Dr Gajendragadkar M P Ist BHMS Vehicle 16,22,23 Feb, 1,2,8,9,15,16 March 2021 (8 Lectures).pptx

BHARATI VIDYAPEETH (DEEMED TO BE) UNIVERSITY
HOMOEOPATHIC MEDICAL COLLEGE, Pune – 43
VEHICLES
HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACY
Dr. Mrs. Gajendragadkar M.P.
Professor & HOD
Cell no - 9423566552

DEFINATION-
Vehicle means transmission or conveyance vehicles are those
substances which are chemically neutral (neither acidic nor alkaline),
therapeutically inert, having no medicinal property of their own (or if
there is any that is negligible) and are intended to carry the dynamic
powers of a drug to the interior of the human being to fight the disease
force safely.

PROPERTIES OF AN IDEAL VEHICLE
1. Chemically neutral
2. Therapeutically inert.
3. It has no medicinal property of their own.
4. It should be capable of carrying the dynamic powers of a drug safely
to the interior of the human organism to fight the disease.
5. Harmless as regards to its action on human organism.
6. It must have the power of preservation of drug substances and
medicines. It must not undergo any change or decomposition.
7. Edible and palatable.

USES AND UTILITY OF VEHICLES
1. For the preparation of mother tincture ,mother solution and mother
substance from crude drug materials.
2. Used for further trituration and sucussion.
3. Used as the base for preparing external applications of medicines.
4. Vehicles like olive oil, vaseline, glyceral etc. are themselves applied
externally as a mechanical action only.
5. Preservation of medicines [section 268 F.N] vehicles like alcohol
[spirit of wine] is mixed in certain proportion with the freshly
expressed juices of the plants.
6. As diet-in sick baby, eg. sugar of milk.
7. Used as Placebo or ‘Phytum’ or Rubrum’.

CLASSIFICATION OF VEHICLES
Suga
r of
milk
(lact
ose).
Cane
suga
r
(sucr
ose).
Grap
es
suga
r
(gluc
ose,
dextr
ose).
Glob
ules
or
pillul
es.
Cone
s.
Tabl
ets
or
tablo
ids.
Solids (or dry)
vehicles

• Absolute alcohol
• Dilute alcohol
• Strong alcohol
• Dispensing alcohol
• Rectified alcohol
Pu
rifi
ed
wa
ter
.
Alc
oh
ol
Sol
ve
nt
et
he
r
Gl
yc
eri
n
Si
m
ple
syr
up
Oil
s
LIQUID
VEHICLES
FIXED OILS
i. Olive oil
ii. Almond oil
iii. Sesame oil
iv. Hydro carpus oil
v. Chaulmoogra oil
VOLATLE OIL
vi. Sandalwood oil
vii. Lavender oil
viii. Rosemary oil

Vegetable origin
Va
sel
in
e
(so
ft
pa
raf
fin
)
W
A
X
ES
S
O
AP
• yellow soft paraffin.
• white soft paraffin.
SEMI-SOLID
VEHICLES
Bees waxes-
• Yellow bees wax
• White bees wax
Spermaceti
Lanonin (anhydrous)
Animal origine-curd soap
• Hard soap
• Soft soap
• Prepared curd
• Isinglass

SOLID (DRY) VEHICLES
• SUGAR OF MILK: (Saccharum or lactose)
• ETYMOLOGY : Saccharum means ‘sugar’ and ‘lactes’ means milk.
• SOURCE: It is prepared from goats milk.
• CHEMICAL NATURE:
It is di-saccharide.
1 unit beta galactose
1 unit Levoglucose= SAC LAC
• CHEMICAL FORMULA : C12 H22 O11 H2O

A convenient graphic representation of preparation of
pharmaceutically pure sugar of milk from raw materials of final
stage.
PREPARATION OF SUGAR OF MILK

GOATS MILK: Composition –
1. Protein (Lacto albumin + Lacto globulin + Casinogen)
2. Fats
3. Lactose
4. Minerals
5. Salts
6. Water
Skimming
Protein+H2O + Minerals + Salts + Lactose  Fat (Removed)
Proteins + Salts + Minerals
--------------------------------------
Solid portion
Lactose +H2O
--------------------
Fluid portion
+HCL (dil) to remove
solid portion
+filtration
Lactose +H2O
------------------------
(Filtrate) (Whey)
Wear solution of Whey
+ purified water
+ filtration through
charcoal bed
Sami-solid Lactose
+ Boiled on direct heat
+ Made semi-solid
+ process repeated 3-4 times
by adding purified water
+ strong alcohol
+ purified water
+ Boiled in direct heat and then
indirect heat with water bath

+ Slight alcohol
+ Dried
Crystal Lactose Pure crystal Lactose
Pure powder of sugar of milk
+ Grinding with mortar and
pestles
PURIFICATION OF SUGAR OF MILK
---------------------------------------------
[Johnann Ernst Staps]

i. 450 grams crystals of commercial lactose is dissolved in 2 liters boiling
purified water.
ii. Then the mixture in hot state is filtered by a filter paper.
iii. The filtrate is then thoroughly mixed with 2 liters of absolute alcohol.
iv. The whole flask is kept close tightly for 3-4 days, in cold environment so
that sugar make crystallize.
v. After 3-4 days a thin layer of crystals of lactose will be seen deposited at
the bottom of the flask.
vi. The crystallized mass is to be collected and washed in purified to with
some alcohol is already is added.
vii. Thus crystals are dried by pressing between filter paper and kept in well
closed container for use.
Purification process: Staph’s Process

CHARACTERSTICS OF SUGAR OF MILK
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES:
Hard crystalline mass , milky white in color
It is odorless , faintly , sweet in taste
Sandy or greety feeling on touch in in between finger
Solubility
One gram lactose is soluble in 5 ml of water whereas it is soluble in 2.6 ml of
boiling water. Insoluble in alcohol.
Optical rotation :- + 55.3 at 20 C.
⁰ ⁰
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES:-
Molecular weight:- 360.3
Its solution is neutral to litmus paper.
It may produce water to crystallization at 150 C (302 F)
⁰ ⁰

USES
 Used in the process of triturations from mother substance which are not
soluble in liquid vehicle.
 It is extensively used in bio-chemic preparations.
 For preparation of Potentized medicines in decimal potency.
 It is used as a ‘Placebo.
 It is used for dispensing medicines to the patients.
 For the preparation of mother powders.
 It is a devoid of fat and as such may be used as a temporary diet to the
babies who cannot tolerate milk.

PRESERVATION OF SUGAR OF MILK
It should be preserved in air-tight glass containers or bottles in dry state
and in dry place.
It should not be preserved for a long time as it may go rancid.
i. Starch (arrowrool , barley etc.)
ii. Cane Sugar (Sucrose)
iii. Acid + (i.e. milk had become sore)
iv. Alum
v. PO4 +
vi. Cl –
vii. Copper
IMPURITIES OF SUGAR OF MILK:

CANE SUGAR
Uses:
Preparation of globules , pellets , tablets.
Preparation of globules simple syrup.
Chemical Formula C12 H22 O11 H2O
Sources:
 Sugarcane Beet root
 Others: Pineapple, almond, coffee, honey.
Properties:
 Colorless, slightly white crystals
 Odorless and sweet to taste.
 Easily soluble in water but sparely soluble in alcohol.
 Optical rotation: Not less than +65.9 at 20 C.
⁰

GLOBULES/PILLULES
Prepared from-pure cane sugar
Characteristics-
Round in shape
Size:8-80
White and odorless
Sweeter than SOM
Neither too hard nor too soft
Soluble in water and insoluble in alcohol
Melting point: 160 c
⁰

Preparation of Globules-
Made by mechanically rotating stainless steel globules making pills-
tubes containing granulated cane sugar which can be properly
moistened with purified water or syrup simplex and then coated with
thin layer and coated finely crushed cane sugar.
As they come into proper sizes, they are transferred into drying
chamber, for drying.
On proper drying they are removed from hot chamber and are made to
per through sieve screen which has various sizes of globules.

CONES
Prepared from cane sugar added with egg albumin i.e. vegetable and
animal kingdom.
Characteristics-
Conical or semi-globules
Size: commonly size used in homoeopathy is no.6
Harder than globules.

TABLETS OR TABLOIDS
Prepared from pure refined SOM
Characteristics:
Shape: round but flat
Size: from 1 grain i.e. 65mg 2 grains etc.,
Softer than globules or pillules.
Less sweater
More easily soluble in water than globules.
They are prepared by compression or molding

LIQUID VEHICLES – PURIFIED WATER
FORMULA H2O
MOL. WEIGHT 18
SYNONYMS
Distilled water; Aqua distillata; Aqua
purificata.
PREPARATION
For small scale –
• Distillation process
• Deionisation process
For large scale –
• Automatic water distillation.

PURIFIED WATER – Distillation process.
APPARATUS:
• Liebig's condenser
• Flask
• Bunsen burner
• Tripod stand and
wire gauze

DISTILLATION
WATER
BOILING
VAPOR
B
O
I
L
I
N
G
RIFIED WATER

Deionisation process.
DEMINERALISATION PROCESS/ ION-EXCHANGE PROCESS

There are some synthetic substances, called ion-exchange resins, which can
exchange other cations and anions from a solution by H+
and OH-
respectively.
• The resins which replaces cations by H+
are called as cation exchanger.
• The resins which replaces by anions by OH-
are called as anion exchanger.
• Impure water containing Ca or Mg is passed through the column containing
cation exchange.
• The metallic ion are replaced by H+ ion with the formation of an equivalent
amount of acid corresponds to anion of the metal salts.
 CaCl2 + 2HR  CaR2 + 2HCL
 MgSo4 + 2HR  MgR2 + MgSo4
Deionisation process.

• The water coming out of these cation exchanger column is acidic.
• Thus, this acidic water is passed through anion exchanger (RNOH)
column to remove the acid.
• These anions (RNOH) removes the anions from OH-
group forming water
(H2O).
 HCL + RHOH  RNCL+ H2O
 H2SO4 + 2RNOH (RN)2SO4+2H2O
• The combine effect of the passage of impure water through cation and
anion exchanger in succession results in the production of very pure
water called as de-ionised water.

PURIFIED WATER– Automatic Water Distillation
• Used for commercial purpose in large scale
manufacture.
• Automatic water distillator and stainless steel
vessel known as ‘STILL’ is used.
• The instrument need little care.

• In this process the distillation and
cooling is done by the same water.
• A portion of cooling water will go
through same holes into the heating
chambers.
• The steam will be produce here which
will passes into the inner chamber
through the special passage at the top
and it comes down for cooling purpose.
• The cooling water will exit through an
overflow.
PURIFIED WATER– Automatic Water Distillator

PURIFIED WATER - Properties
Ph Value Neutral (Ph 6-7).
Specific gravity 1.000 at 25 .
℃
Freezing point 0o
Boiling point 100 o
Clear, colorless liquid, tasteless and odorless.
Practically a non-conductor of electricity.
Good ionizing solvent for acids, bases and salts.
Absorbed by many substances.

PURIFIED WATER - Impurities
• Clay
• Sand
• Vegetable matters
• Non-volatile substances:
Chlorides, carbonates,
bicarbonates, sulphate of Na,
K, Ca, Mg, Fe.
• Volatile substances:
Air, CO2, H2S, NH3, NO2, SO2,
etc.
Insoluble substances: Soluble substances:

PURIFIED WATER – Uses
 Cleansing of utensils or equipments.
 Preparation of mother solutions.
 Preparation reagents and in analytical purposes.
 External application for preparation of lotion.
 Dispensing potencies.
 Used in rectal and vaginal douches.
 Used for injection by allopathic physicians.
 Preparing different qualities of weaker alcohol.

PURIFIED WATER – Storage
Should always be stored in Pyrex glass bottles, which are previously
thoroughly cleansed in hot water.
PURIFIED WATER – Demerits
The medicines dispensed with purified water cannot be preserved
for a long period as they are unstable.

GLYCERINE
Common name Glycerol
Chemical formula C3H5[OH]3
Specific gravity 1.255 - 1.266 at 20 C
⁰
Molecular weight 92.1
Boiling point 290 C
⁰
Freezing point −36 °F (−38 °C)
Source:-
 It can be prepared from molasses by fermentation process.
 Can be prepared synthetically
 From spent soap lyes.

 It is a clear, colorless, viscous, syrupy and oily liquid.
 Tastes sweet, sensation of warmth on tongue.
 It is mixable with water, alcohol and methanol, insoluble in ether,
chloroform and in fixed oils.
 It is hydroscopic i.e. absorbs moisture from atmosphere air.
 It decomposes if distilled with water or salts.
 When it decomposes it evolves pungent smell.
 Crystalizes slowly on cooling. If kept at low temperature.
 It melts at 17o
c.
 It dissolves fixed alkalis , acids , no of salts, pepsin, tannin, gums, starch, etc.
PROPERTIES

PREPARATION OF GLYCERINE
i. The lye contains some glycerin, much water, free alkali, sodium chloride,
fatty acids and proteins etc.
ii. On acidifying the lye with HCl acid add aluminum sulphate, fatty acids
and soap in solution is precipitated as aluminum soap.
iii. Remove it by filtration make the filtrate concentrated by evaporation and
the common salt separated out.
iv. When the concentration of impure glycerin reaches about 80% with that
of salt 10% the evaporation discontinued.
v. Next the liquid is decolorized with activated charcoal.
The glycerin mostly prepared by the method of spent soap lye method as
follows:

vi. When the concentration of impure glycerin reaches about 80% with
that of salt 10% the evaporation discontinued.
vii. Next the liquid is decolorized with activated charcoal.
viii.Crude glycerin in further redistilled under reduced pressure by
superheated steam.
ix. Next the distillate is further concentrated in vacuum pans and the
straw- colored glycerin obtained is (99.8 to 99.9 %)
x. Which is then treated with bone charcoal and filtering and redistilling
the filtrate you will get clear almost colorless glycine.

Filtration
Heating
lye + HCl+
aluminum
sulphate
ppt of
aluminum soap
evaporation
separation of
common salt
80% glycerin
and 10% salt
Distillation
Discoloration +
charcoal
Distillate
Evaporation +
invaccum
Straw - colored
glycerin[99.8%]

It should be kept in dry well-closed vessels.
IMPURITIES
STORAGE
The glycerin may contains impurities like fatty acids, sulphate, ash etc.

USES
It is use in the application on the chapped and roughened skin.
It is used in ear discharges as it absorbs the pus easily.
It is used as an application on superficial ulcers of tongue and mouth.
Used a suppository in constipation.
It is used in preparations of glycerol for external application.
Used in preparation of mother tinctures and lower dilution of certain poisonous
products e.g. Apis mel.
Used as preservative and a sweetening agent for food.
Used in cosmetics for it softening action on the skin.
Largely used in making Nitroglycerine.

ALCOHOL
Synonym name Ethanol, Spirit of wine, Grain alcohol
Chemical formula C2H5OH
Specific gravity 0.791 at 15.60 c
⁰
Molecular weight 46.07
Boiling point 78.5 c
⁰
Freezing point -1140
C (-173.2 F)

In Homoeopathy commonly used alcohol is Ethyl alcohol or
ethanol.
SOURCE:
• Starchy substances e.g. potatoes, cereals, oat, maize, wheat, etc.
• Substance rich in sugar e.g. beet, carrot, cherries etc.
• From sugar e.g. beet sugar, cane sugar etc.
• Synthetically prepared from the hydrocarbon ethylene.
• From molasses a waste byproduct from sugar factories.

Properties
1. A colorless, transparent, volatile liquid; having a characteristically pleasant odor, with
a burning taste.
2. Highly inflammable, and burns with a pale blue smokeless flame.
3. Hygroscopic; so it absorbs water from atmosphere, any wet substance.
4. Easily mixed with H2O, with evolution of heat and contraction in volume.
5. Mixes with acetone, chloroform, ether and many other organic solvents.
6. Bromine, iodine, phosphorus, Sulphur all dissolve in alcohol.
7. When pure, it is neutral to all indicators.
8. When pure, it boils point at 78.5°C.
9. Specific gravity at 15.60°C is 0.8159.
10. Freezes at -114°C.
11.Good stimulant in small doses, but in large doses will cause fluring of senses and
finally unconsciousness.

Advantages of Alcohol
1. As it is prepared from the waste product molasses, it is cost effective.
2. Preparation of alcohol is not very difficult.
3. It has practically no medicinal property of its own.
4. It is neutral, neither acidic nor alkaline in reaction.
5. It is soluble in water in all proportions.
6. Never easily decomposed nor easily spoil by long storage.
7. Has great power of extracting medicinal portions from mother drugs.
8. Edible; in small doses it acts as a stimulant.
9. Used in increasing strength for dehydration of plant and animal tissues.
10.Powerful preserver of plant and animal tissues at 70% strength.

1. Highly inflammable and can easily take fire.
2. Evaporates easily, so must be stored in air-tight bottles.
3. Poisonous in large doses.
4. Decolorizes ordinary corks.
5. Highly taxable produced.
Disadvantages of Alcohol

• Molasses
• Starchy material like, e.g., potatoes, rice, maize, wheat etc.
• From sugars, e.g., beet sugar, cane sugar, etc.
• Synthetically, prepared from hydrocarbon ethylene.
• Substances rich in sugar, e.g. beet, carrot, cherries, grapes, sugar
canes, etc.
SOURCES OF ALCOHOL

Preparation of Alcohol: FROM MOLASSES
 In sugar factories, crystallisation of cane sugar from concentrated cane juice, molasses
is left in the mother liquor.
 It contain about 50-60% of sugar.
 It is diluted by adding water to make the percentage 15 – 20 of sugar which is
subjected for fermentation by adding yeast in slight acidic medium at 30o
C for 2-3
days.
 Enzymes ‘invertase’ and ‘maltase’ of yeast convert molasses into ‘glucose’ and
‘fructose’.
 That glucose is then fermented by enzyme Zymase into ethyl alcohol and CO2, the
procedure takes about two days.
 The fermented liquor contain only 6-12% of alcohol.
 Submitted to fractional distillation.
 That distillate contains approximately 95% v/v or 92.4% w/v of Ethyl alcohol.

Preparation of Alcohol: FROM STARCH:
 The starchy materials are reduced to a pulp or paste with H2O.
Sachharification.
 It is mixed with a little amount of ‘malt’ (i.e., grain barley that has been allowed to
germinate in the dark at low temperature and then heated and dried) that mixture is
kept at about 50º - 60º C for about 30-60 minutes. The enzyme in malt ‘diastase’
converts starch into ‘maltose’.
Alcoholic Fermentation:
 The liquid containing sugar and maltose cooled to about 25ºC and mixed with yeast.
This mixture is kept for 2-3 days within that time maltose is first converted into 2
molecules of glucose by enzyme maltase from yeast which then undergoes alcoholic
fermentation.
 Then that weak solution of alcoholic is subjected to fractional distillation.
 The distillate contain 95% v/v of ethyl alcohol, known as rectified spirit on alcohol fortis.
 The homoeopathy whenever alcohol is mentioned, it is this (alcohol fortis) alcohol

Molasses (50-60 % Sugar) (C12H22O11.H2O) + Water
Molasses (15 -20 % Sugar) + Yeast at 30o
C for 2-3 days
Glucose & Fructose
C2H5OH + CO2 + Heat
Invertase Fermentation
Maltase
Zymase
FROM MOLASSES:

FROM STARCH:
Sachharification
Strach + little amount of ‘malt’
Alcoholic Fermentation
maltose
mixed with yeast
Cooled 25ºC
Keep 2-3 days
glucose
maltase
fractional distillation
95% v/v ethyl alcohol
alcohol fortis
30-60 minutes
50º - 60º C
maltose
diastase

USES
1. Added to the juice of plant in a fresh state  To prevent fermentation moulds or wooly
fungus growth.
2. For preparing mother tinctures from crude drug materials.
3. For preparing dilutions and higher potencies and also for medicating purposes of
globules.
4. Being a very good solvent, it is used for preparing medicines from gums, resins,
alkaloids, many volatile oils.
5. In preparing tinctures of chloroform, ether, iodoform, etc., which are used in
homoeopathy.
6. In preparing acetyldehyde, vinegar, varnishes, dyes, transparent soap, parfumes, etc.
7. In preparing ethyl esters, where from synthetic rubber, rayon and fruit essences, etc.
8. It works as an antiseptic, at a strength of above 10%.
9. Good preserving power, as such, used as a preservative of biological specimens and
used for sterilization purposes.
10. For making methylated spirit.
11. Has a cooling effect and so applied on burns.

1. If trace water is P2 -- add white anhydrous CuSO4  Blue
2. P2 of methyl alcohol  add salicylic acid + Con. H2SO4 -- warm  smell of oil
of Wintergreen
3. To detect Fusel Oil in alcohol :
a. Add equal amount of Con. H2SO4  Reaction brown colour will appear
b. Alcohol is allow to evaporate from porcelain dish, protected from dust.
After that  No foreign odour will issue  Absence of Fusel oil.
Purity test of Alcohol:

Types of Alcohol
Types
of
alchohol
Absolute alcohol
Rectified spirit
Strong alcohol
Dispensing alcohol
Dilute alcohol

TYPE V/V W/W
SPECIFIC
GRAVITY
at 15.6o
C
Absolute Alcohol
(Anhydrous Alcohol)
Strong Alcohol
(Alcohol Fortis)
Dilute

 No trace or water or an anhydrous alcohol is known
as absolute alcohol.
 Specific gravity: 0.792
 Theoretically 100% by volume (v/v) or by weight
(w/w), of ethyl alcohol as it is powerful hygroscopic
agent, it is very difficult to get 100%. Practically
99.4% (v/v) or 99.0% (w/w)is pure.
ABSOLUTE
ALCOHOL

Preparation:
1. After mixing thoroughly with quick lime- available rectified spirit
should be keep in an dry vessel for 4-5 days.
2. Redistillation: both easily and last portion of distillate is respect,
middle portion is collected. If required process may be respected.
3. Rectified spirit which is mixed with little amount of Benzene is
distillate.
Distillate will contain:
a. First portion: (B.P.: 64.8º C) Mixture of benzene, alcohol and water.
b. Second portion: (B.P.: 68.2º C) Mixture of benzene and alcohol.
c. Final portion: (B.P.: 78.5º C) It is pure anhydrous alcohol known as
absolute alcohol.
ABSOLUTE
ALCOHOL

 Contains: 95% v/v of alcohol.
 Specific gravity: 15.6º C. is 0.8159 or 0.8160
 Neutral to all indicator & may be diluted to any extent
with purified water.
 Mainly used for preparation of absolute alcohol,
dispensing alcohol and mother tincture.
 It contains not less than 94.7% v/v or 92.0% w/w and
not more than 95.2%. v/v or 92.7% w/w of C2H5OH.
Impurities: Aldehyde, Ketone, Fusel.
STRONG
ALCOHOL
(ALCOHOL FORTIES)

DISPENSING
ALCOHOL
 Alcohol officinale. Official alcohol.
 It contains 88% by v/v or 83.1% by w/w of ethyl alcohol and
12% by v/v of water.
 Specific Gravity : 0.840 at 15.6º C.
 This alcohol may be made by adding one part by v/v of
distilled was to12.25 parts by v/v strong alcohol. 1 part by
w/w purified water to 10 parts by w/w strong alcohol.
Uses: Used for preparing most of the dilutions as it is more
readily absorbed by globules or tablets or milk sugar.

 As per H.P.I. (Vol.I): Contain 62% v/v or 60.6% w/w of
alcohol. Dilute 695 ml. of strong alcohol to 1000 ml. with
distilled water. Specific gravity: 200
C, 0.9139 to 0.9169.
 As per B.H.P: Prepare by adding equal quantity of rectified
spirit, 60 o.p. and distilled water.
 As per A.H.P: Contain 7 parts of alcohol (Sp. Gr. 0.83) and
3 parts of distilled water. Specific Gravity: 0.892
 Some author like Dr. Buchner, Gruner, Jahr, J. Hample
having Prepared by mixing equal parts in volume of alcohol
and distilled water.
DILUTE
ALCOHOL

Types V/V W/W
Specific Gravity
at 15.60
C
Absolute Alcohol
(Anhydrous Alcohol)
99.4 % 99.0 % 0.792
Strong Alcohol
(Alcohol Fortis)
94.7 % 92.0 % 0.816
Dilute Alcohol 62.5 % 60.6 % 0.892
Dispensing Alcohol
(Alcohol officinalis)
88.0 % 83.1 % 0.840
Rectified Spirit
(60 O.P.)
91.29 % 87.83 % 0.829
Proof Spirit 57.1 % 49.28 % 0.919

 Means pure rectified spirits containing 160% of
proof spirit (i.e. 60 over hundred of proof spirit).
 It contains 91.29% by v/v (C2H5OH) ethyl alcohol.
 It is 3.29% stronger than the dispensing alcohol,
 It is prepared by mixing approximately 375 ml. of
purified water with 1 litre of strong alcohol.
RECTIFIED
SPIRIT:
60 O.P.

 It is a mixture of alcohol and purified water,
weighing 12/13th
of an equal volume of purified
water at 10.6º C.
 Alcohol stronger in strength than this proof spirit
is called as O.P. (over proof) and the weaker one is
U.P. (under proof).
Proof Spirit:
O.P & U.P

SYRUP SIMPLEX
Weight per ml : 1.315 – 1.333 gm at 200
c.
Method of preparation:
i. Heat continuously together 667gm of sucrose in 1000gm of purified water
to boiling cautiously
ii. with constant stirring until the whole of the sucrose is dissolved.
iii. Filter the solution.
iv. Rinse the vessel with boiling purified water and add the same to the
solution to produce 1000 ml. with efficient stirring.
Storage:
Preserve in a well-tight, clean neutral glass container.
Solution of Sugar or Sucrose & Purified water which is used as sweet vehicle.

Vegetable origin
Va
se
lin
e
(s
of
t
pa
ra
ffi
n)
W
A
X
ES
S
O
AP
• yellow soft paraffin.
• white soft paraffin.
SEMI-SOLID
VEHICLES
Bees waxes-
• Yellow bees wax
• White bees wax
Spermaceti
Lanonin (anhydrous)
Animal origine-curd soap
• Hard soap
• Soft soap
• Prepared curd
• Isinglass

Synonyms: Cetaceum, Sp. Esperma de ballena., C. spermaceti.
Source: Spermaceti is a solid waxy substance obtained from the head of the
sperm whale Physeter macrocephalus Linn., (family: Physeteridae).
Composition:
Physeteridae or the bottle nosed whale spermaceti is a mixture of various
constituents, of which the principle one is cetin or acetil palmitate,
C15H31 COOC6H33.
SPERMACETI

It is obtained from the mixed oils which are recovered by expression from the head, bulbar
and carcase of the whales.
On standing, a crystalline deposit is formed in the oil.
The deposit is separated by filtration, pressed, melted, purified from traces of oil with
dilute sodium hydroxide (NAOH) solution
and finally freed from the soap thus produced and from excess of alkali.
The separated solid fat is termed as cetin which belongs to the class of waxes.
Preparation

Properties:
• Color: A white, somewhat translucent, mass with a crystalline fracture and pearly
luster.
• Odor: Faint odor.
• Taste: Faint; bland milky taste.
• To Touch: Slightly unctous mass with crystalline fracture.
• Solubility: Insoluble in water and cold alcohol nearly insoluble in cold water;
soluble in boiling alcohol, ether, CHCl3 and in fixed and volatile oils.
• Specific Gravity: 0.95 (approximately) at 20º C.
• Melting Range: 42° - 50° C.
• Saponification Value: 120 to 136.
Storage: It is preserved in well-closed vessels.
Uses: It is a solid fatty substance used to give consistency to cerates and ointments,
as in the well-known water ointments.

Synonyms : Wool fat, Adepa lanae.
Source: It is obtained from the wool of the sheep, Ovis aries, (family
Bovidrae).
Composition:
• It contains esters of cholesterol and isocholesterol with lanoceric,
lanopalmitic, myristic and oleic acids.
• Contains not more than 200 parts per million of butylated hydroxyanilose
or butylated hydroxytoluene.
LANOLIN (ANHYDROUS)

Preparation
It is a purified anhydrous fat-like substance, obtained from the wool of the sheep, Ovis aries.
1. Natural grease is extracted from the wool by treating with dilute alkali, with which the grease
readily forms an emulsion.
2. Next the emulsion is acidified.
3. The wool-fat separates as a distinct layer at the surface of the liquid.
4. Purification may be effected by repeated treatment with water in a centrifuge.
Properties
• Color: A pale yellow substance.
• Odor: Faint and characteristic.
• Character: Tenaceous, unctous substance.
• Solubility: Insoluble in water; sparingly soluble in cold alcohol (90%);
freely soluble in solvent ether and in CHCl3 (chloroform).
• Melting Range: 36° - 42°C.
• Contains not more then 0.25% of water.

Storage
Store in a well-closed container at a temperature not exceeding 30°C.
Uses
It has a capacity of absorbing water and is used as a base in water- absorbable ointment. It
increase the absorption of the drug from the skin. It is also as an emollient.

Dr Gajendragadkar M P Ist BHMS Vehicle 16,22,23 Feb, 1,2,8,9,15,16 March 2021 (8 Lectures).pptx

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