![• INDIA LIES AT THE NORTHWESTERN END OF THE INDOAUSTRALIAN PLATE, WHICH ENCOMPASSES INDIA,
AUSTRALIA, A MAJOR PORTION OF THE INDIAN OCEAN AND OTHER SMALLER COUNTRIES. THIS PLATE IS
COLLIDING AGAINST THE HUGE EURASIAN PLATE AND GOING UNDER THE EURASIAN PLATE.
• THIS PROCESS OF ONE TECTONIC PLATE GETTING UNDER ANOTHER IS RESPONSIBLE FOR MAKING INDIA
A EARTHQUAKE PRONE COUNTRY
.
• A NUMBER OF SIGNIFICANT EARTHQUAKES OCCURRED IN AND AROUND INDIA OVER THE PAST
CENTURY
. SOME OF THESE OCCURRED IN POPULATED AND URBANIZED AREAS AND HENCE CAUSED
GREAT DAMAGE.
• THUS, A SEISMIC ZONE MAP IS REQUIRED TO IDENTIFY THESE REGIONS.
• THE MAJOR REASON FOR THE HIGH FREQUENCY AND INTENSITY OF THE EARTHQUAKES IS THAT THE
INDIAN PLATE IS DRIVING INTO ASIA AT A RATE OF APPROXIMATELY 47 MM/YEAR.
• GEOGRAPHICAL STATISTICS OF INDIA SHOW THAT ALMOST 54% OF THE LAND IS VULNERABLE TO
EARTHQUAKES.
• A WORLD BANK & UNITED NATIONS REPORT SHOWS ESTIMATES THAT AROUND 200 MILLION CITY
DWELLERS IN INDIA WILL BE EXPOSED TO STORMS AND EARTHQUAKES BY 2050.
• THE LATEST VERSION OF SEISMIC ZONING MAP OF INDIA GIVEN IN THE EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT DESIGN
CODE OF INDIA [IS 1893 (PART 1) 2002] ASSIGNS FOUR LEVELS OF SEISMICITY FOR INDIA IN TERMS OF
ZONE FACTORS. IN OTHER WORDS, THE EARTHQUAKE ZONING MAP OF INDIA DIVIDES INDIA INTO 4
SEISMIC ZONES (ZONE 2, 3, 4 AND 5) UNLIKE ITS PREVIOUS VERSION, WHICH CONSISTED OF FIVE OR SIX
ZONES FOR THE COUNTRY
.
• ACCORDING TO THE PRESENT ZONING MAP
, ZONE 5 EXPECTS THE HIGHEST LEVEL OF SEISMICITY
WHEREAS ZONE 2 IS ASSOCIATED WITH THE LOWEST LEVEL OF SEISMICITY
.
SEISMIC ZONES OF INDIA](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/earthquakepot-230509033643-eed7dc33/85/earthquake-ppt-pptx-5-320.jpg)
earthquake ppt.pptx
- 1. CONTENT LOADS AND FACTORS AFFECTING BUILDING STRUCTURALLY . EARTHQUAKE DEFINITION AND CONCEPT. EARTHQUAKE PRONE AREAS IN INDIA AND ANALYSIS. WHAT ARE EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT DESIGNS. EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT TECHNIQUES. CASE STUDIES. 1. BUILDING INFORMATION AND DETAILS 2. CONSTRUCTION TYPE 3. EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT TYPE AND ANALYSIS 4. LIFE AND HOW EARTHQUAKES ARE RESISTED IF OCCURRED ANY .
- 2. CASE STUDIES TRANSAMERICA PYRAMID (SAN FRANCISCO) Burj Khalifa TAIPEI 101
- 3. CONCEPT 1.WHEN THE QUAKES STRIKES THE SYSTEM DISSIPATES ENERGY IN THE BUILDING CORES AND EXTERIORS. 2.THE FRAMES ARE FREE TO ROCK UP AND DOWN WITHIN FITTINGS FIXED AT THEIR BASES EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT Definition A SUDDEN VIOLENT SHAKING OF THE GROUND ,TYPICALLY CAUSING GREAT DESTRUCTION,AS A RESULT OF MOVEMENTS WITHIN THE EARTH’S CRUST OR VOLCANIC ACTION. WHAT ARE EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT BUILDING. EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT BUILDUNG CROSS-BRACING SHOCK ABSORBERS 1.EARTHQUAKE –RESISTANT STRUCTURES ARE STRUCTURES DESIGNED TO WITHSTAND EARTHQUAKES. 2.WHILE NO STRUCTURE CAN BE ENTIRELY IMMUNE TO DAMAGE FROM EARTHQUAKES,THE GOAL OF EARTHQUAKE-RESISTANT CONSTRUCTION IS TO ERECT STRUCTURES THAT FARE BETTER DURING SEISMIC ACTIVITY THAN THEIR CONVENTIONAL COUNTERPARTS. 3.ACCORDING TO BUILDING CODES,EARTHQUAKE-RESISTANT ARE TO WITHSTAND THE LARGEST EARTHQUAKE OF ACERTAIN PROBABILITY THAT IS LIKELY OCCURAT THEIR LOCATION. 4.THIS MEANS THE LOSS OF LIFE SHOULD BE MINIMIZED PREVENTING COLLAPSE OF THE BUILDINGS FOR RARE EARTHQUAKES WHILE THE LOSS FUNCTIONALITY SHOULD BE LIMITED FOR MORE FREQUENT ONES.
- 4. LOADS & FACTORS AFFECTING BUILDING STRUCTURALLY . TO DESIGN BUILDINGS TO RESIST EARTHQUAKES FORCES, SEVERAL FACTORS CAN BE DIVIDED INTO THE FOLOWING FIVE CATEGORIES: • SEISMOLIGICAL FACTORS such as seismic zone on which the structure is to be constructed. • GEOTECHNICAL FACTORS such as soil type, soil profile, soil dynamic properties & its liquefaction potential. • STRUCTURAL FACTORS such as building shape & form. • SOCIAL FACTORS such as building occupancy importance. • ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS such as wind flow, snow, thermal stresses, ground pressures, etc. DIAGRAM DEPICTS THE LOAD FACTORS AFFECTING THE BUILDING. LATERAL LOADS
- 5. • INDIA LIES AT THE NORTHWESTERN END OF THE INDOAUSTRALIAN PLATE, WHICH ENCOMPASSES INDIA, AUSTRALIA, A MAJOR PORTION OF THE INDIAN OCEAN AND OTHER SMALLER COUNTRIES. THIS PLATE IS COLLIDING AGAINST THE HUGE EURASIAN PLATE AND GOING UNDER THE EURASIAN PLATE. • THIS PROCESS OF ONE TECTONIC PLATE GETTING UNDER ANOTHER IS RESPONSIBLE FOR MAKING INDIA A EARTHQUAKE PRONE COUNTRY . • A NUMBER OF SIGNIFICANT EARTHQUAKES OCCURRED IN AND AROUND INDIA OVER THE PAST CENTURY . SOME OF THESE OCCURRED IN POPULATED AND URBANIZED AREAS AND HENCE CAUSED GREAT DAMAGE. • THUS, A SEISMIC ZONE MAP IS REQUIRED TO IDENTIFY THESE REGIONS. • THE MAJOR REASON FOR THE HIGH FREQUENCY AND INTENSITY OF THE EARTHQUAKES IS THAT THE INDIAN PLATE IS DRIVING INTO ASIA AT A RATE OF APPROXIMATELY 47 MM/YEAR. • GEOGRAPHICAL STATISTICS OF INDIA SHOW THAT ALMOST 54% OF THE LAND IS VULNERABLE TO EARTHQUAKES. • A WORLD BANK & UNITED NATIONS REPORT SHOWS ESTIMATES THAT AROUND 200 MILLION CITY DWELLERS IN INDIA WILL BE EXPOSED TO STORMS AND EARTHQUAKES BY 2050. • THE LATEST VERSION OF SEISMIC ZONING MAP OF INDIA GIVEN IN THE EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT DESIGN CODE OF INDIA [IS 1893 (PART 1) 2002] ASSIGNS FOUR LEVELS OF SEISMICITY FOR INDIA IN TERMS OF ZONE FACTORS. IN OTHER WORDS, THE EARTHQUAKE ZONING MAP OF INDIA DIVIDES INDIA INTO 4 SEISMIC ZONES (ZONE 2, 3, 4 AND 5) UNLIKE ITS PREVIOUS VERSION, WHICH CONSISTED OF FIVE OR SIX ZONES FOR THE COUNTRY . • ACCORDING TO THE PRESENT ZONING MAP , ZONE 5 EXPECTS THE HIGHEST LEVEL OF SEISMICITY WHEREAS ZONE 2 IS ASSOCIATED WITH THE LOWEST LEVEL OF SEISMICITY . SEISMIC ZONES OF INDIA
- 6. • The MSK (Medvedev-Sponheuer-Karnik) intensity broadly associated with the various seismic zones is V I (or less), VII, VIII and IX (and above) for Zones 2, 3, 4 and 5, respectively, corresponding to Maximum Considered Earthquake (MCE). • Each zone indicates the effects of an earthquake at a particular place based on the observations of the affected areas and can also be described using a descriptive scale like Modified Mercalli intensity scale or the Medvedev–Sponheuer– Karnik scale. ZONE 5 • Zone 5 covers the areas with the highest risks zone that suffers earthquakes of intensity MSK IX or greater . The IS code assigns zone factor of 0.36 for Zone 5. • Structural designers use this factor for earthquake resistant design of structures in Zone 5. • The region of Kashmir, the western and central Himalayas, North and Middle Bihar, the North-East Indian region and the Rann of Kutch fall in this zone. • Generally, the areas having trap rock or basaltic rock are prone to earthquakes. ZONE 4 • This zone is called the High Damage Risk Zone and covers areas liable to MSK VIII. The IS code assigns zone factor of 0.24 for Zone 4. •The Indo-Gangetic basin and the capital of the country (Delhi), Jammu and Kashmir fall in Zone 4. In Maharashtra, the Patan area (Koyananager) is also in zone no-4. •In Bihar the northern part of the state like- Raksaul, Near the border of India and Nepal, is also in zone no-4.
- 7. ZONE 3 • The Andaman and Nicobar Islands, parts of Kashmir, Western Himalayas fall under this zone. • This zone is classified as Moderate Damage Risk Zone which is liable to MSK VII. and also 7.8. • The IS code assigns zone factor of 0.16 for Zone 3. ZONE 2 • This region is liable to MSK VI or less and is classified as the Low Damage Risk Zone. The IS code assigns zone factor of 0.10 (maximum horizontal acceleration that can be experienced by a structure in this zone is 10% of gravitational acceleration) for Zone 2.
- 8. • Active System ACTIVE control systems are devices integrated with real-time processing evaluators for improved service and safety. • Passive control systems are conventional devices to resist or absorb the energy produced during Earthquake. For example: Viscous Dampers Other Techniques – • Avoid weak column and strong beam design • Provide thick slab which will help as a rigid diaphragm • Provide cross walls which will stiffen the structures • Provide shear walls in a symmetrical fashion •Increase in the transverse (Shear) reinforcement. • Horizontal lintel band should be provided • The building must be regular and symmetrical in shape • Reinforcing bars should be provided at the corners and the junctions of the walls 30 WHA T ARE EARTH QUAKE RESIST ANCE BUILDINGS EARTHQUAKE RESIST ANCE TECHNIQUES Earthquake-resistant structures are structures designed to protect buildings from earthquakes. While no structure can be entirely immune to damage from earthquakes, the goal of earthquake-resistant construction is to erect structures that fare better during seismic activity than their conventional counterparts.
- 9. EARTHQUAKE RESIST ANCE TECHNIQUES SHEAR WALLS Shear walls resist lateral and gravity loads BRACING In construction, cross bracing is a Types of bracings system utilized to reinforce building structures in which diagonal supports intersect. Cross bracing can increase a building's capability to withstand seismic activity. Bracing is important in earthquake resistant buildings because it helps keep a structure standing. BRACING Wooden cross bracing technique adopted for low Cross bracing technique adopted for in rise structures with structural support china with structural steel.
- 10. EARTHQUAKE RESISTANCE TECHNIQUES DAMPERS FOOTING ISOLATION
- 11. CASE STUDIES
- 12. The foundations of the building with a thickness of 9 m and a depth of 15.85m is the result of a continuous pour concrete for 24 hours for 3 days combined with steel beams, creating a compact unit designed to move during earthquakes. The unique structural feature of this building is tapered armor system over which the first floor of the four-sided pyramid rises. Timber frame in X supports both the vertical load as horizontal bracing with overhead allowing torsional movement of the building around its vertical axis. Its structure was carefully calculated to withstand the frequent earthquakes in the city. The Loma Prieta earthquake with a magnitude of 7.1 jolted the Bay Area. Although the 48 floors of the Pyramid were shaken for more than a minute the building was not damaged and no one was seriously injured. (A network of diagonal beams at the base supports the building against both the horizontal and vertical forces.) TRANSAMERICA PYRAMID (SAN FRANCISCO)
- 13. The unique structural feature of this tapered building is the truss system above the first floor The truss system supports both vertical and horizontal loading. The building is carefully engineered to take large horizontal base shear forces. Note that the nearby San Andreas and Hayward Faults are sources of major earthquakes. The overhead X-bracing resists torsional movement of the building about its vertical axis. Horizontal X-bracing
- 14. • Official Name: Burj Khalifa Bin Zayed • Also Known As: Burj Dubai • Built: 2004-2010 • Cost: $4,100,000,000 • Designed By: Skidmore, Owings & Merrill • Structural engineer : William F. Baker • Main contractor: Samsung C&T • Developer: Emaar Properties • Type: Skyscraper • Total Stories: 206 • Inhabited Stories :106 • Elevators: 57 , speed:10m/sc • Maximum Height: 2,717 Feet / 828 Meters • Total area: 4,000,000 sq.m • Location: No. 1, Burj Dubai Boulevard, Dubai, United Arab LATERAL LOAD RESISTING SYSTEM : The consideration loads on the towerThe tower’s lateral load resisting system consists of high performance, reinforced concrete ductile core walls linked to the exterior reinforced concrete columns through a series of reinforced concrete shear wall panels at the mechanical levels. The core walls vary in thickness from 1300mm to 500mm. The core walls are typically linked through a series of 800mm to 1100mm deep reinforced concrete link beams at every level. These composite ductile link beams typically consist of steel shear plates, or structural steel built- up I-shaped beams, with shear studs embedded in the concrete section. The link beam width typically matches the adjacent core wall thickness . At the top of the center reinforced concrete core wall, a very tall spire tops the building, making it the tallest tower in the world in all categories. The lateral load resisting system of the spire consists of a diagonal structural steel bracing system from level 156 to the top of the spire at approximately 750 meter above the ground. The pinnacle consists of structural steel pipe section varying from 2100mm diameter x 60mm thick at the base to 1200mm diameter x 30mm thick at the top (828m). O M K A R N A N D A V A D K A R R O L L N O 19
- 15. Gravity Load Management : The consideration loads on the tower: Gravity load management is also critical as it has direct impact on the overall efficiency and performance of the tower and it should be addressed at the early design stage, during the development and integration of the architectural and structural design concept. The limitations on the wall thicknesses (500-600mm) of the center core and the wing walls thickness (600mm) allowed, art of working with concrete, the gravity load to flow freely into the center corridor Spine web walls (650mm) to the hammer head walls and nose columns for maximum resistance to lateral loads. Core wall elevation Wing B core wall elevation Set back level Outrigger wall Wind Engineering Management The consideration loads on the tower The wind engineering management of Burj Khalifa was achieved by : Varying the building shape along the height while continuing, without interruption, the building gravity and lateral load resisting system. reducing the floor plan along the height, thus effectively tapering the building profile. Using the building shapes to introduce spoiler type of effects along the entire height of the tower, including the pinnacle, to reduce the dynamic wind excitations. Change the orientation of the tower in response to wind directionality, thus stiffening the structure normal to the worst wind direction. Importance of wind loads Building height Relationship between importance of wind and height Earthquake Analysis : The consideration loads on the tower: Dubai outside the scope of the seismic activity . Liquefaction analysis of Burj Khalifa soil showed that it is not a problem Burj Khalifa is located in Dubai, which is a UBC97 Zone 2a seismic region (with a seismic zone factor Z = 0.15 and soil profile Sc). Thus Earthquake loads did not govern the concrete tower design (wind loads govern) but it does govern the design of the steel spire above the concrete tower . How ever, Burj Khalifa resisted earthquake of M5.8 magnitude that occurred in southern Iran on July 20, 2010. While the magnitude of this earthquake was diminished when it reached Dubai and was relatively small (less than 1milli- g at BK site), O M K A R N A N D A V A D K A R R O L L N O 19
- 16. • ARCHITECT – C.Y .LEE & PARTNERS • ADDRESS – TAIPEI CITY ,TAIWAN. • CONST . MATERIAL – STEEL,IN SITU CONCRETE AND GLASS • YEAR STARTED – JUNE 1998 (MALL ALREADY OPEN) • DATE COMPLETED – DEC 2004 • TOTAL HEIGHT – 508M • NO. OF FLOORS – 101 • PLAN AREA – 50M X 50M • COST – $ 700 MILLION • BUILDING USE – OFFICE COMPLEX + MALL TAIPEI 101 • STRUCTURAL FACADE: TAIPEI 101’S CHARACTERISTIC BLUE- GREENGLASS CURTAIN WALLS ARE DOUBLE PANED AND GLAZED, OFFER HEAT AND UVPROTECTION SUFFICIENT TO BLOCKEXTERNAL HEAT BY 50 PERCENT , AND CAN SUSTAIN IMPACTS OF 7 TONNES . • THE FACADE SYSTEM OF GLASS AND ALUMINUM PANELS INSTALLED INTO AN INCLINED MOMENT-RESISTING LATTICES CONTRIBUTES TO OVERALL LATERAL RIGIDITY BY TYING BACK TO THE MEGA-COLUMNS WITH ONE-STORY HIGH TRUSSES AND AT EVERY EIGHTH FLOOR. THIS FACADESYSTEM IS THEREFORE ABLE TO WITHSTANDUP TO 95MM OF SEISMIC LATERALDISPLACEMENTS WITHOUT DAMAGE. BUILDING FRAME : Materials • 60ksi Steel • 10,000 psi Concrete Systems • Outrigger Trusses • Moment Frames • Belt Trusses Lateral Load Resistance • Braced Moment Frames in the building’s core • Outrigger from core to perimeter • Perimeter Moment Frames • Shear walls ARCHITECTURALSTYLE • STRUCTURE DEPICTS A BAMBOO STALK YOUTH AND LONGEVITY • EVERLASTING STRENGTH PAGODA STYLE • EIGHT PROMINENT SECTIONS • CHINESE LUCKY NUMBER “8” • IN CHINA, 8 IS A HOMONYM FOR PROSPERITY • EVEN NUMBER = “RHYTHM AND SYMMETRY”
- 17. CHALLENGES FACED: TAIPEI BEING A COASTAL CITY THE PROBLEMS PRESENT ARE: • WEAK SOIL CONDITIONS (THE STRUCTURES TEND TO SINK). • TYPHOON WINDS (HIGH LATERAL DISPLACEMENT TENDS TO TOPPLE STRUCTURES). • LARGE POTENTIAL EARTHQUAKES (GENERATES SHEAR FORCES). • CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUE USE FOR PREVENTING EARTHQUAKE: • Tuned mass damper One of Taipei 101’s most famous engineering features is its tuned mass damper, which is the secret weapon behind its disaster survival techniques. It’s essentially a giant pendulum, which swings in the opposite direction of the sway of the building, preventing it from swaying too far. As you might imagine, for a building this size, the counterweight has to be huge, too; it’s the world’s largest, at 5.5 meters in diameter (18 ft), and the heaviest, at 660 metric tons (730 short tons). • But it doesn’t just swing back and forth on its suspension cables; it’s hydraulically controlled so its movements correspond precisely with the movement of the building, rather than swinging freely. TUNED MASS DAMPER