DMA controller intel 8257
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The Intel 8257 is a 4-channel DMA controller that allows peripheral devices to directly access memory without involving the CPU. It has priority logic to handle requests from peripherals and issues memory addresses for read/write operations. Each channel has programmable address and count registers and can perform read, write, or verify transfers of up to 64kb of data independently. It uses a master/slave mode and rotating or fixed priority schemes to efficiently manage DMA requests and bus access for high-speed data transfers between peripherals and memory.
DMA controller intel 8257
- 1. DMA Controller 8257 By : Daniel Ilunga 1
- 2. DMA Controller 8257 The Intel 8257 is a 4-channel Direct Memory Access (DMA) controller. It is specifically designed to simplify the transfer of data at high speeds for the Intel® microcomputer systems. Its primary function is to generate, upon a peripheral request, a sequential memory address which will allow the peripheral to read or write data directly to or from memory. Acquisition of the system bus in accomplished via the CPU's hold function. The 8257 has priority logic that resolves the peripherals requests and issues a composite hold request to the CPU. It maintains the OMA cycle count for each channel and outputs a control signal Jo notify the peripheral that the programmed number of OMA cycles is complete. Other output control signals simplify sectored data transfers. The 8257 represents a significant savings in component count for DMA-based microcomputer systems and greatly simplifies the transfer of data at high speed between peripherals and memories. Functional Block Diagram of 8257: The functional blocks of 8257 are data bus buffer, read/write logic, control logic, priority resolver and four numbers of DMA channels. Each channel has two programmable 16-bit registers named as address register and count register. 2
- 3. Block diagram The 8257 is a programmable. Direct Memory Access (DMA) device which, when coupled with a single Intel® 8212 I/O port device, provides a complete four-channels DMA controller for use in Intel® microcomputer systems. After being initialized by software, the 8257 could transfer a block of data, containing up to 16.384 bytes, between memory and a peripheral device directly, without further intervention required of the CPU. Upon receiving a DMA transfer request from an enabled peripheral, the 8257: 1. Acquires control of the system bus. 2. Acknowledges that requesting peripheral which is connected to the highest priority channel. 3. Outputs the least significant eight bits of the memory address onto system address lines A0-A7. outputs the most significant eight bits of the memory address to the 8212 I/O port via.the data bus (the 8212 places these address bits on lines A8-A15), and 4. Generates the appropriate memory and I/O read/ write control signals that cause the peripheral to receive or deposit a data byte directly from or to the addressed location in memory. 3
- 4. 8257 features It is a device to transfer the data directly between IO device and memory without through the CPU. So it performs a high-speed data transfer between memory and I/O device. The features of 8257 are: 1. The 8257 has four channels and so it can be used to provide DMA to four I/O devices 2. Each channel can be independently programmable to transfer up to 64kb of data by DMA. 3. Each channel can be independently perform read transfer, write transfer and verify transfer. • It is a 40 pin IC and the pin diagram is, 4
- 5. Pin diagram 8257 5
- 6. 8257 Modes The 8257 processor works on two modes: 1) Master mode; 2) Slave mode; An active-low input which enables the I/O Read or I/O Write input when the 8257 is being read or programmed in the "slave" mode. In the "master" mode. CS is automatically disabled to prevent the chip from selecting itself while performing the DMA function. 6
- 7. Control word Address register is used to store the starting address of memory location for DMA data transfer. The address in the address register is automatically incremented after every operation ( read/write/verify transfer). The count register is used to count the number of byte or word transferred by DMA The format of count register is 7
- 8. • 14-bits B0-B13 is used to count value and a 2-bits is used for indicate the type of DMA transfer (Read/Write/ transfer). • In read transfer the data is transferred from memory to I/O device. • In write transfer the data is transferred from I/O device to memory. • Verification operations generate the DMA addresses without generating the DMA memory and I/O control signals. • The 8257 has two eight bit registers called mode set register and status register. • The format of mode set register is, 8
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- 11. • The use of mode set register is: 1. Enable/disable a channel. 2. Fixed/rotating priority 3. Stop DMA on terminal count. 4. Extended/normal write time. 5. Auto reloading of channel-2. • The bits B0, B1, B2, and B3 of mode set register are used to enable/disable channel -0, 1, 2 and 3 respectively. A one in these bit position will enable a particular channel and a zero will disable it • If the bit B4 is set to one, then the channels will have rotating priority and if it zero then the channels wilt have fixed priority. In rotating priority after servicing a channel its priority is made as lowest. In fixed priority the channel-0 has highest priority and channel-2 has lowest priority. • If the bit B5 is set to one, then the timing of low write signals (MEMW and IOW) will be extended. • If the bit B6 is set to one then the DMA operation is stopped at the terminal count. • The bit B7 is used to select the auto load feature for DMA channel-2. • When bit B7 is set to one, then the content of channel-3 count and address registers are loaded in channel-2 count and address registers respectively whenever the channel-2 reaches terminal count. When this mode is activated the number of channels available for DMA reduces from four to three. 11
- 12. The format of status register of 8257 is shown in fig. below: 12
- 13. • The bit B0, B1, B2, and B3 of status register indicates the terminal count status of channel-0, 1,2 and 3 respectively. A one in these bit positions indicates that the particular channel has reached terminal count. • These status bits are cleared after a read operation by microprocessor. • The bit B4 of status register is called update flag and a one in this bit position indicates that the channel-2 register has been reloaded from channel-3 registers in the auto load mode of operation. • The internal addresses of the registers of 8257 are listed in table. 13
- 14. 8257 Register Selection 14
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- 16. DMA operation state diagram Single Byte Transfers A single byte transfer is initiated by the I/O device raising the DRQ line of one channel of the 8257. If the channel is enabled, the 8257 will output a HRQ to the CPU. The 8257 now waits until a HLDA is received insuring that the system bus is free for its use. Once HLDA is received the DACK line for the requesting channel is activated (LOW). The DACK line acts as a chip select for the requesting I/O device. The 8257 then generates the read and write commands and byte transfer occurs between the selected I/O device and memory. After the transfer is complete, the DACK line is set HIGH and the HRQ line is set LOW to indicate to the CPU that the bus is now free for use. DRQ must remain HIGH until DACK is issued to be recognized and must go LOW before S4 of the transfer sequence to prevent another transfer from occurring. (See timing diagram.) Consecutive Transfers If more than one channel requests service simultaneously, the transfer will occur in the same way a burst does. No overhead is incurred by switching from one channel to another. In each S4 the DRQ lines are sampled and the highest priority request is recognized during the next transfer. A burst mode transfer in a lower priority channel will be overridden by a higher priority request. Once the high priority transfer has completed control will return to the lower priority channel if its DRQ is still active. No extra cycles are needed to execute this sequence and the HRQ tine remains active until all DRQ lines go LOW. Control Override The continuous DMA transfer mode described above can be interrupted by an external device by lowering the HLDA line. After each DMA transfer the 8257 samples the HLDA line to insure that it is still active. If it is not active, the 8257 completes the current transfer, releases the HRQ line (LOW) and returns to the idle state. If DRQ lines are still active the 8257 will raise the HRQ line in the third cycle and proceed normally. (See timing diagram.) Ready The 8257 has a Ready input similar to the 8080A and the 8085A. The Ready line is sampled in State 3. If Ready is LOW the 8257 enters a wait state. Ready is sampled during every wait state. When Ready returns HIGH the 8257 proceeds to State 4 to complete the transfer. Ready is used to interface memory or I/O devices that cannot meet the bus set up times required by the 8257. Speed The 8257 uses four clock cycles to transfer a byte of data. No cycles are lost in the master to master transfer maximizing bus efficiency. A 2MHz clock input will allow the 8257 to transfer at a rate of 500K bytes/second. Memory Mapped I/O Configurations The 8257 can be connected to the system bus as a memory device instead of as an I/O device for memory mapped I/O configurations by connecting the system memory control lines to the 8257s I/O control lines and the system I/O control lines to the 8257s memory control lines. This configuration permits use of the 8080's considerably larger repertoire of memory instructions when reading or loading the 8257s registers. Note that with this connection, the programming of the Read (bit 15) and Write (bit 14) bits in the terminal count register will have a different meaning. 16
- 17. Thank you! 17