Discovering Computers: Chapter 10

Discovering
Computers 2012
Your Interactive Guide
to the Digital World

Objectives Overview

Define the term,
Define the term, data
database, and explain Discuss the terms
integrity, and describe
how a database character, field, record,
the qualities of valuable
interacts with data and and file
information
information

Describe file Differentiate between a
maintenance file processing
techniques and approach and the
validation techniques database approach

See Page 513 2
for Detailed Objectives Discovering Computers 2012: Chapter 10

Objectives Overview

Describe characteristics
Discuss the functions
of relational, object-
common to most
oriented, and
database management
multidimensional
systems
databases

Identify database design
guidelines and discuss
Explain how to access
the responsibilities of
Web databases
database analysts and
administrators
See Page 513 3
for Detailed Objectives Discovering Computers 2012: Chapter 10

Databases, Data, and Information

Database Data Information

• Collection of • Collection of • Processed data
data organized unprocessed • Documents
in a manner items • Audio
that allows • Text • Images
access, • Numbers
retrieval, and • Video
• Images
use of that
data • Audio
• Video

Page 514 4
Discovering Computers 2012: Chapter 10


Pages 514 – 515 5
Figure 10-1


• Database software, often called a database
management system (DBMS), allows users to:

Create a computerized Add, modify, and
database delete data

Create forms and
Sort and retrieve data
reports from the data

Page 515 6


• Data integrity identifies the quality of the data
• Garbage in, garbage out (GIGO) points out the
accuracy of a computer’s output depends on the
accuracy of the input

Page 516 7


• Valuable information should have the following
characteristics:

Accurate Verifiable Timely Organized

Cost-
Accessible Useful
effective

Pages 516 - 517 8

The Hierarchy of Data

• Data is organized in layers
– Files, records, fields, characters

Page 517 9
Figure 10-2


• A character is one byte
– Numbers, letters, space,
punctuation marks, or
other symbols
• A field is a combination
of one or more related
characters
– Field name
– Field size
– Data type

Page 518 10
Figure 10-3


• Common data types include:

Text Numeric AutoNumber Currency

Date Memo Yes/No Hyperlink

Object Attachment

Page 518 11


• A record is a group of related fields
– A primary key uniquely identifies each record
• A data file is a collection of related records

Page 519 12
Figure 10-4

Maintaining Data

• File maintenance refers to the procedures that
keep data current

Adding Modifying
records records

Deleting
records
Page 520 13

Maintaining Data

• Users add new records to a file when they obtain
new data

Page 520 14
Figure 10-5

Maintaining Data

• Users modify a record to correct inaccurate data
or update old data

Page 521 15
Figure 10-6

Maintaining Data

• When a record no longer is needed, a user deletes
it from a file

Page 522 16
Figure 10-7

Maintaining Data

• Validation compares data with a set of rules or
values to find out if the data is correct

Alphabetic/Numeric
Range check Consistency check
check

Completeness check Check digit Other checks

Pages 522 - 524 17

File Processing Versus Databases

File processing system Database approach

• Each department has its • Programs and users share
own set of files data
• Used for many years • Reduce data redundancy
• Have data redundancy • Improve data integrity
• Isolate data • Share data
• Allows easier access
• Reduces development time
• Can be more vulnerable

Pages 524 - 526 18

File Processing Versus Databases

Page 525 19
Figure 10-10

Database Management Systems

Page 527 20
Figure 10-11


• A data dictionary contains data about each file in
the database and each field in those files

Pages 527 – 528 21
Figure 10-12


• A DBMS provides several tools that allow users
and programs to retrieve and maintain data in the
database Query language

Query by example

Form

Report generator

Page 528 22


• A query language consists of simple, English-like
statements that allow users to specify the data to
display, print, or store
• Query by example (QBE) provides a GUI to assist
users with retrieving data

Page 528 23


Page 529 24
Figure 10-13


• A form is a window on the screen that provides
areas for entering or modifying data in a database

Page 530 25
Figure 10-15


• A report generator allows users to design a report
on the screen, retrieve data into the report
design, and then display or print the report

Page 531 26
Figure 10-16


A DBMS provides means to
ensure that only authorized users
access data at permitted times
• Access privileges
• Principle of least privilege
Page 531 27


• A DMBS provides a variety of techniques to
restore the database to a usable form in case it is
damaged or destroyed

Backup Log

Recovery Continuous
utility backup
Pages 531 - 532 28


Page 532 29
Figure 10-17

Relational, Object-Oriented, and
Multidimensional Databases
• A data model consists of rules and standards that
define how the database organizes data

Page 533 30
Figure 10-18

• A relational database
stores data in tables
that consist of rows and
columns
– Each row has a primary
key
– Each column has a
unique name
• A relationship is a link
within the data

Page 533 31
Figure 10-20

• Structured Query Language (SQL) is a query
language that allows users to manage, update,
and retrieve data

Page 534 32
Figure 10-21

• An object-oriented database (OODB) stores data
in objects
• Examples of applications appropriate for an
object-oriented database include:
Multimedia Groupware
database database

Computer-
Hypertext
aided design
database
database
Page 534 33


Page 535 34
Figure 10-22

• A multidimensional database can store data in more
than two dimensions of data
– Sometimes known as a hypercube
– Can consolidate data much faster than a relational database
• A data warehouse is a huge database that stores and
manages the data required to analyze historical and
current transactions

Pages 535 - 536 35

Web Databases

• Databases on the Web allow you to:

Shop for
products or Buy or sell stocks Search for a job
services

Make airline Register for Check semester
reservations college classes grades

Page 536 36

Web Databases

Page 536 37
Figure 10-23

Database Administration

• It is important to have a carefully designed
database

Page 537 38
Figure 10-24


Database analysts and administrators are responsible
for managing and coordinating all database activities

Database Administrator (DBA)
Database Analyst (DA)
Creates and maintains the data
Decides on proper field
dictionary, manages security,
placement, defines data
monitors performance, and
relationship, and identifies
checks backup and recovery
users’ access privileges
procedures

Page 538 39


• Employees should learn
how to use the data in
the database effectively
– Interact with database
– Identify new data for the
database
– Maintain the database

Page 538 40
Figure 10-25

Summary

How data and
Methods for Assessing the
information are
maintaining high- quality of valuable
valuable assets to
quality data information
an organization

Advantages of Roles of the
Various types of
organizing data in database analysts
databases
a database and administrators

Page 539 41

Discovering
Computers 2012
Your Interactive Guide
to the Digital World
Chapter 10 Complete

Discovering Computers: Chapter 10

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