Dynamic storage allocation techniques

Oct 30, 2010Download as PPTX, PDF5 likes17,953 views

The techniques used for dynamic storage allocation depend on whether space is deallocated implicitly or explicitly. For explicit deallocation, blocks of fixed or variable size can be allocated and linked in a list, allowing quick allocation and deallocation with low overhead. When blocks are frequently allocated and freed, storage can become fragmented, making it difficult to allocate larger blocks. Reference counting and marking techniques can be used for implicit deallocation, with reference counting best when there are no cyclic references and marking involving temporarily freezing pointers to determine reachable blocks.

Shashwat Shriparv
dwivedishashwat@gmail.com
InfinitySoft

The techniques needed to implement dynamic
storage allocation techniques depends on how
the space is deallocated.
ie, implicitly or explicitly

 Explicit allocation of fixed size block
 Explicit allocation of variable size block
 Implicit deallocation

 The simplest form dynamic storage allocation.
 The blocks linked together in a list and the
allocation and deallocation can done quickly
with less or no storage overhead
 A pointer available points to the first block in
the list of available blocks

 When blocks are allocated & deallocated
storage can become fragmented ie, heap may
consist alternate blocks that are free & in use
 In variable size allocation it will be a problem
bcoz we could not allocate a block larger than
any free blocks, even though the space is
available
 The first fit method can be used to allocate
variable sized block

 When a block of size is allocated it search for
the first free block size f>=s. This block is then
subdivided in to a used block of size s& a free
block of size f-s. Its time consuming;
 When a block is deallocated ,it check to see if it
is next to a free block .If possible,the
deallocated is combined with a free block next
to it to create larger free block.It helps to avoid
fragmentation.

 Implicit deallocation requires the cooperation
between user program& runtime packages.this
is implemented by fixing the format of storage
blocks. Optional block size
Optional reference count
Optional mark
Pointers to blocks
User information

 The first problem is to recognize the block
boundaries,for fixed size it is easy.
 In variable size block the size of block is kept in
a inaccessible storage attached to the block.
 The second problem is of recognizing the if a
block is in use. Used block can be referred by
the user program using pointers. The pointers
are kept in a fixed position in the block for the
easiness of checking the reference .

Two approaches can be used for implicit
deallocation.
 Reference counts
 Marking techniques

 We keep track of the no of reference to the
present block. if it ever drops to 0 the block is
deallocated.
 Maintaining reference counts can be costly in
time(the pointer assignment p:=q leads to
changes in the reference counts of the blocks
pointed by both p&q)
 Reference counts are best if there is no cyclical
reference occurs.

 Here the user program suspend temporarily &
use the frozen pointers to determine the used
blocks This approach requires all the pointers
to the heap to be known.(conceptually,it’s like
pouring paint to the heap through the pointers)
 First we go through the heap&marks all the
blocks unused.Then we follow the pointers
&mark all the reachable blocks as used.Then
sequential scan of heap collects all the blocks
still marked unused.

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Dynamic storage allocation techniques

1. Shashwat Shriparv [email protected] InfinitySoft

2. The techniques needed to implement dynamic storage allocation techniques depends on how the space is deallocated. ie, implicitly or explicitly

3.  Explicit allocation of fixed size block  Explicit allocation of variable size block  Implicit deallocation

4.  The simplest form dynamic storage allocation.  The blocks linked together in a list and the allocation and deallocation can done quickly with less or no storage overhead  A pointer available points to the first block in the list of available blocks

5.  available available

6.  When blocks are allocated & deallocated storage can become fragmented ie, heap may consist alternate blocks that are free & in use  In variable size allocation it will be a problem bcoz we could not allocate a block larger than any free blocks, even though the space is available  The first fit method can be used to allocate variable sized block

7.  When a block of size is allocated it search for the first free block size f>=s. This block is then subdivided in to a used block of size s& a free block of size f-s. Its time consuming;  When a block is deallocated ,it check to see if it is next to a free block .If possible,the deallocated is combined with a free block next to it to create larger free block.It helps to avoid fragmentation.

8. free free free

9.  Implicit deallocation requires the cooperation between user program& runtime packages.this is implemented by fixing the format of storage blocks. Optional block size Optional reference count Optional mark Pointers to blocks User information

10.  The first problem is to recognize the block boundaries,for fixed size it is easy.  In variable size block the size of block is kept in a inaccessible storage attached to the block.  The second problem is of recognizing the if a block is in use. Used block can be referred by the user program using pointers. The pointers are kept in a fixed position in the block for the easiness of checking the reference .

11. Two approaches can be used for implicit deallocation.  Reference counts  Marking techniques

12.  We keep track of the no of reference to the present block. if it ever drops to 0 the block is deallocated.  Maintaining reference counts can be costly in time(the pointer assignment p:=q leads to changes in the reference counts of the blocks pointed by both p&q)  Reference counts are best if there is no cyclical reference occurs.

13.  Here the user program suspend temporarily & use the frozen pointers to determine the used blocks This approach requires all the pointers to the heap to be known.(conceptually,it’s like pouring paint to the heap through the pointers)  First we go through the heap&marks all the blocks unused.Then we follow the pointers &mark all the reachable blocks as used.Then sequential scan of heap collects all the blocks still marked unused.

14. Shashwat Shriparv [email protected] InfinitySoft

Dynamic storage allocation techniques

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