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New Features in Java 8
Jaanus Pöial, PhD
Tallinn, Estonia

Java 8
Previous major changes in Java:
• Java 2 – December 1998 – collections, swing
• Java 5 – September 2004 – generics, annotations
• Java 8 – March 2014 – lambda expressions, functional
interfaces, streams, default and static methods in
interfaces
Interface may contain method implementations
Multiple inheritance is possible using interfaces
Functional notation („lambda expressions“) is possible
using functional interfaces

Functional interfaces
Functional interface has exactly one abstract method –
functional method
Example. Comparator – method compare
List<Integer> myList = ...... ;
Comparator<Integer> cmp = new Comparator<Integer>() {
@Override
public int compare (Integer n1, Integer n2) {
return (n1>n2?1:(n1<n2?-1:0));
}
};
Collections.sort (myList, cmp);
In Java 8:
Collections.sort (myList, (n1, n2) -> n1>n2?1:(n1<n2?-1:0));

Lambda expressions
Short way to express contents of functional interfaces
param -> expression
(param_1, ... , param_n) -> expression
Class::method
Class::new
...
Expression can also be a block (in curly braces)
Java.util.function.Function<Double, Double> fn;
fn = x->x*(x-3.)*(x+4)*Math.cos(x);
fn = Math::cos;

User defined functional interface
Example:
@FunctionalInterface
interface Talker<X> {
void talk (X x);
}
public static void main (String[] args) {
Talker<Integer> italk = i -> System.out.println ("int " + i);
Talker<Double> dtalk = d -> System.out.println ("double " + d);
italk.talk(45);
dtalk.talk(Math.PI);
}

Streams
Provide inner iteration for data structures (e.g. Stream for
the elements of Collection) – parallel processing possible
Packages involved:
• java.lang – Iterable, ...
• java.util – Optional, Collection, ...
• java.util.stream – Stream, Collector, ...
• java.util.function – Function,Predicate, Consumer,
Supplier, BiFunction, ...
Stream methods: map, filter, reduce, forEach, collect,
flatMap, allMatch, max, min, distinct, generate, ...
Optional methods: filter, map,flatMap, orElse, ifPresent, ...

Example - outer iteration
// Old way (Java 1)
sum = 0;
for (int i = 0; i < myList.size(); i++) {
if (myList.get(i) > 0) {
sum += myList.get (i);
}
}
// little better old way (Java 5)
sum = 0;
for (int elem : myList) {
if (elem > 0) {
sum += elem;
}
}

Stream example - Consumer
// forEach and anonymous Consumer (ugly)
sum = 0;
myList.forEach (new Consumer<Integer>() {
@Override
public void accept (Integer elem) {
if (elem > 0) {
sum += elem;
}
}
});

Stream example - lambda
// Java 8 forEach and lambda expression
sum = 0;
myList.forEach (elem -> {
if (elem > 0) {
sum += elem;
}
});
System.out.println ("SumPos is: " + sum);

Stream example – filter and reduce
// Java 8 stream, filter, reduce (with lambda expression) - the best
sum = myList.stream()
.filter (elem -> (elem > 0))
.reduce (0, (s, e) -> s + e);

Stream example – map and optional
// multiply each element of the list by 2 and find the first element
// that is bigger than 3 (null, if there is no such element)
myList.stream()
.map (e->e*2)
.filter (e->(e>3))
.findFirst()
.orElse (null)

Example - user defined map
"Hello World".chars()
.map (J8example5::myMap)
.forEach (ch -> System.out.print ((char)ch) );
System.out.println();
}
public static int myMap (int chi) {
char ch = (char)chi;
if (Character.isLowerCase(ch))
return Character.toUpperCase(ch);
else if (Character.isUpperCase(ch))
return Character.toLowerCase(ch);
else
return ch;
}

// Map as expression
"Hello World 2015".chars()
.map (ch ->
Character.isLowerCase (ch)?
Character.toUpperCase (ch):
(Character.isUpperCase (ch)?
Character.toLowerCase (ch):
ch)
)
.forEach (ch -> System.out.print ((char)ch));
System.out.println();
}

Adding method implementations
to interfaces
Default methods in interface provide implementation, if it
is not provided by the class. Overriding is OK.
Static methods in interface provide implementation that
can be used in default methods (or elsewhere).
Overriding is not OK.
Methods defined in class are always „stronger“ than
methods defined in interface.
If a class implements two (or more) interfaces that have
the same method, it is up to the class to decide about
implementation of this method (diamond problem).

Example of default and static methods
// talk must be overriden, log can be overriden, newlog can be used
interface Talker<X> {
void talk (X x); // compulsory method
default void log (X x) { // possible to override
System.out.println ("logged by log in Talker interface: " + x);
newlog (x.toString());
}
static void newlog (String s) { // impossible to override, possible to use
System.out.println ("logged by newlog in Talker interface: " + s);
}
}

// Class provides both talk and log
static class MyTalker1<X> implements Talker<X> {
@Override
public void talk (X x) {
System.out.println ("talk from MyTalker1: " + x);
}
@Override
public void log (X x) {
System.out.println ("logged by log in Mytalker1: " + x);
System.out.println ("also call to newlog by log in MyTalker1:");
Talker.newlog (x.toString()); // it is possible to use interface static method in class
}
}

// Class does not provide log
static class MyTalker2<X> implements Talker<X> {
@Override
public void talk (X x) {
System.out.println ("talk from MyTalker2: " + x);
}
}
// test
Talker<Integer> italk = i -> System.out.println ("int " + i);
Talker<Double> dtalk = d -> System.out.println ("double " + d);
italk.talk(45); // int 45
dtalk.talk(Math.PI); // double pi
MyTalker1<Integer> myitalk1 = new MyTalker1<Integer>();
myitalk1.talk (2014); // from class
myitalk1.log (1022); // log from class contains static newlog from interface
MyTalker2<Integer> myitalk2 = new MyTalker2<Integer>();
myitalk2.talk (2015); // from class
myitalk2.log (1023); // from interface contains static newlog
}

Example about extending the interface
interface MyComparable<T> extends Comparable<T> {
default boolean myEquals (T o2) {
return this.compareTo (o2) == 0;
}
}
static class MyInt implements MyComparable<MyInt> {
private int content = 0;
MyInt (int i) {
content = i;
}
@Override
public int compareTo (MyInt o) { // delegation to Integer
return new Integer(content).compareTo (o.content);
}
@Override
public boolean equals (Object o) { // override equals in class using interface
return myEquals ((MyInt)o);
}
}

Multiple inheritance using interfaces
Multiple inheritance – ability to inherit behaviour from
several superclasses
Diamond
Example.
Vehicle
Boat
Amphibian
Car
Amphibian
Boat Car
Vehicle
Amphibian

interface Vehicle {
void makeNoise();
default void startEngine() {
System.out.println ("Vehicle engine started");
}
default void stopEngine() {
System.out.println ("Vehicle engine stopped");
}
}

interface Car extends Vehicle { // obligation to provide makeNoise
@Override
default void stopEngine() {
System.out.println ("Car engine stopped");
}
default void enjoyCar() {
System.out.println ("I enjoy my car: Car interface default");
}
default void drive() {
System.out.println ("I drive my car: Car interface default");
}
// possible to override also startEngine
}

interface Boat extends Vehicle { // obligation to provide makeNoise
default void enjoyBoat() {
System.out.println ("I enjoy my boat: Boat interface default");
}
default void drive() {
System.out.println ("I drive my boat: Boat interface default");
}
// possible to override also startEngine, stopEngine
}

static class Amphibian implements Car, Boat {
@Override
public void makeNoise() { // my obligation from Vehicle
System.out.println ("makeNoise: compulsory Vehicle behaviour: from Amphibian class");
}
@Override
public void drive() { // diamond problem solved in Java way
System.out.println ("I drive my amphibian: from Amphibian class");
}
// possible to override also startEngine, stopEngine, enjoyCar, enjoyBoat
}

Amphibian a = new Amphibian();
a.startEngine(); // Vehicle engine started
a.makeNoise(); // both Car and Boat are kind of Vehicle
a.drive(); // diamond problem (both Car and Boat provide drive method)
a.enjoyCar(); // inherited from Car
a.enjoyBoat(); // inherited from Boat
a.stopEngine(); // Car is more specific than Vehicle
}
Vehicle engine started
makeNoise: compulsory Vehicle behaviour: from Amphibian class
I drive my amphibian: from Amphibian class
I enjoy my car: Car interface default
I enjoy my boat: Boat interface default
Car engine stopped

Playing with functions
Functional interfaces are supported in java.util.function
package
Function<Double, Double> f = Math::sin; // assignment context: Class::method
double res = f.apply (Math.PI/2.); // variable f represents a function
System.out.println (res);
// degrees  radians  sin : g takes degrees as argument and returns sinus
Function<Double, Double> g = ((Function<Double, Double>)Math::sin)
.compose (Math::toRadians);
System.out.println (g.apply (45.));
((Consumer<String>)System.out::println).accept (String.valueOf (g.apply (45.)));

Functions on functions
public static <T, U> Function<U, U> proj1 (BiFunction<T, U, U> b, T arg) {
System.out.println ("(" + b + " in proj1 applied to " + arg);
return y -> b.apply (arg, y);
}
public static <T, U> Function<T, T> proj2 (BiFunction<T, U, T> b, U arg) {
System.out.println ("(" + b + " in proj2 applied to " + arg);
return x -> b.apply (x, arg);
}
public static <T, U> Function<T, U> combine (Function<U, U> f, Function<T, U> g) {
return x -> f.apply (g.apply (x));
}

public static int minus (int a1, int a2) {
System.out.println ("("+a1+"-"+a2+") ");
return a1-a2;
}
BiFunction<Integer, Integer, Integer> p = J8example9::minus;
Function<Integer, Integer> p1 = proj1 (p, 2); // p1(x) = 2 - x
System.out.println (p1.apply (8)); // 2 – 8 = -6
Function<Integer, Integer> p2 = proj2 (p, 1); // p2(x) = x - 1
System.out.println (p2.apply (9)); // 9 – 1 = 8
System.out.println (combine (p1, p2).apply (4));
// ([2-x][x-1])(4) = [2-x]([x-1](4)) = [2-x](3) = 2-3 = -1

public static <T, U, V> Function<T, V> sCombine
(BiFunction<T, U, V> f, Function<T, U> g) {
return x -> f.apply (x, g.apply (x));
}
public static <T, U, V> BiFunction<T, U, V> sBiCombine
(BiFunction<T, U, V> f, BiFunction<T, U, U> g) {
return (x, y) -> f.apply (x, g.apply (x, y));
}
BiFunction<Integer, Integer, Integer> p = J8example9::minus;
BiFunction<Integer, Integer, Integer> q = Math::max;
Function<Integer, Integer> p1 = proj1 (p, 2); // p1(x) = 2 - x
System.out.println (sCombine (p, p1).apply (11)); // [x – [2-x] ](11) = 11-(2-11) = 20
System.out.println (sBiCombine (p, q).apply (17, 29)); // [x – max(x,y)](17,29) = 17-29 = -12
// sBiCombine (J8example9::sBiCombine, J8example9::sBiCombine).apply (17, 29);
// does not compile

Java FX became a part of Java 8
Example – drawing a graph of a function
Class DrawFunction

@Override
public void start (Stage myStage) { // compulsory method for Java FX Application
Function<Double, Double> fn = x->x*(x-3.)*(x+4)*Math.cos(x);
double from = -5.;
double to = 5.;
Pane myPane = new Pane();
Scene myScene = new Scene (myPane, 319, 159);
myStage.setScene (myScene);
myStage.setTitle ("Graph of a function");
ObservableList<Node> nodes = myPane.getChildren();
drawFunction (fn, from, to, myScene.getWidth(), myScene.getHeight(), nodes);
myScene.widthProperty().addListener (
(obsv, oldv, newv) -> {
});
myScene.heightProperty().addListener (
(obsv, oldv, newv) -> {
});
myStage.show();
}

public static void drawFunction (Function<Double,Double> f,
double start, double end, double w, double h, ObservableList<Node> nl) {
int iw = (int)w;
Double[] points = new Double[2*iw];
double fmax = Double.MIN_VALUE;
double fmin = Double.MAX_VALUE;
for (int i=0; i < iw; i++) {
double arg = start + ((double)i)*(end-start)/w;
double value = f.apply (arg);
points[2*i] = (double)i;
points[2*i+1] = value; // to be scaled later
if (value > fmax) fmax = value;
if (value < fmin) fmin = value;
}
for (int i=0; i < iw; i++) {
double value = points[2*i+1];
points[2*i+1] = (fmax-value)*h/(fmax-fmin); // scaling
}
Polyline graph = new Polyline();
graph.getPoints().addAll (points);
nl.clear();
nl.add (graph);
}

Exercises
Instructions are given during the lectures

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