![alternating beds of sand and clay, ‘as if in an inundation the heavier sand
grains have sunk first, and the clay afterwards’.
Though Omalius mentioned the polders, he took no notice of the charac-
ter of the beds of the reclaimed areas. Finally, he referred to the widely occur-
ring peatlands, of two classes: on higher grounds and on lower grounds, the
difference being of importance for their exploitation, i.e. above or below the
ground water level.
Of interest is the reference to ‘the beautiful experiments’
by Van Marum,
who observed that algae can produce a peat bed of some
thickness in five years’ time. Van Marum’s activities were not rated highly
later, as can be concluded from Staring’s remark: ‘The otherwise so highly
deserving Van Marum thought – because of his observations in his goldfish
pond at Haarlem – that peat originates from algae [Conferva rivularis] alone
whereas he should have crossed the Haarlemmermeer to copy from nature
the true origin of Low Moor Peat’.
Neither he nor Van Marum mentioned
the earlier experiment by Le Francq van Berkhey. (see p. )
Omalius did not give names to subdivisions of his ‘terrains mastozoo-
tiques’, but already one year later, Buckland published his book Reliquiae
Diluvianae (), in which he grouped the youngest formations in earth’s
history in two units: Diluvium and Alluvium. To Buckland, clergyman and
geologist, the diluvial flood of the Bible and the geological evidence of a
recent and transient inundation were not contradictory. As he put it, ‘I have
felt myself fully justified in applying the epithet diluvial to the results of this
great convulsion; (…), and postdiluvial, or alluvial, to (the state) which suc-
ceeded it, and has continued to the present time’.
The specific character of
the diluvial sediments, rich in gravel and blocks, was considered the result of
the action of strong and massive water currents, stronger than in the Alluvi-
um, when sediments were generally finer in composition. Moreover, the
occurrence of fossil bones of mammals (such as mammoth, rhinoceros and
hyena), thought to have been transported from warmer areas, completed the
picture of the devastating flood, which destroyed the antediluvial fauna,
’
Ibidem, p. .
Ibidem, p. . The high-lying peat is called ‘hooge veenen’, the low-lying ‘lage veenen’.
Exploitation is for combustion and for soil improvement.
M. van Marum, ‘Waarneemingen en aanmerkingen omtrent den oorsprong van het veen’,
Natuurkundige Verhandelingen van de Hollandsche Maatschappij der Wetenschappen ()
p. -.
W.C.H. Staring, De aardkunde van Salland en het Land van Vollenhove (Zwolle, ) p. .
W. Buckland, Reliquiae Diluvianae or Observations on the organic remains contained in
caves, fissures and diluvial gravel and on other geological phenomena, attesting to the action of a
universal deluge (London, ) p. seq.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/80701-250721054039-eed99857/85/Dutch-Pioneers-in-Earth-Sciences-Edita-History-of-Science-and-Scholarship-in-the-Netherlands-1st-Edition-Robert-P-W-Visser-20-320.jpg)
Dutch Pioneers in Earth Sciences Edita History of Science and Scholarship in the Netherlands 1st Edition Robert P. W. Visser
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- 5. Dutch Pioneers in Earth Sciences Edita History of Science and Scholarship in the Netherlands 1st Edition Robert P. W. Visser Digital Instant Download Author(s): Robert P. W. Visser, Jacques L. R. Touret ISBN(s): 9789069843896, 9069843897 Edition: 1 File Details: PDF, 5.91 MB Year: 2004 Language: english
- 6. Dutch pioneers of the earth sciences
- 7. History of Science and Scholarship in the Netherlands, volume The series History of Science and Scholarship in the Netherlands presents studies on a variety of subjects in the history of science, scholarship and academic insti- tutions in the Netherlands. Titles in this series . Rienk Vermij, The Calvinist Copernicans. The reception of the new astronomy in the Dutch Republic, -. , --- . Gerhard Wiesenfeldt, Leerer Raum in Minervas Haus. Experimentelle Natur- lehre an der Universität Leiden, -. , --- . Rina Knoeff, Herman Boerhaave (-). Calvinist chemist and physician. , --- . Johanna Levelt Sengers, How fluids unmix. Discoveries by the School of Van der Waals and Kamerlingh Onnes, , --- . Jacques L.R. Touret and Robert P.W. Visser, editors, Dutch pioneers of the earth sciences, , --- Editorial Board K. van Berkel, University of Groningen W.Th.M. Frijhoff, Free University of Amsterdam A. van Helden, Utrecht University W.E. Krul, University of Groningen A. de Swaan, Amsterdam School of Sociological Research R.P.W. Visser, Utrecht University
- 8. Edited by Jacques L.R. Touret and Robert P.W. Visser Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen, Amsterdam Dutch pioneers of the earth sciences
- 9. Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences P.O. Box , GC Amsterdam, the Netherlands T + - F + - E [email protected] www.knaw.nl --- The paper in this publication meets the requirements of « iso-norm () for permanence © Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photo- copying, recording or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher.
- 10. ’ Treatise on the Grounds of Holland (): W.H. Zagwijn Geology in the Low Countries in the period - A forgotten source Le Francq van Berkhey, author of De Natuurlijke historie van Holland The mineral resources of Holland The Dutch ground auger The deep well of Amsterdam About the clay beds in Holland Presentation of the sand beds About peat beds and earths The natural changes which the beds underwent and synthesis In retrospect - Emile den Tex Introduction Werner’s neptunistic interpretation of basalt Vulcanistic and plutonistic interpretations of basalt Martinus van Marum Adriaan Gilles Camper Conclusion : Lydie Touret From natural crystals to models The first attempts: the terra cotta models of Romé de l’Isle Contents
- 11. From terra cotta to pear wood From mineral models to crystal classes Why work on Haüy’s collections today? Acknowledgements References ’ W. Saeijs Introduction Haüy’s crystallography and idealised forms The method for measuring and plotting Haüy’s models A procedure for identifying Haüy’s minerals Some species in Haüy’s mineralogy Conclusion Geert Vanpaemel Geology in Belgium The academy The geological prize essays Belgian geology in (-), ‘ ’ Jacques L.R. Touret The student years in Bonn Zirkel and Sorby, the great inspirators The prize competition of the Hollandsche Maatschappij der Wetenschappen A brief but bright career in the Netherlands Philosophie der geologie The discovery of CO in fluid inclusions A dramatic end Vogelsang’s heritage Acknowledgements References F.R. van Veen Introduction Staring archive Staring’s youth and education The ten days’ campaign PhD thesis
- 12. Geological map Appointment at Delft Lecture notes: topics and sequence Lecture notes: contents Leaving Delft Acknowledgements ... ’ Patricia E. Faasse Introduction Staring Staring’s map Conclusion Acknowledgements : Jacobus J. de Vries Introduction Early concepts and developments Dawn of scientific hydrogeology Concluding remarks References Eric W.A. Mulder Introduction Mosasaur discoveries in the eighteenth century Eighteenth-century Mosasaur interpretation Turtles Acknowledgements ... Diederik Visser Introduction Acknowledgements - - von Arthur Wichmann in Utrecht References
- 14. Founded in by the King Louis Napoleon under the complicated, french-inspired name of ‘Koninklijk Instituut van Wetenschappen, Letter- kunde en Schoone Kunsten’, the Royal Dutch Academy of Arts and Sciences () is now a respected institution, with a number of important missions: advice to the government on strategic matters, scientific forum for Academy members, advanced research through its own institutes, etc. One aspect of these many activities has taken a relative importance in recent years: the preservation and elaboration of the cultural heritage of the country, either related to the Academy itself (Commissie Geschiedschrijving ) or to other areas of scientific activities. This type of research falls broadly within the scope of the history of the sciences, which presents the challenge to com- bine a specialized scientific knowledge with the specific requirements of his- torical research. It is not easy to combine these skills in a single individual, especially for domains as broad as earth sciences, which includes disciplines as different as palaeontology, hydrology or geophysics. In , R. Hooykaas, a chemist by training and a historian of science of international renown, had thus the idea to initiate a working group, including scientists and historians, that aimed at promoting the study of the history of the earth sciences. This Committee for the History of Earth Sciences ( Commissie voor de Geschiedenis van de Aardwetenschappen) has regularly functioned since, after the retirement of R. Hooykaas under the leadership of E. den Tex. The first task that the committee set itself was to support projects dealing with former Dutch colonies. One of the results was a substantial book on the geology of Suriname.∗ Towards the end of the nineties the committee started to focus on the development of geology in the Netherlands. It is almost self- evident that the period first chosen was the nineteenth century. It was in this period that here as elsewhere the foundations were laid for modern geology. Preface * Th. E. Wong et al. eds, The history of earth sciences in Suriname (Amsterdam 1998) viii + 479 p.
- 15. This time corresponds to a complicated, sometimes tumultuous period in Dutch history, in which in a relatively short time the country was trans- formed from a republic into the kingdom of the Netherlands. It is truly remarkable that in the first decades of the century, despite all political prob- lems, a number of distinguished scientists managed to do research and stay in close contact with most of the leading scientists abroad, thanks notably to a travel aptitude and ability to master foreign languages which seem, at all times, have been characteristics of the Dutch. Another typical feature, together with a tradition of education, which dates back to the seventeenth century, is a relative modesty, a desire to stay aloof from triumphalistic pompousness as exhibited by countries like France or England. Dutch scien- tists were well informed, could be extremely critical of the ‘masters’ of the time, but they liked to present their findings in small, mostly provincial groups. Important for scientific exchange were the many learned societies, like the Hollandsche Maatschappij der Wetenschappen in Haarlem (founded in and still existing to-day), which were typical of the Dutch situation. On November , our committee organized a symposium on ‘Dutch pioneers of the earth sciences’. It was held at the Trippenhuis, the premises of the and met with an unexpected success, both from speakers and audi- ence. It indicates a marked desire of to-day Dutch earth scientists and, we hope, from a broader public, to know more about their scientific predeces- sors. The present book, superbly edited and printed by the publishing department of the , is directly issued from this symposium. It has some supplementary chapters, which, for one reason or another, could not be pre- sented at the symposium. In selecting the pioneers, we did not follow very strict rules, nor did we try to be exhaustive. There may have been other pio- neers, some of them perhaps better known than those found in this book. But the choice was not at random. Broadly arranged in chronological order, the selected names reflect the desire of the different authors, most of them experienced university professors, to throw some light on individuals who have been important in the development of their respective disciplines and who have not the place they deserve in the international literature on the his- tory of the earth sciences. In the first contribution, W.H. Zagwijn pays tribute to Le Francq van Berkhey, a medical doctor roughly contemporaneous with another, more famous, doctor-geologist, James Hutton. In his ‘Treatise on the grounds of Holland’(), marked by the influence of Buffon, van Berkhey approached the study of the very special Dutch geology, dominated by turf and sand, in a way that was decidedly modern. Next, E. den Tex, describing the debate between Martinus Van Marum and Adriaan Gilles Camper on the nep- tunistic versus plutonistic interpretations of basalt, opens a series of three
- 16. contributions which, in fact, have some internal coherence. Directly or indirectly, all deal with the personality of Martinus van Marum, first direc- tor of Teyler’s Museum and secretary of the Hollandsche Maatschappij der Wetenschappen in Haarlem. The very generous funding at his disposal from the bequest of the founder of the Teyler’s Museum, the silk merchant Pieter Teyler van der Hulst, made this ‘man who showed his gift of getting at the right side of eminent men’, an important member of the Dutch sci- entific community and enabled him to acquire the most valuable specimens for Teyler´s collection. After years of difficult negotiations with the ‘father of mineralogy’, the abbé R. J. Haüy, he could obtain a complete collection of wooden crystal models, still preserved, almost completely, in Teyler’s Museum. L. Touret stresses the importance of crystal models for the devel- opment of modern mineralogy and crystallography, and W. Saeijs, using these instruments, shows how they can be used to infer the right (sphene) or wrong (copper carbonates, zeolites) mineral determination by Haüy. The contribution of G. Vanpaemel is of a very different nature. It con- cerns the developments in geology in the Belgian provinces during their short-lived union with the Netherlands under King William I. This chapter deals with prize competitions aiming at the geological description of the Belgian provinces and demonstrates how these contributed to the growth of geology as a distinctive discipline. Other pioneers belong to a somewhat younger generation and are from a period when the earth sciences gradually acquired a more modern charac- ter. Two of them were professor at the Polytechnic University of Delft, both having introduced a new field of research in Dutch geology: microscopic petrography by Vogelsang, regional geology by Staring. Their fate was how- ever very different. H. Vogelsang (J.L.R. Touret), of German origin, was very popular among students and colleagues, but he died prematurely, involved in mining scandals and family drama. W.C.H. Staring, on the other hand, com- monly regarded as the ‘father of Dutch geology’, made a map that set the standard for all subsequent geological maps published in the Netherlands. Staring’s geological lectures at Delft in have been exhumed from family archives by F.R. Van Veen, whereas P. Faasse summarizes the history and importance of his famous map. The following two contributions are more thematic. J. J. De Vries pres- ents a survey of the history of groundwater hydrology in the Netherlands, a relatively little known aspect of the earth sciences. E.W.A. Mulder studies the role of the discovery of the Cretaceous near Maastricht in the develop- ment of Dutch palaeontology. Finally, D. Visser relates the discovery of the manuscript of an unpub- lished article by C.E.A. Wichmann, the first professor of mineralogy and
- 17. geology at Utrecht University. This manuscript analyses a relatively rare mineral, chloromelanit, found in New Guinea. As constituent of many prehistoric objects this mineral is also of interest to archeologists and ethnologists. The editors should like to thank all authors for their willingness to partic- ipate in this project and to acknowledge the constant support and encour- agements they received from the and notably from their publishing department.
- 18. - The oldest geological map of the Netherlands was published in by J.B.J. d’Omalius d’Halloy but was actually made considerably earlier. Already in , Omalius became involved – on instigation of the French Bureau de Statistique – in the making of a geological map of the French Empire, which at the time included many more parts of Europe than France alone, such as the former Kingdom of Holland, and extensive parts of the Northwest German plain. The political events of and their aftermath prevented the completion of the project until Omalius – at that time governor of the Province de Namur of the newly founded United Kingdom of the Nether- lands –finally could publish his observations of earlier days. One of his major improvements was the introduction of the Cretaceous (‘Crétacé’) as a separate unit. All younger deposits of aquatic origin – widely spread, but still little known, as he put it – are part of an undifferentiated mass of beds that he called ‘terrains mastozootiques’. The number and diver- sity of those beds would have permitted subdivisions, but their repeated superposition and lateral variation would have made it impossible to repre- sent them in detail on a general map like this. Therefore, all deposits that nowadays are attributed to the Tertiary and Quaternary are presented in a uniform greyish tone (Fig. ). From Omalius’ fourth memoir, which deals with the Netherlands and Belgium and was written as early as , it is obvious that his understanding ’ J.B.J. d’Omalius d’Halloy, ‘Essai d’une carte géologique de la France, des Pays-Bas…’, Annales des Mines () p. -. He published a more detailed version in his Mémoires pour servir à la description géologique des Pays-Bas, de la France et de quelques contrées voisines (Namur, ). Omalius, Mémoires, p. . Deposits containing fossils of mammals. Omalius, Mémoires, p. -. Berkhey’s Treatise on the Grounds of Holland (): geology before the term existed W.H. Zagwijn
- 19. of the geologically young deposits was still based on landscape characteristics rather than on actual information of the underground. Thus the heath plains – stretching from the Campine area northward to Drenthe and Lower Germany, consisting of sandy subsoil, poor in lime – comprise one unit only. In the latter two areas, rounded blocks of granite and other primordial rocks offer a remarkable geological phenomenon, as they occur at the surface or buried in the sands, without any visible connection with actual primordial rocks.5 Their number must have been immense, as their frequency was still high in those heathlands, even though they had been widely used to pave roads and build jetties along the sea and rivers. The origin of these blocks presented a problem, which had already led to several hypotheses and, by the way, would produce many more in the years to come. One of them, more generally accepted at the time, supposed transport from the north in times when the Baltic Sea had not been incised yet. Another, rather peculiar hypothesis was presented by the famous Jean de Luc, who believed that these blocks had been launched like bombs by expanding fluids, trapped in col- lapsing big cavities in the interior of the earth. Notwithstanding the great authority of De Luc, Omalius preferred his own explanation. He referred to the observation that, usually, rounded granitic blocks are found in large amounts at the surface of disintegrated granite rock. Therefore, in his mind, the granite bedrock in these areas should not lie too deep and the disintegrated blocks were surrounded by sand transported from elsewhere. He wrote: As everybody knows, in a mixture of irregular broken matter, if shaken, the finer fragments will concentrate below, and the coarsest ones will continually appear at the surface. As one may understand, in a terrain composed of granite blocks covered by sand, some violent earthquakes will successively bring the blocks to the surface. In addition to the sand areas, the alluvial lands form another main part of the ‘terrains mastozootiques’. They cover nearly the whole of the provinces of Holland, Zeeland, Friesland and part of Vlaanderen (i.e. Flanders). They originated under circumstances that resemble those prevailing at present. From a well dug at Amsterdam in – meters deep, not reaching their base – it appeared that their thickness can be substantial. They consist of .. Ibidem, p. . J.A. de Luc, Lettres physiques et morales sur l’histoire de la terre et de l’homme (Paris/La Haye, -). Omalius, Mémoires, p. . Called ‘terrains d’atterrisements’, Ibidem., p. . The term is from De Luc.
- 20. alternating beds of sand and clay, ‘as if in an inundation the heavier sand grains have sunk first, and the clay afterwards’. Though Omalius mentioned the polders, he took no notice of the charac- ter of the beds of the reclaimed areas. Finally, he referred to the widely occur- ring peatlands, of two classes: on higher grounds and on lower grounds, the difference being of importance for their exploitation, i.e. above or below the ground water level. Of interest is the reference to ‘the beautiful experiments’ by Van Marum, who observed that algae can produce a peat bed of some thickness in five years’ time. Van Marum’s activities were not rated highly later, as can be concluded from Staring’s remark: ‘The otherwise so highly deserving Van Marum thought – because of his observations in his goldfish pond at Haarlem – that peat originates from algae [Conferva rivularis] alone whereas he should have crossed the Haarlemmermeer to copy from nature the true origin of Low Moor Peat’. Neither he nor Van Marum mentioned the earlier experiment by Le Francq van Berkhey. (see p. ) Omalius did not give names to subdivisions of his ‘terrains mastozoo- tiques’, but already one year later, Buckland published his book Reliquiae Diluvianae (), in which he grouped the youngest formations in earth’s history in two units: Diluvium and Alluvium. To Buckland, clergyman and geologist, the diluvial flood of the Bible and the geological evidence of a recent and transient inundation were not contradictory. As he put it, ‘I have felt myself fully justified in applying the epithet diluvial to the results of this great convulsion; (…), and postdiluvial, or alluvial, to (the state) which suc- ceeded it, and has continued to the present time’. The specific character of the diluvial sediments, rich in gravel and blocks, was considered the result of the action of strong and massive water currents, stronger than in the Alluvi- um, when sediments were generally finer in composition. Moreover, the occurrence of fossil bones of mammals (such as mammoth, rhinoceros and hyena), thought to have been transported from warmer areas, completed the picture of the devastating flood, which destroyed the antediluvial fauna, ’ Ibidem, p. . Ibidem, p. . The high-lying peat is called ‘hooge veenen’, the low-lying ‘lage veenen’. Exploitation is for combustion and for soil improvement. M. van Marum, ‘Waarneemingen en aanmerkingen omtrent den oorsprong van het veen’, Natuurkundige Verhandelingen van de Hollandsche Maatschappij der Wetenschappen () p. -. W.C.H. Staring, De aardkunde van Salland en het Land van Vollenhove (Zwolle, ) p. . W. Buckland, Reliquiae Diluvianae or Observations on the organic remains contained in caves, fissures and diluvial gravel and on other geological phenomena, attesting to the action of a universal deluge (London, ) p. seq.
- 21. thriving before the disaster. In defining the Diluvium and Alluvium, Buck- land explicitly referred to Holland, where he had seen the two deposits in immediate contact with one another. ‘The Alluvium forms nearly the entire surface of the low and extensive river plain, whereas the diluvial deposits rise from beneath it into a chain of hills, composed of gravel, sand and loam, which cross Gelderland, between the IJssel and the Rhine.’ Specially men- tioned are the cliffs on the left bank of the Waal at Nijmegen and on the right bank of the Rhine from Arnhem to Amerongen. To identify these Dilu- vial beds as Omalius’ sandy deposits and the Alluvial beds as his ‘terrains d ‘atterrissements’ presents no problem. Finally, Buckland pointed out that below the Alluvium of the river plain, Diluvial beds must occur because fossil elephant remains had come to the surface, when through bursting of dikes, deep excavations had been made by water through the Alluvium into the subjacent Diluvium. Though Buck- land’s concepts were immediately supported by Sedgwick, they became never fully accepted in Great Britain, partly because of their rejection by Lyell. On the continent, in particular in Germany, they became popular and the term Diluvium persisted to the end of the nineteenth century and even later. However, Buckland’s original concept of a universal flood was soon replaced by other theories in which ice functioned as carrier for the widely spread erratic blocks, either as floes or icebergs, or finally, as glaciers. Buckland himself was one of the first to acknowledge the mountain glacier theory in , after having been won for this concept by Louis Agassiz during a joint field trip into the mountains of Scotland. In the Netherlands, only few stud- ies on these subjects were done by native Dutchmen. A remarkably early one was that of S.J. Brugmans, who in recognised the Scandinavian prove- nance of the erratic blocks in the province of Groningen. Half a century .. Ibidem, p. seq. Ibidem, p. -. Buckland wrote ‘Holland’ but his examples are from places outside that province, from other parts of the Netherlands. Ibidem, p. . Reference is made to big bones he had seen in the Museum of Natural History at Leyden and to a skull of more than 3 feet found after a dike breaching at Heukelom in and that is now in Teylers Museum at Haarlem. For the reaction of Sedg- wick, see A. Sedgwick, ‘On the origin of alluvial and diluvial formations’, Annals of Philoso- phy , p. -. For Lyell see his Principles of geology (-). E.g. by J.F.L. Hausmann, ‘Verhandeling over den oorsprong der graniet en andere primi- tive rotsblokken’, Natuurkundige Verhandelingen van de Hollandsche Maatschappij der Weten- schappen () p. -. See e.g. J. Charpentier, Essai sur les Glaciers (Lausanne, ) and L. Agassiz, Études sur les glaciers (Neuchatel, ). S.J. Brugmans, Dissertatio inauguralis de lapidibus et saxis agri Groningani (Groningen, ).
- 22. later, the mineralogist J.F.L. Hausmann from Göttingen could conform this interpretation more precisely in a paper that was awarded a gold medal by the Hollandsche Maatschappij der Wetenschappen. Hausmann also thought of ice floes and icebergs as carrier mechanisms for the big erratic blocks from the North, actually before the introduction of Lyell’s drift hypothesis in . The translator of this important paper was J.G.S. van Breda, who recognised a southern component of the erratic assemblage, espe- cially in the southern and middle part of the country, supplied by the rivers Rhine and Meuse. His pupil was Staring, who would later be called the Father of Dutch geology. His thesis De Geologia Patriae (Leyden, ) was the first of a large number of geological writings that included the geological map of the whole country as well as a treatise on the soil of the Netherlands, which was in fact the first geological description of this country as a whole. From this account it may appear that in the period before the discipline of geology was established – say, roughly before - – knowledge of the subsoil of the country, more specifically of the provinces of Holland and Zeeland, was scanty. It were geologists from other countries, such as De Luc, who first added to our knowledge. Only through Staring’s work at least the surface geology became known in some detail. However, this assumption does not do due justice to the fact that in Holland, perhaps more than else- where in Europe, man had had a great impact on the land and its under- ground since medieval times. The commonplace is that God has created the world, but the Dutch created Holland. It is hard to understand, however, how they managed to do so without knowledge of the nature of the deposits below their feet. About thirty years ago, the present author was involved in a project on the geology of the coastal dunes of Holland. At the time, large-scale excavations for industrial buildings and water supply works permitted a rarely occurring opportunity to study in detail the structure of the beds in the dune area. The sections showed cyclic successions of windblown sands and soils or peat ’ See note . A.S.H. Breure and J.G. de Bruijn, eds, Leven en werken van J.G.S. van Breda (-) (Haarlem, ) p. . J. van Baren, ‘Dr. W.C.H. Staring in zijn betekenis voor de geologie van Nederland’, in: Dr.W.C.H. Staring gehuldigd op zijnen honderdsten geboortedag (’s-Gravenhage, ) p. . For Staring see the contribution by F. van Veen in this volume.
- 23. beds. These successions are the result of alternating climate change, from dry to wet. In the geological literature, little attention had been paid to these phenomena. Therefore, it was a surprise when our attention was drawn to a plate, dating from , that showed a section with a very simi- lar succession of beds. This plate, published by J. le Francq van Berkhey, shows the face of a large sandpit near Katwijk, at the location where an out- let of the river Rhine existed in older times, which was later overblown by dune sand (Fig. ). It is striking that, in the two hundred years between Berkhey’ s observations and those in the years -, nothing similar had been published. Moreover, Berkhey’s work had been largely neglected in the geological literature, with the exception of J. van Baren. Even Staring did not cite Berkhey’s observations in his Bodem van Nederland (-) although he had referred to Berkhey’s publication several times in his thesis from . In his introduction to this thesis, Staring had stated that Berkhey ‘had collected many data on the soil of Holland, these being rather good if we take into account the state of Science of those times’, in other words, not bad, but old-fashioned. Renewed reading of Berkhey’s book on the Natural history of Holland, in particular of the first six chapters of vol- ume two, led me to the understanding that the drawing of the sand pit does not stand alone. Quite unexpectedly, the book proved to contain an elaborated description of the geological successions found in the younger beds of Holland. That means, in modern terms, the beds of the Holocene. Berkhey’s observations are quite to the point, perhaps not so closely spaced to allow for the making of a geological map, but detailed enough to enable the construction of a long geological section, which is unique for this period when geology had not yet been established as a scientific discipline in its own right. In addition to these accurate observations, Berkhey attributed the formation of the deposits to processes he could see still at work and tried to distance himself from wild speculations on unknown forces involved in the genesis of old deposits. Thus Berkhey’s work, written just before the establishment of geology, is of wider interest than that of a local study in natural history alone. .. See S. Jelgersma et al., ‘The coastal dunes of the Western Netherlands’, Mededelingen Rijks Geologische Dienst () p. -. J. le Francq van Berkhey, Natuurlijke historie van Holland, vol. (Amsterdam, ) pl. . J. van Baren, De bodem van Nederland, vol. 1 (Amsterdam, ) p. . W.C.H. Staring, Specimen academicum inaugurale de geologia patriae (Leiden, ) p. . J. le Francq van Berkhey, De Natuurlijke historie van Holland, Tweede deel met noodige Afbeeldingen (Amsterdam, ). p. -. For a modern compilation on the Holocene of the area see W.H. Zagwijn, Nederland in het Holoceen (Haarlem/’s-Gravenhage, ).
- 24. , De Natuurlijke historie van Holland The vicissitudes in the life of Johannes le Francq van Berkhey (-) have been comprehensively treated by Arpots. Medical doctor, polyhistor, poet, he devoted his life to the glorification of his country, Holland, and its stadtholders from the House of Orange (Fig. ). He was considered the best poet of his age for some time and used his skills in the defence of the Prince of Orange, which brought him nothing but the enmity of the anti-orangists, called the Patriots. Some of them, from his hometown Leyden, turned out to be false friends, accusing him of libel in a pamphlet. An ensuing trial before a court of the University of Leyden led to temporary dismissal as uni- versity reader, and as it dragged along for years, finally ruined him finan- cially. Although he was reinstated as a reader, he never got the chance to become an ordinary professor. Unlike other Orangists, Berkhey did not go into exile in the period after the foundation of the ‘Bataafsche Republiek’ (). He kept quiet, while resuming writing his magnum opus on the natural history of Holland. In his house and other properties were destroyed by the explosion of a gunpowder ship. Five years later he died in poverty and almost forgotten. His main publication, on the natural history of Holland, however, is not completely forgotten, as some parts are still a major source for our under- standing of daily life during the eighteenth century. The work was conceived as a special, regional treatise, not as a general one dealing with such topics as the origin of the earth. Though restricted in geography, its scope of subjects was wide, indeed. The first volume of the Natuurlijke historie appeared in and dealt with the geography and climate of the province. It was fol- lowed by volume , published in three parts in -, which discussed the deposits and the mineral resources. Next came further volumes, treating man, inhabitants of Holland, then animals, such as horses, and after a break of years, the result of the setbacks in his life, the parts on cattle (-). The work was never completed; plants for instance are missing. The present paper will consider in particular the first six chapters of vol- ume two, comprising pages and dealing with topics that nowadays would be considered as geology in the proper sense. The remainder of the volume – totalling nine chapters and over pages – deals with mineral resources, such as earths, ochres, peat, clay and sand, minerals in a proper sense and ‘stones’. In general, these topics were discussed if their origin could ’ R.P.L. Arpots, Vrank en vrij. Johannes le Francq van Berkheij (-) (Nijmegen, ). Ibidem, p. -. Ibidem, p. . The frontispiece gives as the only date.
- 25. Figure Portrait of Johannes Le Francq van Berkhey. Frontispiece of vol. 1 of Natuurlijke historie van Holland. ..
- 26. Other documents randomly have different content
- 27. rate centres of the sport, and there is skating and tobogganing, including bob-sleighing, to be had. But the clou of all these places is the ski-ing, which is excellent both in quantity and quality. Further on towards Montreux stands Château d’Oex, an exceedingly charming little place with a good skating-rink. It is not more than 3200 feet above sea-level, and thus the visitor cannot expect the greater security in the matter of frost that the higher places afford, but the ice there is often excellent, and in an average cold winter his enjoyment of it should be uninterrupted. After that the line passes through Les Avants, which is about the same height as Château d’Oex. Here there is a rink, and facilities for tobogganing and bobbing. Finally, at the level of about 3600 feet, Caux, with its palace of a hotel, overlooks the lake itself, much in the manner that Beatenberg overlooks the Lake of Thun. We are now on the Lake of Geneva, at the upper end of which begins the Rhone valley, which extends right away up to the Simplon pass and the tunnel into Italy. Here are situated three winter resorts, opened and controlled by the Public Schools Winter Sports Club, and a hill-station called Leysin, which, however, in the main, is a place of out-door cure and sun for invalids. These other winter-sport centres are Montana, Villars, and Morgins. Of these Morgins lies on the south side of the Rhone, at a height of 4600 feet, and is in a well-sheltered basin. A light railway goes up from Aigle to a small village called Trois Torrents, from which Morgins is reached by a sleigh-drive. It is surrounded by excellent ski-ing slopes, and there are good expeditions to be made. This year (1912-1913) it has also started into ardent activity as a nucleus of skating in the English style, and has a very fine rink of about 10,000 square metres. Lying as it does on northern slopes (since it is on the south side of the valley), it is far colder than places of corresponding height facing south, and thus in the matter of the permanence of its ice and snow. At mid-winter the hours of sun are rather short, about four. Opposite, on the north side of the Rhone, stands Villars, on a shelf of the mountain-side rather than in a valley. It is reached by a mountain-railway from Bex on the main line, and has an altitude of 4200 feet. Climatically it is absolutely ideal in a decently cold winter, and the big hills which shield it to the north and east afford several very good ski-ing expeditions. It has not,
- 28. however, from a skier’s point of view, the limitless scope of Davos, and it is in the main as a centre of English skating that it has become so popular and widely known. The rink is in extent second only to the public rink at Davos, being about 17,000 metres in extent, and is maintained on the principles of ice-making which have come from Grindelwald. But at Villars the whole expanse of the rink lies in the blaze of the sun, and, as at Davos, there is a restaurant immediately adjoining. Of this big ice-surface a certain part, of adequate size for practice and combined figures, is reserved for those who have passed the National Skating Association’s Third Test, or the lower of the two Villars tests. This, then, forms a club-rink for English skating, which is the only school that at present exists at Villars. There, rink and skating alike have quickly grown big from the small beginnings of some seven years ago, and annually a large number of good skaters spend a month there. Elsewhere on the rink is a strip reserved for curlers, who have also another small private rink. For tobogganers there is provided both an artificial snow-run for the use of luges, and for skeletons a very good ice- run, not, indeed, of the arduousness of the Cresta, but fast and well banked. In addition bob-sleighing can be had on the mountain-track up to La Bretaye, and there are the usual suitable slopes for luges. The place has now been open some eight years, and yearly the four big hotels are crowded with visitors. Nor is this to be wondered at, for, apart from the excellence of its provisions for all manner of winter sports, Villars, set in its pine-woods and faced by the splendid open view across the valley, is possessed of an extraordinary charm of situation and natural beauty. On a similar northern shelf of mountain, but higher up the Rhone valley, and also higher up in the air, stands Montana. It is reached by an amazing funicular from Sierre, and is 4900 feet above sea-level. Behind and above it and around it stretch limitless ski-ing slopes, and there are any amount of expeditions to be made from it. There are two good rinks: one for curlers, another for skaters; and after a considerable period of Laodicean apathy, Montana seems to have made up its mind to be of the English school. But up till lately it had put its chief energies into ski-ing and curling, and had not pursued skating in that tense and scientific spirit which it deserves. There is a fairly good artificial ice-run for toboggans, and another snow-run down valleywards, and plenty of those quiet, hard-trodden paths down which the amateur tobogganer likes to ramble. There are two lakes which, when the snow has made an agreeable arrangement with the frost, can be
- 29. used for skating, and in summer, when the sun has come to an understanding with the snow, a fine golf-course is found to reveal itself. But all winter long the sun blazes on Montana, while its altitude and the cold of its nights preserves its frozen mantle. Of the view I have already spoken: there is something to be said for a view in the intervals of falling-down, and in the meditation and quiescence which such falls sometimes entail. Plate XL A PRACTICE GROUND
- 30. Plate XLI CROSSING THE ROAD ON THE CRESTA
- 31. Plate XLII TOP OF KLOSTERS RUN, DAVOS Plate XLIII THE START, SCHATZ ALP RUN, DAVOS
- 32. Plate XLIV BOBBING ON THE SCHATZ ALP RUN, DAVOS
- 33. Plate XLV SKATING-RINK AT VILLARS Plate XLVI
- 34. AT LA BRETAYE, VILLARS Plate XLVII “BLOW, BLOW, THOU WINTER WIND”
- 35. CHAPTER VIII FOR PARENTS AND GUARDIANS I have attempted in the foregoing pages to give some general account of the out-door sports which are, as a rule, indulged in by altitudinists in winter. But any picture of this enchanting Swiss life, however slight, would be imperfect without some allusion to other entertainments which take place between sunset and sunrise. As a matter of fact, there are a good many such, and at most Swiss resorts there is in one hotel or another a dance, or a fancy-dress ball, or a concert, or very often more than one of these, practically nightly. Now this piece of information, which I have thus baldly set down (for I do not believe in the gradual breaking of bad news), will, I am aware, strike a species of terror into many middle-aged and austere breasts. There are large quantities of folk who would sooner die than dance, and who would feel themselves affronted if, at the end of an active day out of doors, they were expected to sit in rows and be sung to or amused, or even worse, were expected to sing or amuse. At the most, they think they would desire merely to sit quietly and read or converse, or perhaps occupy a morose corner in a card-room, and the thought of being kept awake after they have retired to their early beds by the sound of bands or dancers would rouse them to a state of frenzied rage. As for dancing themselves—— Now, I hasten to add words of consolation for all sedate folk. There is not the slightest need for them to be apprehensive, for they will find their quiet corners and card-rooms provided for them, unraided by the frivolous, and nobody wants them to dance and sing unless they feel inclined to. They have an erroneous notion, from hearing enthusiastic young friends on their return from Switzerland say that they had a dance every night, often fancy- dress, except when there was an ice-carnival or a concert, that they are expected to appear as Pierrots or Columbines, or otherwise cover themselves with shame and glory by public performances of some such kind, or, after dinner, sally forth again with a false nose and tights and proceed to dash about the skating-rink among squibs and fireworks. But
- 36. there is no kind of reason why they should harbour any such fears; they can be as quiet and sedentary as they like. But the probability is that they will not, when they have become altitudinists, feel quite so sedentary as they do in, let us say, Cromwell Road, after the day’s work in town. Without doubt there is something slightly intoxicating to the mind, some sort of juvenile effervescence in the air and the sun of these high places, which seems to affect the steadiest head, and it is not uncommon to see sober persons of middle-age capering about in a manner altogether surprising. They get a sudden access of youth and high spirits, and make themselves ridiculous (this would be their judgment on themselves while still in Cromwell Road) with immense enjoyment and élan. Probably in Cromwell Road they would never dream, for instance, if there was a fall of snow, of making a snow-man in the back- garden, even if the snow was not covered with smuts, but out here if by chance a heavy fall renders rink and toboggan-run impracticable for the moment, they are perfectly likely (they will not believe me, but it is quite true) to build up a sumptuous piece of statuary. Similarly, unaccustomed as they are to go out of doors on a winter’s night after dinner, except to be taken in a taxi to the theatre, it is quite probable that they will don coats and gouties and see what is going on at this absurd ice-carnival, which they have been told is to take place on the rink. And really it is almost worth seeing, even if you take no part in it. A circle of light from hundreds of electric lamps, or a less potent but more variously-coloured illumination from lines of Chinese lanterns, surrounds the rink, so that in that blaze of light the great frosty-burning stars are invisible in the vault overhead, and even the full moon seems no more luminous than a circle of pale yellow paper. These are reflected, wherever there is room for reflection, on the ice they enclose, but there is not very much room for anything, as the whole surface of the rink is covered with brilliant, gaily-dressed figures gliding about in some interval of the dancing. Each carries a Chinese lantern on a stick, and the whole place is an intricate pattern of interweaving lights and colours. Then the band rings out again (“ringing” is the only word that the least describes the sound of violins and horns in this resonant frosty air), and instantly this sheet of weaving light and figures begins to be permeated by rhythm. Couple by couple are swept into this rhythm, circling, oscillating with long gliding steps, their lanterns making a series of luminous loops as they swing
- 37. to the measure of the dance. What was but a company of mysterious, huge fire-flies, all darting about on separate businesses, is turned into a rhythmical and living pattern of flame, controlled by the lilt and measure of the band. Eye and ear alike are dazzled by this musical and moving and illuminated rhythm. Faster grows the tune as it approaches its end, faster is formed this living and luminous pattern. Then it stops, and the pattern dissolves itself again into streaks of darting lights; the dance of the uncontrolled fire-flies again. And it is far from unlikely that the middle- aged and sedate will hurry back to the hotel to get some skates and a lantern, and some sort of preposterous headgear. Or, while still the fireworks and Bengal lights are unlit, you can walk to the end of the rink, and, turning your back on its brightness, look out over the lower valley below and the hills beyond. Away from the glare of the festooned lights, your eye gets accustomed to the gloom, and presently it ceases to be gloom at all. Ivory white shine the untrodden snows beneath the full moon and the glory of innumerable stars: far below, perhaps, a level sea of cloud extends like a marble floor over the valley, and across it the aiguilles of Mont Blanc, and nearer the summits of the Dent du Midi stand sparkling like crystals. Then from behind you sounds the swish of an aspiring rocket, and across the firmament streams a line of light. Slower and slower it mounts, then from the end of it bursts a huge constellation of coloured
- 38. THE ICE CARNIVAL From the Drawing by Fleming Williams globes of flame. Then suddenly the whole hillside, the village, the pine- trees, and the snow-slopes begin to shine with a red glow as if the whole world was on fire. Then stars are quenched, the moon resigns altogether, even the lights on and around the rink grow dim in the glow that turns everything into molten fire. But it is only a Bengal light behind the châlet. “Only” indeed! As if there was anything more magical than these blood-red snows and red-hot pines beneath the cold of the winter night! For it requires a hideously-sensible person to outlive the joys of fireworks. Then after a while the lights are quenched and the band goes home, and you walk back beneath the moon to your hotel. All that artificial fire has not stained the white radiance of the guardians of the night. They whirl steadfast and remote and sparkling, turning the snow to glistening ivory and the shadows to ebony, as they “quire to the bright-eyed seraphim.” And all night long (thoughts come strangely and incongruously mixed in this intoxicating air) the patient and laborious ice-man will be clearing up the
- 39. rink, and sprinkling it through the dark hours, so that to-morrow you shall have a virgin field for your quavering rockers. The most absorbed votary of quavering rockers must not mind an occasional violation of his frozen sanctuary by day as well as by night, for there are entertainments known as ice-gymkhanas that must from time to time be permitted to those more frivolous than he. In other words, he will come down to the rink on some fine morning with perhaps a new and illuminating theory that shall make all his difficulties with regard to rockers vanish like breath on a frosty morning, to find his ice desecrated by the presence of crowds in gouties, and shovels and potatoes and sacks and barrels. Eager young people will put other eager young people on the shovels and race against each other: they will pick up a series of potatoes singly, and see who can deposit them most speedily in a receptacle placed at the end of the line. They will have obstacle-races and climb through barrels, or more probably stick in them, they will perform every imaginable antic on a surface which renders those antics most perilous, and they will assuredly shout with laughter all the time, and cut up the ice in a manner that makes the grim skater’s heart to bleed. But it really is all great fun, and if he finds he cannot bear it he had better go for a walk until it is over. The best plan of all, however, when such things are going on is to join in them. The worst that can happen to you is that you are disqualified for some profoundly unsatisfactory reason. But the main point for parents and guardians to remember is, that they will feel quite different, when they are at a sufficient altitude on a sunny day, from what they do when they are coming out of the twopenny tube into a London fog. An exhilaration, approaching, as I have said, to a sort of intoxication, will invade their stately limbs, and they will feel inclined to do all kinds of things which their sober and city minds tell them are silly and ridiculous. But then a sober and city mind, like the tubercle bacillus, cannot live in this enchanted atmosphere. Fortunately or unfortunately, it does not quite die, for it slowly resumes its activity when they have returned to Cromwell Road, and they will find that it is probably quite unimpaired by this temporary anæsthetic of the air at 4000 feet up in winter. They need not feel afraid of becoming schoolboys permanently again, or of behaving like the adorable Mr. Bultitude when his son had changed places with him in Mr. Anstey’s Vice-Versa. Their business capacities will be quite unimpaired
- 40. when they get home: indeed they will very likely prove to have been brightened up by such experiences. And already the year is on the turn again, and these foolish long summer days are beginning to get short. Very soon it will be time to settle whether we go to A——, or B——, or try that new place C——.... And then people speak well of D——, but on the other hand E——, which we went to three years ago, has got a new ice-run, and the rink has been enlarged. But there is more sun at F——, and even in that awful winter of 1911-1912, when Switzerland was a mere puddle, G—— held out against the thaw. But the hotels at H—— are very comfortable, and the ski-ing is good, though not so good as at I——.... That is the only Debating Society in which I enjoy taking a part. Printed by Ballantyne, Hanson & Co. at Paul’s Work, Edinburgh The original Drawings in colour by C. Fleming Williams reproduced in this book are for sale. For particulars apply to the Publishers. Recent Fine Art Books HANS HOLBEIN THE YOUNGER By ARTHUR B. CHAMBERLAIN ASSISTANT KEEPER OF THE CORPORATION ART GALLERY, BIRMINGHAM
- 41. With 252 Illustrations, including 24 in Colour Demy 4to. Two Volumes. Cloth, gilt top, £3, 3s. net. With Complete Lists of the Artist’s Pictures and of those exhibited, a Bibliography, &c. In this book the writer has endeavoured to give as complete an account as possible of the life and career of the younger Holbein, together with a description of every known picture painted by him, and of the more important of his drawings and designs. It is primarily intended to provide a complete biography of the painter, embodying all the more recent discoveries regarding his pictures. HOMES AND HAUNTS OF RUSKIN By Sir EDWARD T. COOK With 28 Full-page Illustrations in Colour and 17 in Black and White by Miss E. M. B. Warren. Demy 4to. Cloth, gilt top, 21s. net. Daily Telegraph.—“This beautiful book supplements the valuable literary labours bestowed on the life and art of John Ruskin.” EDITIONS DE LUXE. By MAURICE MAETERLINCK THE LIFE OF THE BEE Translated by Alfred Sutro. With 13 Plates in Colour by E. J. Detmold. Demy 4to, gilt top, 21s. net. M. Maeterlinck writes: “All Detmold’s plates which represent bees are real, incontestable chefs-d’œuvres, and are as fine as a Rembrandt. The interiors of the hives seem works of genius.” HOURS OF GLADNESS EIGHT NATURE ESSAYS Translated by A. Teixeira de Mattos. With 20 Plates in Colour by Edward J. Detmold. Demy 4to, gilt top, 21s. net. M. Maeterlinck writes: “The Illustrations by Detmold are very remarkable. It was infinitely difficult to give style to the flowers, and to give them character ... all technically correct.” LONDON: GEORGE ALLEN & CO., LIMITED
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