2 x
1
2
3x
1 2x 1
2
(2x)
3 32
0 15
2
5
1
2
6 0 4 32
x x x x x x
32
5 15

5
1
3 x x 2 x 2 .
You might choose to write answers without negative or fractional exponents.
5·3
For problems 1–10, use the product rule to find the derivative of the given function.
¤
1. f (x) (2x2 3)(2x
3) 6. s(t) t
t
¦¥
³
µ´

¤
¦¥
³
µ´
4
1
2
5
3
4
2. h(x) (4x3 1)(
x2 2x 5) 7. g(x) (2x3 2x2 )(23 x )
3. g x x
x
( ) (
)
¤
¦¥
³
µ´
2 5
3
8. f x
x
x
( )
10 3
• 1
5 5
4. C(x) (5020x)(100
2x) 9. q(v) (v2 7)(
5v
2 2)
5. y
x

¤
¦¥
³
µ´

15
25 ( 5) 10. f (x) (2x3 3)(3
3 x2 )
11. f `(1.5) when f (x) (2x2 3)(2x
3)
12. g`(10) when g x x
x
( ) (
)
¤
¦¥
³
µ´
2 5
3
13. C`(150) when C(x) (5020x)(100
2x)
14. dy
dx x25
when y
x
x

¤
¦¥
³
µ´

15
25 ( 5)
15. f `(2) when f x
x
x
( )
10 3
• 1
5 5
Quotient rule
For all x where both f and g are differentiable functions and g(x) w 0, the function f
g
¤
¦¥
³
µ´
is dif-ferentiable
with its derivative given by
d
dx
f x
g x
g x f x f x g x
g x
( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ( ))
¤
¦¥
³
µ´

`
`
2 , g(x) w 0

Thus, the derivative of the quotient of two differentiable functions is equal to the denomina-tor
function times the derivative of the numerator function minus the numerator function times
the derivative of the denominator function all divided by the square of the denominator function,
for all real numbers x for which the denominator function is not equal to zero.
2 2
3 5 4 5 4 3
x x x 2 2
( )( ) ( )( )

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) x
2

5 4
3
U If h x x
( ) ,
x
then `

h x
x d
dx
x x d
dx
x
x
( )
( ) ( )( ) ( )
( 3
)
2

3 10 5 4 3
( 3
)
30 15 12
9
2
2
x
x x
x2

15 12

9
5 4
3
2
2
2
2
x
x
x
x
U If y
1 , then `
x

1 1 ( )(0) (1)

y
x d
dx
d
dx
x
x
x d
dx
2
( )
1
2
( x )2

(1) 1
2 1
2
1
2
32
x
x x
U d
dx
x
x
x d
5 2 6 8 8
dx
x x d
8
4
2 6
5
4
5
4
4
4

¤
¦¥
³
µ´

( )

dx
x
x
( ) x x x x
( )
2 6 ( ) (
2 6
4 2 6 10 8 8
4 2
4 1
4
5
4

3
2 4 6 2
)
( x )

x x x
x x
20 60 64
20

4 24
36
17
4
1
4
17
4 17
4
8 4
x 60 64
4 24 36
15 11
6
1
4
17
4
1
4
17
4
x x
8 4 8 4
x x
x x
x x

9
EXERCISE
5·4
For problems 1–10, use the quotient rule to find the derivative of the given function.
1. f x
x
x
( )

5 2
3 1
6. s t
t
t
( )

3
2
2 3
1
4 2
6
2. h x
x
x
( )
4
5
8
2
7. g x
x
x
( )
100

5 10
3. g x
x
( )
5
8. y
x
x

3
4 5
8 2
7
4. f x
x
x
( )

3
2
3 1
1
2 2
6
9. q v
v
v
2
1
v
( )

3
2
3
5. y
x

15 10. f x
x
x
( )

4
4

2
8
2

11. f `(25) when f x
28 Differentiation
x
x
( )

5 2
3 1
14. dy
dx 10
when y
x

15
12. h`(0.2) when h x
x
x
( )
4
5
8
2
15. g`(1) when g x
x
x
( )
100

5 10
13. g`(0.25) when g x
x
( )
5
Chain rule
If y f(u) and u g(x) are differentiable functions of u and x, respectively, then the composition
of f and g, defined by y f(g(x)), is differentiable with its derivative given by
dy
dx
dy
du
du
dx
•
or equivalently,
d
dx
[ f (g(x))] f `(g(x))g `(x)
Notice that y f (g(x)) is a “function of a function of x”; that is, f ’s argument is the function
denoted by g(x), which itself is a function of x. Thus, to find d
dx
[ f (g(x))], you must differentiate
f with respect to g(x) first, and then multiply the result by the derivative of g(x) with respect to x.
The examples that follow illustrate the chain rule.
U Find y`,when y 3x
2x 5x 1 4 3 ; let u 3x4
2x3 5x 1,
then y` dy • •

dx
dy
du
du
dx
d
du
u d
2 3 4 2 3 5 1) (
)
1 •
( ) ( x x x 1
dx
2
12 6 5 1
u 2 x3 x2
3 2 1

1 •
2
( 3 x 4 2 x 3 5 x 1 ) 2 ( 12 x 3 6 x 2 5 ) 12 x 6
x 5

2 3x4
2x3 5x 1
U Find f `(x), when f (x) (x2
8)3 ; let g(x) x2
8,
then d
dx
f g x d
[ ( ( ))] [(x2
8)3] f `(g(x))g `(x)
dx
3(g(x))2 g `(x) 3(x2
8)2 •2x 6x(x2
8)2
U
d
dx

³ 1 4 1 1 4 1 1
x x d
4 3 3 1
( ) ( ) ( x ) ( x ) x
dx
¤
¦¥
2
2
µ´

2( x 1)3
x

( )
u
EXERCISE
5·5
For problems 1–10, use the chain rule to find the derivative of the given function.
1. f (x) (3x2
10)3 6. y
x

1

( 2 8)3
2. g(x) 40(3x2
10)3 7. y 2x3 5x 1
3. h(x) 10(3x2
10)
3 8. s(t) (2t3 1
5t)3
4. h(x) ( x 3)2 9. f x
10
2 x
65
( )
( )

( )
u
5. f u
u
¤
¦¥
³
µ´
1
2
3
10. C t
50
15 t
120
( )

11. f `(10) when f (x) (3x2
10)3 14. f `(2) when f u
u
¤
¦¥
³
µ´
1
2
3
12. h`(3) when h(x) 10(3x2
10)
3 15. dy
dx 4
when y
x

1

( 2 8)3
13. f `(144) when f (x) ( x 3)2
Implicit differentiation
Thus far, you’ve seen how to find the derivative of a function only if the function is expressed in what
is called explicit form. A function in explicit form is defined by an equation of the type y f(x), where
y is on one side of the equation and all the terms containing x are on the other side. For example, the
function f defined by y f(x) x3 + 5 is expressed in explicit form. For this function the variable y
is defined explicitly as a function of the variable x.
On the other hand, for equations in which the variables x and y appear on the same side of the
equation, the function is said to be expressed in implicit form. For example, the equation x2y 1
defines the function y 1
x2
implicitly in terms of x. In this case, the implicit form of the equa-tion
can be solved for y as a function of x; however, for many implicit forms, it is difficult and
sometimes impossible to solve for y in terms of x.
Under the assumption that dy
dx , the derivative of y with respect to x, exists, you can use the
technique of implicit differentiation to find dy
dx
when a function is expressed in implicit form—
regardless of whether you can express the function in explicit form. Use the following steps:
1. Differentiate every term on both sides of the equation with respect to x.
2. Solve the resulting equation for dy
dx .

EXERCISE
30 Differentiation
PROBLEM Given the equation x2 2y3 30, use implicit differentiation to find dy
dx .
SOLUTION Step 1: Differentiate every term on both sides of the equation with respect to x:
d
dx
x y d
( 2 2 3 ) (30)
dx
d
x d
dx
( 2 ) (2 3 ) (30)
dx
y d
dx
2x 6y2 dy
0
dx
Step 2: Solve the resulting equation for
dy
dx .
6y2 dy 2
dx

x
dy
dx
x
y

2
6 2
Note that in this example, dy
dx
is expressed in terms of both x and y. To evaluate such a
derivative, you would need to know both x and y at a particular point (x, y). You can denote the
numerical derivative as dy
dx (x ,y )
.
The example that follows illustrates this situation.
dy
dx
x
y

2
6 2 at (3, 1) is given by
dy
dx

x
y ( , ) ( , )
( )
2
( ) 3 1
3 1
2
2
6
2 3
6 1

1

5·6
For problems 1–10, use implicit differentiation to find dy
dx
.
1. x2y 1 4. 1 1
9

x y
2. xy3 3x2y + 5y 5. x2 + y2 16
3. x y 25

6. dy
dx (3,1)
when x2y 1 9. dy
dx (5,10)
when 1 1
9

x y
7. dy
dx (5,2)
when xy3 3x2y + 5y 10. dy
dx (2,1)
when x2 + y2 16
8. dy
dx (4,9)
when x y 25

33
Derivative of the natural
exponential function ex
Exponential functions are defined by equations of the form y f (x) bx
(b w 1,b 0),where b is the base of the exponential function. The natural expo-nential
function is the exponential function whose base is the irrational number e.
¤
The number e is the limit as n approaches infinity of 1 1
¦¥
³
µ´
n
n
, which is approxi-mately
2.718281828 (to nine decimal places).
The natural exponential function is its own derivative; that is, d
dx
(ex ) ex.
Furthermore, by the chain rule, if u is a differentiable function of x, then
d
dx
e e du
dx
( u ) u •
U If f (x) 6ex , then f ` x • d
( ) 6 (ex ) 6ex
dx
U If y e2x, then y` e • d
2x (2x) e2x (2) 2e2x
dx
U d
dx
e e d
(
3x2)
3x2 • (
x2) e
3x2 (
x)
xe
3x2 3 6 6
dx
EXERCISE
6·1
1. f (x) 20ex 6. f (x) 15x2 10ex
2. y e 3x 7. g(x) e7 x
2 x3
e5x3 100
3. g(x) 8. f t
( ) e

05
. t 4. y
4e5x3 9. g(t) 2500e2t1
1 5. h(x) e
10 x3 x
10. f ( x ) e

2
2
2
P
·6·
Additional derivatives ·6·

Derivative of the natural logarithmic function lnx
Logarithmic functions are defined by equations of the form y f(x) logbx if and only if
by x (x 0),where b is the base of the logarithmic function, (b w 1, b 0). For a given base, the
logarithmic function is the inverse function of the corresponding exponential function, and re-ciprocally.
EXERCISE
34 Differentiation
The logarithmic function defined byy xe log , usually denoted ln x, is the natural
logarithmic function. It is the inverse function of the natural exponential function y ex.
The derivative of the natural logarithmic function is as follows:
d
dx
(ln x
) 1
x
d
dx
u
u
du
dx
(ln ) 1 •
U If f (x) 6ln x, then f ` x • d •
( ) 6 (ln ) 6 1 6
dx
x
x x
U If y ln(2x3 ), then y` • •
x
d
dx
( x
) ( 2 )
x
x
x
1
2
2 1
2
6 3
3
3
3
U d
dx
• • 2 1
(ln2 x
) 1 ( ) ( )
x
d
dx
x
x x
2
2 1
2
The above example illustrates that for any nonzero constant k,
d
dx
(ln kx
) 1 • ( ) 1 •( ) 1
kx
d
dx
kx
kx
k
x
6·2
1. f (x) 20 lnx 6. f (x) 15x2 10lnx
2. y ln3x 7. g(x) ln(7x
2x3 )
3. g(x) ln(5x3 ) 8. f (t) ln(3t2 5t
20)
4. y
4ln(5x3 ) 9. g(t) ln(et )
5. h(x) ln(
10x3 ) 10. f (x) ln(lnx)
Derivatives of exponential functions
for bases other than e
Suppose b is a positive real number (b w 1), then
d
dx
(bx ) (lnb)bx

Additional derivatives 35
d
dx
b bb du
dx
( u ) (ln ) u •
U If f (x) (6)2x, then f ` x • d
( ) 6 (2x ) 6(ln2)2x
dx
U If y 52x , then y` • d •
(ln5)52x (2x) (ln5)52x (2) 2(ln5)52x
dx
U
d
dx
d
dx
(10
3x2) (ln10)10
3x2• (
3x2 ) (ln10)10
3x2(
6 )
6 (ln10)10
3 2 x x x
EXERCISE
6·3
1. f (x) 20(3x ) 6. f (x) 15x2 10(53x )
2. y 53x 7. g(x) 37 x
2 x3
3. g(x) 25x3 8. f t t ( ) .

100
10 05
4. y
4 ( 25x3 ) 9. g(t) 2500(52t1)
x
2
5. h(x) 4
10 x3 10. f ( x
) 8

2
Derivatives of logarithmic functions
for bases other than e
Suppose b is a positive real number (b w 1), then
d
dx
1
x
b b x (log )
(ln )
d
dx
u
1 •
b u
du
b dx (log )
(ln )
U If f (x) 6log x, then f ` x 6 • d
6 • 1
2 dx
x
2 2
x x
( ) (log )
2
6
(ln ) ln
2 3 then y` • •
U If y log ( x ), 5
x
d
dx
x
x
x
x
1
5 2
2 1
5 2
6 3
3
3 3
5
2
(ln )
( )
(ln )
( )
ln
U d
dx
• • 2 1 x ln3
2 x
1
( ) 3 x
d
dx
x
x
(log )
(ln )
( )
(ln )
3 2
2 1
3 2

The above example illustrates that for any nonzero constant k,
EXERCISE
log ( 3 ) 9. g(t) log (et ) 2
36 Differentiation
d
dx
1 • 1 •( ) 1
(log kx
)
k b b kx
d
dx
kx
b kx
(ln )
( )
(ln )
x lnb
6·4
1. f (x) 20log x 6. f (x) 15x2 10log x
4 2
2. y log 3 x 7. g(x) log ( 7 x
2 x 3
) 10 6
3. g(x) log ( x ) 8
5 3 8. f (t) log ( 3 t 2 5 t
20
) 16
4. y
4 5x 8
10 3 10. f (x) log (log x) 10 10
5. h(x) log (
x ) 5
Derivatives of trigonometric functions
The derivatives of the trigonometric functions are as follows:
U d
dx
(sinx) cos x
U d
dx
(cos x)
sin x
U d
dx
(tan x) sec2 x
U d
dx
(cot x)
csc2 x
U d
dx
(sec x) sec x tan x
U d
dx
(csc x)
csc x cot x
U d
dx
u udu
dx
(sin ) cos •
U d
dx
u udu
dx
(cos )
sin •
U d
dx
u udu
dx
(tan ) sec2 •

sin x
(tan2 cot 2 ) (tan2 ) (cot 2x) sec2(2x) d (2 )
csc2(2 ) (2 x
)
U d
dx
u udu
dx
(cot )
csc2 •
U d
dx
u u u du
dx
(sec ) (sec tan )•
U d
dx
u u udu
dx
(csc ) (
csc cot )•
U If h(x) sin3x, then h` x x d
( ) (cos3 ) (3x) (cos3x)(3) 3cos3x
dx
¤
U If y x
3 x x
cos , then `

¦¥
³
µ´
3
3
¤
¦¥
³
µ´
¤
¦¥
³
µ´

¤
¦¥
³
µ´
§
©
y x d
dx
3 3
3
3
sin ¨sin
¶
¸·
¤
¦¥
³
µ´

¤
¦¥
³
µ´
1
3 3
U d
dx
x x d
dx
x d
dx
dx
x xd
dx
[sec2(2x)](2)
[csc2(2x)](2) 2sec2(2x)
2csc2(2x)
EXERCISE
6·5
1. f (x) 5sin3x 6. s(t) 4cot5t
1
4
2. h(x) cos( x )
2 2 7. g x
¦¥³
x
¤
( ) tan x
6

µ´
2
3
3 20
3. g x
x
( ) tan
¤
¦¥
³
µ´
5
3
5
8. f (x) 2x sinx cos2x
4. f (x) 10sec2x 9. h x
x
x
( )
sin
sin

3
1 3
5. y x 2
3
sec(2 3) 10. f (x) e4 x sin2x
Derivatives of inverse trigonometric functions
The derivatives of the inverse trigonometric functions are as follows:
U d
dx
x
x
(sin
)

1
2
1
1
U d
dx
x
x
(cos
)

1
2
1
1
U d
dx
x
x
(tan
)

1
2
1
1

U d
dx
38 Differentiation
x
x
(cot
)

1
2
1
1
U d
dx
x
x x
(sec )
| |

1
2
1
1
U d
dx
x
1
x x
(csc )
| |

1
2
1
U d
dx
1 u
•
u
du
dx
(sin
)

2
1
1
U d
dx
u
u
du
dx
(cos
)

1 •
2
1
1
U d
dx
1 u
•
u
du
dx
(tan
)
2
1
1
U d
dx
1

u
•
u
du
dx
(cot
)
2
1
1
U d
dx
1 u
•
u u
du
dx
(sec )
| |

2
1
1
U d
dx
1
1 u
•
u u
du
dx
(csc )
| |

2
1
U If h(x) sin
1(2x), then `
1 ( )
( )
1

2

h x • •
x
d
dx
x
x x
( )
( )
2 1
1 4
2 2
2 2 1 4 2
¤
U If y x
cos
1 ,
¦¥
³
µ´
3
• • ³ y
then `

¤
¦¥
³
µ´
¤
¦¥³
1
3 2 2 µ´
µ´

¤
¦¥
x
d
dx
x
x
1
1
3
3
1
1
9

1

3 9
9
2 x

¤
¦¥
³
µ´

1
3 1
3
9
1
2 9
2
x x
U d
dx
x x d
(tan
1 cot
1 ) (tan
1 ) (cot
1 x) 1
dx
x d
dx
1

1
1

0 2 2
x x
Note: An alternative notation for an inverse trigonometric function is to prefix the original func-tion
with “arc,” as in “arcsin x,” which is read “arcsine of x” or “an angle whose sine is x.” An
advantage of this notation is that it helps you avoid the common error of confusing the inverse
function; for example, sin
1x, with its reciprocal (sin x )
.
sin
x

1 1

EXERCISE
6·6
1. f (x) sin
1(
x3 ) 6. f (x) cos
1(x2 )
2. h(x) cos
1(ex ) 7. h(x) csc
1(2x)
3. g(x) tan
1(x2 ) 8. g x
x
( ) sec
¤
¦¥
³
µ´
4

2
1
4. f (x) cot
1(7x
5) 9. f (x) x sin
1(7x2 )
5. y
x 1
15
sin 1(5 3 ) 10. y arcsin( 1
x2 )
Higher-order derivatives
For a given function f, higher-order derivatives of f, if they exist, are obtained by differentiating f
successively multiple times. The derivative f ` is called the first derivative of f. The derivative of f `
is called the second derivative of f and is denoted f ``. Similarly, the derivative of f `` is called the
third derivative of f and is denoted f ```, and so on.
Other common notations for higher-order derivatives are the following:
U 1st derivative: f ` x y` dy
D f x x ( ), , , [ ( )]
dx
2
2
U 2nd derivative: f `` x y`` d y
D f x x ( ), , , [ ( )]
d x
2
3
3
U 3rd derivative: f ``` x y``` d y
D f x x ( ), , , [ ( )]
d x
3
U 4th derivative: f x y d y
(4)( ), (4), , [ ( )]
d x
D f x x
4
4
4
n
n x
U nth derivative: f x y d y
( n )( ), ( n ), , D n[ f ( x
)]
d x
Note: The nth derivative is also called the nth-order derivative. Thus, the first derivative is the first-order
derivative; the second derivative, the second-order derivative; the third derivative, the
third-order derivative; and so on.
PROBLEM Find the first three derivatives of f if f(x) x 100
40x 5.
SOLUTION f `(x)100x99
200x4
f ``(x) 9900x98
800x3
f ```(x) 970200x97
2400x2

EXERCISE
6·7
40 Differentiation
Find the indicated derivative of the given function.
1. If f (x) x7 2x10 , find f ```(x). 6. If s t t
t
2
3
( ) 16
,
2 10 find s``(t).
2. If h(x) 3 x , find h``(x). 7. If g(x) ln3x, find D g x x
3[ ( )].
3. If g(x) 2x, find g(5) (x). 8. If f x
3
find f (4) (x).
10
5 5
x
x
( ) ,
4. If f (x) 5ex, find f (4) (x). 9. If f (x) 32 x, find f ```(x).
d 3
y
4
5. If y sin3x, find 3 . 10. If y log x, 2 5 find d y
d x
4 .
d x

Difrentiation

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