Digital-logic-design-16148_flip-flop1.ppt
- 1. Flip Flops
- 2. CS1104-11 Lecture 11: Sequential Logic: Latches & Flip-flops 2 Lecture 11: Sequential Logic Latches & Flip-flops Introduction Memory Elements Pulse-Triggered Latch S-R Latch Gated S-R Latch Gated D Latch Edge-Triggered Flip-flops S-R Flip-flop D Flip-flop J-K Flip-flop T Flip-flop Asynchronous Inputs
- 3. CS1104-11 Introduction 3 Introduction A sequential circuit consists of a feedback path, and employs some memory elements. Combinational logic Memory elements Combinational outputs Memory outputs External inputs Sequential circuit = Combinational logic + Memory Elements
- 4. CS1104-11 Introduction 4 Introduction There are two types of sequential circuits: synchronous: outputs change only at specific time asynchronous: outputs change at any time Multivibrator: a class of sequential circuits. They can be: bistable (2 stable states) monostable or one-shot (1 stable state) astable (no stable state) Bistable logic devices: latches and flip-flops. Latches and flip-flops differ in the method used for changing their state.
- 5. CS1104-11 Memory Elements 5 Memory Elements Memory element: a device which can remember value indefinitely, or change value on command from its inputs. Characteristic table: Command (at time t) Q(t) Q(t+1) Set X 1 Reset X 0 0 0 Memorise / No Change 1 1 command Memory element stored value Q Q(t): current state Q(t+1) or Q+ : next state
- 6. CS1104-11 Memory Elements 6 Memory Elements Memory element with clock. Flip-flops are memory elements that change state on clock signals. Clock is usually a square wave. command Memory element stored value Q clock Positive edges Negative edges Positive pulses
- 7. CS1104-11 Memory Elements 7 Memory Elements Two types of triggering/activation: pulse-triggered edge-triggered Pulse-triggered latches ON = 1, OFF = 0 Edge-triggered flip-flops positive edge-triggered (ON = from 0 to 1; OFF = other time) negative edge-triggered (ON = from 1 to 0; OFF = other time)
- 8. CS1104-11 S-R Latch 8 S-R Latch Complementary outputs: Q and Q'. When Q is HIGH, the latch is in SET state. When Q is LOW, the latch is in RESET state. For active-HIGH input S-R latch (also known as NOR gate latch), R=HIGH (and S=LOW) RESET state S=HIGH (and R=LOW) SET state both inputs LOW no change both inputs HIGH Q and Q' both LOW (invalid)!
- 9. CS1104-11 S-R Latch 9 S-R Latch Characteristics table for active-high input S-R latch: S R Q Q' 0 0 NC NC No change. Latch remained in present state. 1 0 1 0 Latch SET. 0 1 0 1 Latch RESET. 1 1 0 0 Invalid condition. S R Q Q'
- 10. CS1104-11 S-R Latch 10 S-R Latch Active-HIGH input S-R latch R S Q Q' S R Q Q' 1 0 1 0 initial 0 0 1 0 (afer S=1, R=0) 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 (after S=0, R=1) 1 1 0 0 invalid! 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0
- 11. CS1104-11 Gated D Latch 11 Gated D Latch Make R input equal to S' gated D latch. D latch eliminates the undesirable condition of invalid state in the S-R latch. D EN Q Q' D Q Q' EN
- 12. CS1104-11 Gated D Latch 12 Gated D Latch When EN is HIGH, D=HIGH latch is SET D=LOW latch is RESET Hence when EN is HIGH, Q ‘follows’ the D (data) input. Characteristic table: When EN=1, Q(t+1) = D EN D Q(t+1) 1 0 0 Reset 1 1 1 Set 0 X Q(t) No change
- 13. CS1104-11 Gated D Latch 13 Latch Circuits: Not Suitable Latch circuits are not suitable in synchronous logic circuits. When the enable signal is active, the excitation inputs are gated directly to the output Q. Thus, any change in the excitation input immediately causes a change in the latch output. The problem is solved by using a special timing control signal called a clock to restrict the times at which the states of the memory elements may change. This leads us to the edge-triggered memory elements called flip-flops.
- 14. CS1104-11 Edge-Triggered Flip-flops 14 Edge-Triggered Flip-flops Flip-flops: synchronous bistable devices Output changes state at a specified point on a triggering input called the clock. Change state either at the positive edge (rising edge) or at the negative edge (falling edge) of the clock signal. Positive edges Negative edges Clock signal
- 15. CS1104-11 Edge-Triggered Flip-flops 15 Edge-Triggered Flip-flops S-R, D and J-K edge-triggered flip-flops. Note the “>” symbol at the clock input. S C R Q Q' S C R Q Q' D C Q Q' D C Q Q' J C K Q Q' J C K Q Q' Positive edge-triggered flip-flops Negative edge-triggered flip-flops
- 16. CS1104-11 SR Flip-flop 16 S-R Flip-flop S-R flip-flop: on the triggering edge of the clock pulse, S=HIGH (and R=LOW) SET state R=HIGH (and S=LOW) RESET state both inputs LOW no change both inputs HIGH invalid Characteristic table of positive edge-triggered S-R flip- flop: X = irrelevant (“don’t care”) = clock transition LOW to HIGH S R CLK Q(t+1) Comments 0 0 X Q(t) No change 0 1 0 Reset 1 0 1 Set 1 1 ? Invalid
- 17. CS1104-11 SR Flip-flop 17 S-R Flip-flop It comprises 3 parts: a basic NAND latch a pulse-steering circuit a pulse transition detector (or edge detector) circuit The pulse transition detector detects a rising (or falling) edge and produces a very short-duration spike.
- 18. CS1104-11 SR Flip-flop 18 S-R Flip-flop The pulse transition detector. S Q Q' CLK Pulse transition detector R Positive-going transition (rising edge) CLK CLK' CLK* CLK' CLK CLK* Negative-going transition (falling edge) CLK' CLK CLK* CLK CLK' CLK*
- 19. CS1104-11 D Flip-flop 19 D Flip-flop D flip-flop: single input D (data) D=HIGH SET state D=LOW RESET state Q follows D at the clock edge. Convert S-R flip-flop into a D flip-flop: add an inverter. A positive edge-triggered D flip- flop formed with an S-R flip-flop. S C R Q Q' CLK D D CLK Q(t+1) Comments 1 1 Set 0 0 Reset = clock transition LOW to HIGH
- 20. CS1104-11 J-K Flip-Ffop 20 J-K Flip-flop J-K flip-flop: Q and Q' are fed back to the pulse- steering NAND gates. No invalid state. Include a toggle state. J=HIGH (and K=LOW) SET state K=HIGH (and J=LOW) RESET state both inputs LOW no change both inputs HIGH toggle
- 21. CS1104-11 J-K Flip-flop 21 J-K Flip-flop J-K flip-flop. Characteristic table. J Q Q' CLK Pulse transition detector K J K CLK Q(t+1) Comments 0 0 Q(t) No change 0 1 0 Reset 1 0 1 Set 1 1 Q(t)' Toggle Q J K Q(t+1) 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 Q(t+1) = J.Q' + K'.Q
- 22. CS1104-11 T Flip-flop 22 T Flip-flop T flip-flop: single-input version of the J-K flip flop, formed by tying both inputs together. Characteristic table. T CLK Q(t+1) Comments 0 Q(t) No change 1 Q(t)' Toggle Q T Q(t+1) 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 Q(t+1) = T.Q' + T'.Q T Q Q' CLK Pulse transition detector J C K Q Q' CLK T
- 23. End of segment