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- 6. vi Contents 3 Communication Essentials 46 3.1 Nutrition Counseling Goals 47 3.2 Stages of Skill Development 47 3.3 Model of Communication 48 3.4 Cultural Influence on Communication 48 3.5 Guidelines for Enhancing Counseling Communication Effectiveness 48 Use Focuses and Intents When Formulating Responses 51 Use Effective Nonverbal Behavior 52 Harmonize Verbal and Nonverbal Behaviors53 Analyze Nonverbal Behavior of Your Client 54 Communication Roadblocks 54 3.6 Empathy 55 3.7 Basic Counseling Responses 56 Attending (Active Listening) 57 Reflection (Empathizing) 58 Steps in Reflecting 59 Legitimation (Normalization) 61 Affirmation (Respect) 61 Personal Support 61 Partnership 62 Mirroring (Parroting, Echoing) 62 Paraphrasing (Summarizing) 62 Giving Feedback (Immediacy) 63 Questioning 63 Useful Questions 64 Problematic Questions 64 Clarifying (Probing, Prompting) 64 Noting a Discrepancy (Confrontation, Challenging)65 Directing (Instructions) 65 Advice 66 Allowing Silence 66 Self-Referent (Self-Disclosing and Self-Involving)67 case study Communication Analysis of John’s Interactions 68 Key Terms 71 Review Questions 71 Assignment—Observation and Analysis of a Television Interview 71 Additional Resources 72 References 72 4 Meeting Your Client: The Counseling Interview 74 4.1 Nutrition Counseling Models 75 4.2 Nutrition Counseling Motivational Algorithm 75 4.3 Assessing Readiness 77 4.4 Nutrition Counseling Protocols: Analysis and Flow of a Counseling Interview and Counseling Session 79 4.5 Involving Phase 80 Greeting80 Establish Comfort 80 Small Talk 80 Opening—First Session 80 Opening—Subsequent Sessions 81 Identifying Client’s Long-Term Behavior Change Objectives (General Goals) 81 Explain Program and Counseling Process—First Session 81 Discuss Weight Monitoring, if Appropriate—First Session 82 Setting the Agenda—First Session 82 Setting the Agenda—Subsequent Sessions82 Transitioning to the Next Phase 82 4.6 Exploration–Education Phase 82 Educational Activities 83 Assessment—First Session 83 Assessments—Subsequent Sessions 83 Giving Nonjudgmental Feedback 84 Eliciting Client Thoughts About the Comparison of the Assessment to the Standard 85 Determining What’s Next 85 Assessing Readiness to Make a Change 85 4.7 Resolving Phase 85 4.8 Level 1: Not Ready to Change (Precontemplative) 86 Raise Awareness of the Health Problem and Diet Options 87 Personalize Benefits 87 Copyright 2021 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. Copyright 2021 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203
- 7. vii Contents Ask Key Open-Ended Questions to Explore Importance of Change and Promote Change Talk 87 Summarize87 Offer Professional Advice, if Appropriate 88 Express Support 88 4.9 Level 2: Unsure, Low Confidence 88 Raise Awareness of the Benefits of Changing and Diet Options 88 Ask Key Open-Ended Questions to Explore Confidence and Promote Change Talk 88 Explore Ambivalence by Examining the Pros and Cons 89 Imagine the Future 90 Explore Past Successes and Provide Feedback About Positive Behaviors and Abilities 90 Encourage Support Networks 90 Summarize Ambivalence 90 Choose a Goal, if Appropriate 90 4.10 Level 3—Motivated, Confident, Ready 90 Affirm Positive Behaviors 90 Closing Phase 90 4.11 FRAMES for Brief Interventions 91 4.12 Considerations for Acute Care 91 case study Nancy: Intervention at Three Levels of Motivation 92 Key Terms 94 Review Questions 94 Assignment—Case Study Analysis 95 Additional Resources 95 References 95 5 Developing a Nutrition Care Plan: Putting It All Together 96 5.1 Goal Setting 97 Explain Goal Setting Basics 97 Explore Change Options 97 Identify a Specific Goal From a Broadly Stated Goal 98 Define Goals 99 5.2 Design a Plan of Action 100 Investigate the Physical Environment 100 Examine Social Support 100 Review the Cognitive Environment 100 Explain Positive Coping Talk, if Necessary 100 Modify Goal, if Necessary 100 Select a Tracking Technique 101 Verbalize the Goal 101 Write Down the Goal 101 5.3 Dietary Assessment 102 Step 1: Food Intake Data Collection 102 Usual Intake Form 105 Diet History Interview 105 Step 2: Data Analysis 107 Step 3: Interpretation of Analysis 109 5.4 Energy Determinations 111 Step 1: Determine Resting Energy Expenditure (REE) 111 Step 2: Select a Physical Activity (PA) Factor111 Step 3: Determine TEE 111 Step 4: Adjust for Weight Loss 112 5.5 Physical Assessments and Healthy Weight Standards 112 Body Mass Index 112 Waist Circumference 113 5.6 Documentation and Charting 115 SOAP Format 115 case study Nancy: Documentation at Three Levels of Motivation 117 Adime Format 118 5.7 Nutrition Care Process 118 Standardized Language 120 Step 1: Nutrition Assessment 120 case study Nancy: ADIME Documentation–Assessment121 Step 2: Nutrition Diagnosis 121 Self-Evaluation of PES Statements 123 Step 3: Intervention 123 case study Nancy: ADIME Documentation–Diagnosis With PES Statement 124 Planning the Nutrition Intervention 124 Implementation of the Intervention 124 Copyright 2021 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. Copyright 2021 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203
- 8. viii Contents Terminology149 Individualization of Therapy 149 Length and Frequency of Counseling Sessions149 Perception of Quality of Care 150 Nonadherence Counselor Issues 150 case study Mary: Busy Overweight College Student and Mother 151 Key Terms 151 Review Questions 152 Assignment—Food Management Tool Usage 152 Additional Resources 153 References 154 7 Making Behavior Change Last 156 7.1 Social Network 157 Social Support 157 Social Disclosure 159 Social Pressures 159 7.2 Stress Management 160 Stress Management Counseling 162 7.3 Sleep Counseling 164 7.4 Mindful Eating 166 7.5 Relapse Prevention 167 Immediate Determinants 167 Covert Antecedents 169 Relapse Prevention Counseling 169 7.6 Ending the Counseling Relationship 171 Preparation for a Conclusion 171 Final Session 171 Handling Abrupt Endings 172 7.7 Counseling Evaluation 172 Evaluation of Client Progress 172 Goal Attainment Scale 173 Final Client Evaluation 173 7.8 Evaluation of Counseling Effectiveness and Skills 173 Client Evaluation of Counselor 173 Assessing Client’s Nonverbal Behavior 173 Checking173 Counseling Checklists (Interview Guides)173 5.8 Step 4: Monitoring and Evaluation (M E) 124 case study Nancy: ADIME Documentation–Intervention125 NCP Documentation and Charting 125 case study Nancy: ADIME Documentation–Monitoring and Evaluation 126 Key Terms 126 Review Questions 126 Assignment—Nutritional Assessment 126 Additional Resources 129 References 129 6 Promoting Change to Facilitate Self-Management 130 6.1 Strategies To Promote Change 131 6.2 Food Management Tools 131 Meal Replacements 132 Detailed Menus and Meal Plans 132 Food Lists for Weight Management 132 MyPlate or Dash Food Plan 132 Goal Setting 133 6.3 Tracking 133 Journaling133 Journaling Alternatives 134 6.4 Behavior Change Strategies 135 Behavior Chain 135 Cue Management (Stimulus Control) 136 Countering136 Reinforcement: Rewards 138 Contracting139 Encouragement140 Goal Setting 140 Modeling140 Problem Solving 140 6.5 Cognitive Restructuring 141 6.6 Education During Counseling 145 Effective Education Strategies 145 Effective Education Language 148 Positive or Negative Approach 148 6.7 Supporting Self-Management 149 Copyright 2021 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. Copyright 2021 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203
- 9. ix Contents 8.10 Issues Pertinent to Physical Activity Goal Setting and Action Plan Development 196 Walking Basics 197 case study Officer Bill 197 Key Terms 198 Review Questions 198 Assignment—Physical Activity Assessment and Counseling 198 Additional Resources 200 References 201 9 Communication with Diverse Population Groups 203 9.1 Need for Cultural Competence 204 9.2 Demographics—Population Trends 204 9.3 Increased Use of Traditional Therapies 204 Health Disparities 205 Underrepresentation of Culturally and Linguistically Diverse Health Care Providers 208 Legislative, Regulatory, and Accreditation Requirements 208 9.4 Cultural Competence Models 208 Cultural Competence Continuum 209 Campinha-Bacote Model of Cultural Competence in the Delivery of Health Care Services 209 Development of Cultural Self-Awareness 209 Development of Cultural Knowledge 210 Development of Cultural Skills 211 9.5 Guidelines for Delivering Cross Cultural Interviews and Interventions 214 The LEARN Guideline 214 The 4 Cs of Culture Guideline 215 9.6 Cross-Cultural Nutrition Counseling Algorithm 215 9.7 Working with Interpreters 215 9.8 Life Span Communication and Intervention Essentials 218 Preschool-Aged Children (2 to 5 Years) 218 Intervention Strategies 218 Middle Childhood (6 to 12 Years) 219 Charting174 Video, Audiotape, or Observation Evaluations174 case study Amanda: The Busy Sales Representative174 Key Terms 175 Review Questions 175 Assignment—Identifying Stress 175 Additional Resources 175 References 176 8 Physical Activity 178 8.1 Physical Activity Initiatives 179 8.2 Role of Nutrition Counselor in Physical Activity Guidance 179 8.3 Physical Activity and Fitness 181 Benefits of Regular Physical Activity 181 Injury Risks Associated with Exercise 182 Exercise Myths 183 8.4 Physical Activity Goals 183 8.5 Levels of Aerobic Physical Activity 184 Moderate Physical Activity 184 Vigorous Physical Activity 184 Methods to Determine Level of Exertion185 Muscular Strength 185 Flexibility186 8.6 Barriers to Becoming Physically Active 187 8.7 Physical Activity Counseling Protocols 187 8.8 Assessments of Physical Activity 187 Physical Activity Status 187 Current Exercise Status 187 Physical Activity Readiness 187 Stages of Readiness to Change 189 Assessment Feedback 189 8.9 Resolving Phase Protocols 190 Level 1—Not Ready to Change 190 Level 2—Unsure About Changing 192 Level 3—Ready to Change 193 Level 4—Physically Active 194 Copyright 2021 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. Copyright 2021 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203
- 10. x Contents Group Process 252 Open Groups 252 Closed Groups 253 Ending258 Practical Considerations for Successful Groups259 10.5 Evaluation of Group Interactions 260 case study Group Facilitation at a Diabetes Camp for Adolescent Girls 261 Key Terms 262 Review Questions 262 Assignment—Practice Group Counseling 262 Additional Resources 264 References 264 11 Keys to Successful Nutrition Education Interventions 265 11.1 Nutrition Education Settings 266 11.2 Keys to Nutrition Education 267 11.3 Keys to Success 1—Know Your Audience, Conduct a Thorough Needs Assessment 267 Needs Assessment Categories 267 11.4 Data Collection Methods 268 case study Nutrition Education Intervention for a Congregate Meal Program 270 11.5 Keys to Success 2—Determine Your Educational Approach 271 case study Keys to Success 2— Determine Your Educational Approach 272 11.6 Keys to Success 3—Design Theory- Based Interventions 272 case study Keys to Success 3—Design Theory-Based Interventions 274 11.7 Community Level and Planning Models: Social Marketing 274 Definition of Social Marketing 274 Basic Principles of Social Marketing 274 Application of Social Marketing 276 11.8 Keys to Success 4—Establish Goals and Objectives 276 Goals276 Objectives277 Intervention Strategies 219 Adolescence (13 to 19 Years) 220 Intervention Strategies 220 Older Adults 221 Intervention Strategies 222 9.9 LGBTQ (Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, Transgender, Queer) Population 224 Terminology225 LGBTQ in the United States 225 LGBTQ Health Disparities 226 Culturally Sensitive Health Care for LGBTQ People 226 9.10 Eating Disorders 227 9.11 Weight Bias 227 Intervention Essentials 228 9.12 Individuals with Disabilities 229 Mobility Impairment 229 Visual Impairment 229 Deaf or Hard of Hearing 229 Speech Disabilities 233 Invisible Disabilities 233 case study Counseling in a WIC Program 234 case study Activities 234 Key Terms 235 Review Questions 235 Assignment—Conducting an Interview Across Cultures 236 Additional Resources 238 References 239 10 Group Facilitation and Counseling 244 10.1 Communication Styles 245 10.2 Using Questions in a Group 245 Types of Questions 245 10.3 Facilitating Groups 247 Preparation247 Organizational Strategies 248 Group Management 249 10.4 Group Counseling 251 Advantages of Group Counseling 251 Disadvantages of Group Counseling 252 Copyright 2021 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. Copyright 2021 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203
- 11. xi Contents Review Questions 309 Assignment—Develop a TV Public Service Announcement 310 Additional Resources 311 References 312 13 Professionalism and Final Issues 313 13.1 Professionalism 314 Practice Management and Advancement 314 13.2 Ethics 314 13.3 Client Rights 319 Confidentiality319 Procedures and Goals of Counseling 319 Qualifications and Practices of the Counselor319 13.4 Boundary Between Nutrition Counseling and Psychotherapy 319 Referrals320 Proper Dress Attire 320 13.5 Starting a Private Practice 322 Define a Focus 323 Professional Credentials and Achievements323 Learn and Connect 323 Create a Business Roadmap 324 Professional Support Systems 324 Business Basics 324 13.6 Marketing Basics 324 Marketing Plan 325 Internet Presence and Usage in the United States 325 Social Media Marketing 325 13.7 Telehealth and Telenutrition 327 13.8 Self-Care 327 Occupational Burnout 327 case study Interactive Personal Case Study 328 Key Terms 329 Review Questions 329 Assignment—Evaluate Your Counseling Effectiveness 329 Additional Considerations of Videotape Observations 330 Verbs277 Types of Objectives 277 Cognitive Domain 278 Affective Domain 279 Psychomotor Domain 279 11.9 Generalizations 281 case study Keys to Success 4— Establish Goals and Objectives 282 11.10 Instructional Plan 282 Key Terms 286 Review Questions 286 Assignment—Design a Nutrition Education Intervention 286 Additional Resources 286 References 287 12 Educational Strategies, Technology, and Evaluation 289 12.1 Keys to Success 5—Provide Instruction Planning and Incorporate Learning Strategies 290 Presentation290 Discussion295 Demonstration295 Visual Aids 295 Action-Oriented Techniques 297 Technology-Based Techniques 297 Learning Domains and Strategies 298 12.2 Keys to Success 6—Develop Appealing and Informative Mass Media Materials 300 Developing Audio and Audiovisual Messages301 Developing Print Materials 301 Application of Emotion-Based Approach 304 12.3 Keys to Success 7—Conduct Evaluations 308 Planning for an Evaluation 308 Formative Evaluations 309 Summative Evaluations 309 case study Presentation to Working Adults309 Key Terms 309 Copyright 2021 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. Copyright 2021 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203
- 12. xii Contents Preparation for Session 1 334 Session 1 335 Session 2 336 Session 3 336 Session 4 336 Key Terms 353 Appendix A DASH Food Plan 355 Appendix B Body Mass Index 358 Appendix C Lifestyle Management Forms 359 Appendix D Dietary Reference Intakes (DRI) 399 Index 403 Additional Resources 330 References 330 14 Guided Counseling Experience 332 14.1 Developing a Counseling Style 333 14.2 Finding Volunteer Clients 333 14.3 Goals of the Guided Counseling Experience 333 Skill Goals 333 Attitude Goals 334 14.4 The Four Counseling Sessions 334 Copyright 2021 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. Copyright 2021 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203
- 13. xiii Preface Welcome to the Fourth Edition The fourth edition of this book continues to provide a step-by-step approach guiding entry-level practitioners through the basic components of changing food behav- ior and improving nutritional status. Behavior change is a complex process, and there is an array of strategies to influence client knowledge, skills, and attitudes. To be ef- fective change agents, nutrition professionals need a solid foundation of counseling and education principles, op- portunities to practice new skills, and knowledge of eval- uation methodologies. This book meets all of these needs in an organized, accessible, and engaging approach. Intended Audience This book was developed to meet the needs of health professionals who have little or no previous counsel- ing or education experiences, but who do have a solid knowledge of the disciplines of food and nutrition. Al- though the book addresses the requirements of nutrition professionals seeking to become registered dietitians, the approach focuses on skill development useful to all pro- fessionals who need to develop nutrition counseling and education skills. The goal of the book is to enable entry- level practitioners to learn and use fundamental skills universal to counseling and education as a springboard on which to build and modify individual styles. Distinguishing Features ● ● Practical examples: Concrete examples, case stud- ies, and first-person accounts are presented repre- senting a variety of wellness, private practice, and institutional settings. ● ● Action based: Exercises are integrated into the text to give students ample opportunity and encour- agement to interact with the concepts covered in each chapter. Instructors can choose to assign the activities to be implemented individually at home or used as classroom activities. Students are encour- aged to journal their responses to the exercises as a basis for classroom discussions, distance learning, or for documenting their own reflections. Instructors can assign journal entries and collect them for eval- uation. Reading journal entries allows instructors to gain understanding of how students are grasping concepts. Each chapter has a culminating assign- ment and a case study that integrates all or most of the major topics covered throughout the chapter. ● ● Evidence-based: Science-based approaches, grounded in behavior change models and theories, found to be effective for educational and counsel- ing interventions, are analyzed and integrated into skill development exercises. ● ● Nutrition Counseling Motivational Algorithm: To guide the process of integrating counseling theo- ries and approaches, a motivational algorithm is presented leaning heavily on Client-Centered Counseling, Motivational Interviewing, and the Transtheoretical Model. The algorithm provides a framework for nutrition counseling students to visualize implementation of a counseling session. ● ● Cultural sensitivity: The population of the United States is increasingly heterogeneous, moving toward a plurality of ethnic, religious, and regional groups. To have effective interventions, nutrition counselors and educators need to appreciate the influence of how membership in these diverse groups greatly influences our health beliefs, behaviors, and food practices. Although a chapter is devoted to exploring diverse cultural groups, cultural influences regarding behavior and attitudes are integrated throughout the book. ● ● Putting it all together—a four-week guided nutri- tion counseling program: The text includes a step- by-step guide for students working with volunteer adult clients during four sessions. The objective of this section is to demonstrate how the theoretical discussions, practice activities, and nutrition tools can be integrated for an effective intervention. ● ● The Nutrition Care Process (NCP): The NCP was de- veloped by the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics to provide a framework for nutrition interventions. This framework is integrated throughout the text and highlighted in relevant areas. Copyright 2021 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. Copyright 2021 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203
- 14. Acknowlegments xiv New Edition Highlights All chapters of the new edition have been updated to incorporate the latest professional standards, government guide- lines, and research findings. In particular, resources and references were updated throughout the entire book. Selected Chapter-by-Chapter Updates The sequential flow of the chapters follows the needs of students to develop knowledge and skills during each step of the counseling and education process. Chapter 1 Preparing to MeetYour Clients ● ● Recent studies regarding factors affecting food behavior were integrated throughout the chapter. Chapter 2 Frameworks for Understanding and Attaining Behavior Change ● ● Discussion of the Transtheoretical Model has been expanded and coverage of Motivational Interviewing has also been expanded and updated to reflect Miller and Rollnick’s most recent four-process model. Chapter 5 Developing a Nutrition Care Plan: Putting It AllTogether ● ● The most recent Nutrition Care Process guidelines were incorporated into this chapter. Discussion of healthy eating guides was expanded including Harvard University’s Healthy Eating Plate. Chapter 7 Making Behavior Change Last ● ● Incorporating sleep hygiene in nutrition counseling has been added. Chapter 8 Physical Activity ● ● This chapter was updated to include the 2018 Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans. ● ● The physical activity protocol for health practitioners (Exercise Is Medicine) developed by the American College of Sports Medicine and the American Medical Association was incorporated throughout the chapter. ● ● A discussion of the U.S. Olympic Athlete’s Plate graphic was added to this chapter. ● ● The section on the benefits of physical activity was updated and expanded. Chapter 9 Communication with Diverse Population Groups ● ● The discussion of population trends was updated and expanded. ● ● Culturally sensitive approaches for working with LGBTQ individuals were added. ● ● The cross-cultural intervention guideline, the 4 Cs of Culture, was added. Chapter 11 Keys to Successful Nutrition Education Interventions ● ● A new lesson plan was added using constructs from the Social Cognitive Theory. Copyright 2021 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. Copyright 2021 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203
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- 16. About the Authors xv Chapter 12 Educational Strategies,Technology, and Evaluation ● ● Smartphone and web-based tracking apps were added. Chapter 13 Professionalism and Final Issues ● ● A review of telehealth and telenutrition was added. ● ● The importance of self-care and ways in which to reduce the risk of occupational burnout was addressed. ● ● The framework of the dietetics profession as established by the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics was updated. ● ● The review of social media sites was updated. Copyright 2021 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. Copyright 2021 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203
- 17. xvi Acknowledgments Thank you to all the reviewers and the individuals who shared their expertise and assisted in the development of the manuscript. Your insights and comments were invaluable to the fourth edition. We greatly appreciate the staff at Cengage Learning for their encouragement and tireless work shepherding us through the process. A special thanks to Samantha Rundle, Content Manager for Health and Nutrition, and Courtney Heilman, Prod- uct Manager, Health Nutrition. In addition, we want to acknowledge the valuable research and editing assis- tance of Lauren Kulik, Montclair State University gradu- ate assistant. We would also like to thank the following reviewers for their valuable comments as we revised this edition. Reviewers Kaitlan Beretich Baylor University Kathryn Coakley University of New Mexico Cinda J. Catchings Alcorn State University Celesta Lyman Southern Utah University Kellie McLean La Guardia Community College Rebecca Miller Montclair State University Copyright 2021 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. Copyright 2021 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203
- 18. xvii About the Authors Kathleen D. Bauer, PhD, RDN, is the founder and has been the director of the Nutrition Counseling Clinic at Montclair State University for more than fif- teen years. She teaches both undergraduate and gradu- ate nutrition counseling courses. Publications include book chapters and articles on cultural diversity and eval- uation of nutrition counseling education methods. Her applied individual and group nutrition counseling ex- periences extend to faith-based and wellness programs, fitness centers, hospitals, nursing homes, and private practice. Doreen Liou, EdD, RDN, was director of the Didactic Program in Dietetics at Montclair State Univer- sity for fourteen years and spearheaded the program into its initial accreditation. She teaches both undergraduate and graduate courses in nutrition education and social marketing. Her research interests encompass qualitative and quantitative methods in addressing chronic disease risk and the applications of social psychological theories in minority population groups. Her nutrition education experiences extend to a variety of academic, community, and clinical settings. Copyright 2021 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. Copyright 2021 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203
- 19. Copyright 2021 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. Copyright 2021 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203
- 20. Not only is there an art in knowing something but also a certain art in teaching it. —CiCero Learning Objectives 1.1 Define nutrition counseling and nutrition education. 1.2 Identify and explain factors influencing food choices. 1.3 Describe characteristics of an effective counselor. 1.4 Identify factors affecting clients in a counseling relationship. 1.5 Evaluate oneself for strengths and weaknesses in building a counseling relationship. 1.6 Identify novice counselor issues. 1 Preparing to Meet Your Clients 1 fizkes/Shutterstock.com Copyright 2021 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. Copyright 2021 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203
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- 22. Aren't your nerves shaken? asked a young officer. You'd better have a glass of wine. Thank you, sir, I never touch alcoholic liquors, rejoined Ned simply. But I wouldn't mind a glass of water, sir. Flying is rather thirsty work. An orderly was at once dispatched for a carafe and a glass, and while he was gone Ned obtained leave to locate and repair the break that had come so close to causing him disaster. It was soon found, and a new turnbuckle put on in place of the one that had cracked when a flaw in its construction parted. By this time every jackie who could find business in the after part of the ship was on the decks below. A sea of faces was upturned to gaze at the flying marvel. Questions flew thick and fast. Would it be possible to carry a sharpshooter, for instance, from the deck of this vessel, circle a hostile craft and return? asked one of the naval officers standing about. I think so, sir, was Ned's response. Well, providing you feel there is no danger, why not try such an experiment? asked Commander Dunham, Ned's old chief officer. I should like to, above all things, sir, rejoined Ned, with sparkling eyes; but who will go? I think you will have no lack of volunteers, smiled Commander Dunham, as half a dozen young ensigns and midshipmen pressed forward. Mr. Shrike, I think you are as good a subject as any. At any rate, sir, your weight will not seriously embarrass the craft. Mr. Shrike proved to be an extremely thin young midshipman, whose weight, as Commander Dunham had humorously hinted, was not excessive. In fact, among his intimates he was known as The Shrimp.
- 23. He lost no time in preparing for the ride, providing himself with a light rifle. When all was in readiness, Ned showed him where to sit, and how to hold on, and then, the aeroplane having already been swung about, he started up the engine once more. Several blue- jackets had been detailed to hold the machine back, and at a given signal from Ned they let go. The aeroplane shot from the platform out over the stern of the battleship, and soared out above the sea. As they shot past Old Glory, waving proudly at the stern, Ned saluted with one hand. The young middy at his side followed his example. The aeroplane took a perilous swoop as she dropped from the platform, but Ned had his craft well in hand. He averted the drop with a quick movement and speedily swung out seaward. See, there is a small sloop off there, said Midshipman Shrike presently. Let's try if we can circle it, just as if it were a hostile vessel. Very well, sir, rejoined Ned, and steered straight for a white sail glistening some distance out at sea. Closer and closer they drew to it, and before long they could see men on its deck pointing upward excitedly. They've seen us, anyway, laughed the middy. Wonder if they think we're some big sort of a gull? Suddenly, as they drew closer to the sloop, Ned saw one of the men go in the cabin for a moment and emerge with a gun—or at least something that looked like one. Hullo! What's that fellow doing now? asked Midshipman Shrike, as he saw this. Is that a gun he has there, Strong? Looks like it, sir, rejoined Ned, and he's—— Aiming at us, by Jove! Hi, there, you rascal, put that gun down! A puff of smoke came simultaneously with the words. It was followed by a screaming sound, as a bullet whizzed past the aerial
- 24. voyagers. It was followed by another and another, the rifle evidently being a repeater. I say, I can't stand this any longer, shrilled the middy, as Ned kept the aeroplane swinging in rapid circles. As he spoke, he jerked the rifle to his shoulder, and, with a cry of Stop that shooting instantly! fired a shot across the sloop's bow. Ned could see the white water whipped up as the bullet ricochetted. But, in firing his weapon, the young officer had released his hold with both hands. At the same instant a puff of wind swung the aeroplane sharply on her beam ends. Ned righted her instantly, but, as he did so, he was horrified to observe that he was alone. The sharp lurch had dislodged his companion, and below Ned saw him whirling downward. The midshipman's body struck the water close by the sloop and instantly vanished. With the automatic movements of one in a nightmare, Ned dropped downward. As he did so, he was immensely relieved to see the young officer's head bob up to the surface for an instant. Ned shouted and an answering hail came upward. Thank heaven, I've got the pontoons on, he thought. But even while his mind and body were thus busied, Ned had time to observe the sloop. She had taken advantage of the puff of wind, and was now rapidly slipping off toward a not far distant point of land. Ned's eye took in her every detail. She was black and squat, yet with a certain raciness of line, and heavily canvassed. Round her bulwarks ran a bright crimson line. She bore no name that Ned could see. The aeroplane struck the water with a splash that threw the spray high above her planes. But the pontoons saved her from being submerged. A moment after she had struck the surface of the water she was floating like a sea-bird on its surface. Ahoy, there! came a hail.
- 25. Ned glanced in the direction and saw the young middy striking out boldly for the floating aeroplane. Hurt, sir? demanded Ned. Not a bit; the water's fine, was the cheery response. But, confound it all, I've lost my rifle. Ned swung the aeroplane round, using the regular aerial propellers to drive her over the water. It was not many minutes before a dripping but cheerful middy was seated once more by his side. I say, Strong, he remarked, I guess the less said about this adventure the better. You understand. I had no business to fire at those chaps on the sloop, as a matter of fact, but I couldn't help it. What do you think they fired at us for? I've no idea, sir, was Ned's reply. Guess they were crazy, or had been drinking, or something. Possibly that was it, Mr. Shrike. But in the Dreadnought Boy's mind he had reached a far different conclusion. The shots that whistled about them had not been aimed by any irresponsible hand, of that he was sure. They had been aimed to do harm. That they had not succeeded was due to good fortune more than anything else. There were only certain men whom Ned could think of who could be guilty of such an outrage. Those men were the implacable enemies of himself and Herc. Better cruise about a bit till I get dried out, said the middy presently. If they ask us why we dropped like that, I'll say we were trying out the pontoons, eh? Ned agreed. He did not countenance untruths or an approach to them, as a rule, but in this case he felt that to tell the whole story might get Midshipman Shrike in trouble, as well as involve him in some difficulties. However, he resolved that if questions were asked, he would tell the truth, as he would then have no other recourse. But, to his relief, no interrogations were put to him, and he
- 26. supposed that the midshipman had explained the case, as was, indeed, the fact. Soon after their return, Ned winged back to the shore. Here he was the recipient of more congratulations, but his mind was busy elsewhere than with his signal triumph in aerial navigation. As soon as he got a chance, he sought out Herc. The astonishment of the freckle-faced Dreadnought Boy, on hearing the news, may be imagined. Then you are sure that it was Muller and that crowd? he asked. Practically certain, rejoined Ned. Who else would have done such a thing? Do you think they have some rendezvous in the neighborhood? I'm sure of it. Their possession of the sloop indicates that. I'd like to unearth their hiding-place and put the rascals to rout. So would I, agreed Herc, and maybe we will. At any rate, that sloop should be easy to identify. Yes. We'll keep a bright lookout, and perhaps before long we may have something tangible to work on. That time was to come sooner than they expected.
- 27. CHAPTER XVI. THE SETTING OF A TRAP. I've just received a telegram that a freight wreck has tied up our new motors and spare aeroplane parts at Bartonville, said Lieutenant De Frees, one afternoon a few days after Ned's adventures with the pontoon-fitted aeroplane. Most annoying, responded the ensign with whom he was talking. We need them in a hurry, too. That's so. I guess I'll have to send a couple of men after them. There is a big auto truck at Bartonville. I remember it, because it brought out some stuff for us before. It can easily carry the delayed parts. Strong and Taylor have been working pretty hard lately. I guess a little trip will do them good. I'll send them. At any rate, I'll know I can depend upon them. That's right. They are two of the most promising lads I've ever seen. By the way, has anything further ever been heard of those rascals who tried to discredit them? Not a word. But the secret service reports that this man Muller, as he calls himself, is known in Europe as a most dangerous anarchist. The fellow is, in fact, a maniac on the subject. Ha! I suppose we can call ourselves lucky that he didn't blow us all up. Those anarchist chaps are bitterly opposed to all navies and armies, and some of the worst of them have even attempted to destroy transatlantic liners. Yes, I read in the paper the other day about an infernal machine having been found among the cargo of a large vessel just as she was about to sail for Europe. By the way, of course you heard about
- 28. the clever manner in which Strong and Taylor prevented the destruction of the submarine? I did hear something about it, but not the full story, I fancy. Would you mind telling it? Not in the least. But first let me send for Strong and Taylor. I'll despatch them on their errand at once. They will have to get a rig and drive over. Bartonville is ten miles away, and they may experience some delay when they arrive there. Thus it came about that that afternoon Ned and Herc found themselves in Bartonville, registered as guests at the Bartonville House. As the lieutenant had anticipated, they experienced some delay in getting permission to transship the goods from the delayed freight train. But the magic word Navy soon smoothed out all obstacles. It would be necessary for them to wait till the following day, however, before finishing up their business. Ned's first duty was to send a telegram to Lieutenant De Frees to that effect. In return he received orders for both Herc and himself to remain and see the business through. Well, grinned Herc, as the two lads sat in the lobby of the hotel in soft leather-upholstered chairs, this is certainly solid comfort for a pair of petty officers. It's a long cry from here to the forecastle of the Manhattan, and that's a fact, admitted Ned. But somehow I'd rather be on duty than lounging around here. Oh, bother duty, blurted out Herc, when first we entered the navy, it was always duty—although that duty was mostly scrubbing decks, painting and cleaning brasswork. And now it's duty still, and—— So it will be to the end, old fellow, said Ned seriously. Everyone in the navy has his duty to attend to, too. Wasn't it attention to duty that won Manila Bay, and duty that took Farragut—— Great Scott! The lads had been sitting facing the street near a big plate glass window. The sight that had brought Ned to his feet with such a
- 29. sharp exclamation was the momentary glimpse of a familiar face passing on the street. Wait here for me for a while, Herc, he said. I'll be back directly. What—why? spluttered Herc, but before he could voice any more interrogations, Ned dashed from the room with the swiftness of a skyrocket, and, jamming his hat on his head, was out of the doors of the hotel in a flash, almost upsetting the porter in his haste. Herc sprang after him, but before he gained the doorway Ned was round the corner and hopelessly lost. Herc retraced his steps to the hotel and resumed his seat. It was something like an hour later that he heard his name called through the lobby by a bell-boy. He hastened to the desk and the clerk motioned toward an ill-kempt looking man who was standing there. Mr. Taylor? asked this individual. That's me, responded the rough-and-ready Herc, with a grin. I've a message for you from Mr. Strong, went on the other. He wishes you to come to him at once. Herc's suspicions were aroused in an instant. Perhaps this was a trap of some sort. He resolved to be cautious. Where is he? he asked. The man beckoned him to one side. I don't want everybody to hear our business, he said. Your chum has succeeded in locating that rascally band of Muller's. They are at a place on the outside of the town. You and I will go to him in a hack, that was his message. The man seemed sincere, but Herc was still inclined to doubt him. Where did you meet my shipmate? he asked. Why, I'm a fisherman on the headwaters of the bay that runs up into Bartonville, was the rejoinder, with every appearance of
- 30. frankness. Your chum didn't want to leave the place where he had spotted the band, so he sent me after you and told me that you'd give me some money for my trouble. This request for money lulled Herc's suspicions at once. Had the man not asked for it, the thing might have looked suspicious, but the fact that he expected to be rewarded for coming with the message seemed to indicate that he was honest and above board. But he had one more question to ask. Wouldn't it be a good plan to notify the police? he said. He told me to do that, replied the man. I stopped in at the station on the way up, and a patrol-wagon full of cops has started. We'll have to go fast to catch them. Herc searched his pockets. But, as luck would have it, he could not find more than a few bits of silver. But the boys on their arrival had deposited in the hotel safe the money entrusted to them to pay their expenses, and also to defray the charges on the freighted goods. Herc recollected this, and thinking that it might be a good plan to have some money along, he withdrew a considerable part of their funds. Had he caught the glitter in the man's eyes, he would have been warned. Now, I'm ready, he said, as he thrust the money into his breast pocket. All right, guv'ner, was the response, the carriage is right outside. Herc, following his conductor, soon found himself inside a closed hack drawn by two horses. The messenger said something to the coachman and then threw himself in beside Herc. The carriage at once moved off at a rapid pace. Bartonville was not a very large place, and the town and its scattering outskirts were speedily left behind. The carriage began to roll and bump along over country roads. How far off is the place? Herc kept asking, and each time he was assured that it was only a little way further.
- 31. At last the carriage stopped on a deserted bit of roadway. Here's where we get out, said Herc's conductor, we'll have to hike it across that field and through that bit of woods before we get to your pal. Herc paid the coachman and the man at once drove off. This way, said the man, climbing over a rail fence and striking off across a field, on the further side of which was a patch of ragged woods. Through the trees Herc could catch the glint of water. It was a lonely spot. He looked about him, but could not see any trace of a human habitation. If this should be a trap I'm nicely in it, all right, he muttered to himself as he followed his guide into the shadows of the wood. How much further? he asked, as they stumbled along over the rough path. Right ahead down by the creek, said the man. We're almost there now. With a few paces more they emerged on the banks of a slow-flowing and muddy creek, which was evidently tidal and joined the Bartonville Bay lower down. About a hundred yards off stood a rickety looking shack, and anchored in the creek opposite to it was a sloop with a red band painted round its bulwarks. Suddenly and for no reason that he could assign, the recollection flashed across Herc that he had heard Ned speak of such a sloop. At the time though he could not recall in what connection. Is this the place? asked Herc, as his guide slackened his pace. This is it, nodded the man, and again a sharp presentiment that all was not right, flashed through Herc. But it was too late to hold back now. I'll give him the signal, said the man, placing his fingers to his lips. A shrill whistle followed.
- 32. As if by magic, from the tall, spiky grass about them, half a dozen men sprang erect. It is a trap! shouted Herc, flinging himself furiously upon the first man who rushed at him. The lad fought valiantly, but the contest was too uneven to last long. Within five minutes, Herc, raging like a lion, and inwardly abusing his own gullibility that had led him into such an ambush, was bound hand and foot and stretched a prisoner on the floor of the old rookery of a shanty.
- 33. CHAPTER XVII. THE SPRINGING THEREOF. The rude hut, which, judging by its odor and condition, was used as an occasional shelter for the bay fishermen, was full of talk and smoke. Herc could not catch much meaning from the confused babel of tongues, but judged from the intelligible snatches he could seize upon, that it related to himself and Ned. He was hardly surprised to recognize, among the occupants of the place, Chance and Merritt, as well as Herr Muller. There were four or five other men, including the one who had led him into the trap. Herc's keen eyes also noticed one peculiarity about each of the men about him. Every one of them wore in his buttonhole a tiny strip of bright red ribbon. What its significance might be, he had no way of telling, of course, but it impressed him. Well, said Herr Muller at last, his voice rising masterfully above those of the rest, we had better be getting on board. The tide is on the turn, and we have much to do. Besides, they may pursue us from the town. No chance of that, comrade, rejoined the man who had conducted Herc from Bartonville. I got the lad away without any one noticing our departure. Just the same, both those Dreadnought Boys are tricky as cats, snarled Merritt. My advice is to get away at once. A general bustle followed. Herc was lifted bodily, and carried down a narrow plank gangway leading to the sloop. Once on board, he was half-thrown, half-pushed, into a stuffy cabin, and the door above him closed with a sharp bang. He heard a metallic clang, as the bolts and lock, which evidently held it, were closed.
- 34. Wow! exclaimed the Dreadnought Boy. If this isn't what old Ben Franklin would call 'the logical limit of the uttermost.' The cabin was almost dark, being lighted only by two dirty and very small port holes. It was, moreover, stuffy and malodorous. Herc tried to get on his feet, but, being bound hand and foot, he was compelled to lie as he had fallen at the foot of the stairs. On deck he could hear the trampling of feet, and before long the motion of the sloop told him that she was under way. Going to sea, I guess, mused Herc. I wonder what they mean to do with me? He was left to speculate on this topic for some time. The motion of a choppy sea was already manifest when a man descended into the cabin with some bread and some cold meat. He also had a stone jug presumably containing water. Here you are, he said, thrusting it in front of Herc. You'd better eat while you get a chance. I can't do that very well while I'm all trussed up like a roasting chicken, objected Herc. That's so, assented the man. Well, I guess there's no harm in setting you loose for a while. We've cleared the bay, and the only place you can go to if you want to get away is overboard. So saying, he loosened Herc's bonds, to the immense satisfaction of the freckle-faced boy. The man seemed to be a shade less rough than his companions, so Herc ventured to ask him a question. What is the occasion for all this? he inquired in a half-humorous tone. Now, don't ask questions, and you won't hear untruths, said the man. With this, he hastened out of the cabin, carefully relocking the companionway door on the outside.
- 35. Wow! exclaimed Herc, giving vent to his favorite exclamation. Then he fell to eating with a will. The meal, coarse as it was, revived his spirits. It was only when he came to taste the water that he put it down with a wry face. It was bitter, and had a nauseating flavor. I'm not certain, mused Herc, but nevertheless, I'm pretty sure that some sort of drug has been placed in that stuff. Too bad. I'm thirsty enough to drink it all, too. The motion of the sloop was quite lively now. It was evident that they were some distance out at sea. Occasionally, too, a green wave, washing over one of the port-holes, partially obscured what little light there was. Guess I might as well explore the place and see what sort of a craft this is, said Herc, as inactivity grew irksome. He started up from the locker on which he had been sitting, and made toward a door at the stern of the cabin. It was not locked, and the lad threw it open without effort. What was his astonishment to see, stretched on a bunk, apparently in deep slumber, the form of his missing comrade. Ned! Ned! exclaimed Herc, springing forward. Usually Ned, as sailors say, slept with one eye open. This was a quality he shared with most seamen. Herc was heartily astonished, therefore, to find that his shipmate did not respond at once to his vigorous shakings and shoutings. At length however, he bestirred himself, and yawned, moving in an inert fashion, much unlike his usual movements, which were full of activity and life. Oh-ho! Hi-hum! he yawned, gaping broadly, and gazing about him. What's up, watch turning out? Wish it was, and that we were safe back on the old Manhattan, muttered Herc.
- 36. No, my hearty, he went on, the watch isn't being turned out; but it's time you woke up, just the same. It's my opinion that you've been drugged with some of that stuff they tried to give me. After renewed efforts, Herc finally succeeded in getting Ned broad awake. But it was some minutes before his befogged brain took in the situation. As Herc had suspected, he had been drugged by some substance placed in a drink of water he had asked for. Ned, once restored to himself, speedily explained how it was the sight of Kennell passing the hotel that had caused him to make his hasty exit, and indirectly bring about the present situation. He had followed Kennell through the outskirts of the town, he said, wishing to find out where he was going. He succeeded in this beyond his hopes, but Kennell, it appeared subsequently, had been aware that Ned was following him, from the moment the Dreadnought Boy had left the hotel. Cunningly he had led him right up to the lone fisher hut, and Ned's capture had been swift and easy for the nefarious band. Herc's story followed. There's something mysterious about the band, he said. Take that bit of ribbon they wear, for instance—what is it? What does it signify? I heard enough of their talk before I drank the drugged water to apprise me of that, said Ned. These fellows are a bunch of desperate anarchists. They are acting, as far as I can make out, in the interests of some European power, and mean to do all the harm they can to Uncle Sam's navy. The despicable scoundrels! gasped Herc. But how did Chance and Merritt come to join them? Money, I suppose. They seem to be well supplied. I guess Chance and Merritt are being well paid for the information they can impart to the rascals concerning the secrets of our naval organization. Do you think it is possible they could be such traitors?
- 37. Anything is possible where they are concerned. By the way, Herc, this is no ordinary sloop we are on. In the first place, it is the same craft as that from which I was fired on at the time Midshipman Shrike fell from the aeroplane. Herc nodded. Now I know why that red stripe seemed so familiar, he said. Moreover, resumed Ned, she is fitted with wireless. With wireless! Yes. The instruments are in another cabin forward of this one. I noticed the aerial wires on her mast, too, as I was brought on board. Muller ordered them hauled down, but not before I had seen them. What does she want with a wireless apparatus? I can't imagine, unless it is to catch the messages that the ships of the navy are sending concerning plans, and so on. But they are in cipher. Yes, but there are two men on board who know that cipher— Chance and Merritt. That fact alone explains their value to the anarchists. Humph! That's so, agreed Herc. But what's the matter with our looking about a bit more? We might discover something else. All right. My head still aches a little, but otherwise I'm well enough, responded Ned. I guess we are safe from interruption for a time. The wind seems to be freshening, and the men will all be busy on deck. I reckon they think we are both drugged, too, and are safe not to awaken for some time. Wow! I'm glad I didn't drink that water, or there would be more truth than poetry in that, said Herc. I guess they gave me a light dose, for I didn't taste it, said Ned. Good thing they did, or I couldn't have roused you so easily.
- 38. The two boys cautiously set about exploring the cabin. It was a bare little place, and did not contain much subject matter for investigation. There was a door forward leading to the wireless room, but it was locked. Ned listened at the keyhole, but the instruments were silent. Hullo! said Herc, suddenly halting and pointing downward at the cabin floor. What's under here, I wonder? There was a ring at his feet. Ned lost no time in laying hold of it. He gave it a sharp tug, and it came up easily, bringing with it a section of flooring to which it had been attached. It revealed a dark, yawning space under the cabin floor, into which both boys peered eagerly. There's something in there, but I can't make out what, said Ned presently. Wait a jiffy, till I strike a match. A lucifer was soon lighted, and Ned, bending over, held it inside the hole in the cabin floor. He recoiled with a jump and a suppressed cry, as if he had suddenly discovered a nest of rattlesnakes. What's up? demanded Herc, who had been able to detect nothing but a metallic glitter, like that of steel. Torpedoes! gasped Ned; six Whiteheads! enough to destroy all the finest and newest vessels of Uncle Sam's navy.
- 39. CHAPTER XVIII. ON BOARD THE SLOOP. They had no further opportunity, just then, to comment on their discovery. For, just as Ned voiced it, somebody could be heard fumbling with the lock on the companionway door. It was the work of an instant for Herc to replace the removable section of the flooring while Ned slid silently and swiftly back into the cabin he had vacated. Herc had just time to resume his seat on the locker, together with a vacant expression of countenance, when the door was flung open. It admitted a gust of fresh, crisp air and a shower of spray. Wish I was up on deck inhaling some of that, commented Herc to himself, as he turned his head to see who the newcomer might be. It proved to be Herr Muller. He came down the steps slowly, glancing about him sharply as he came. He seemed somewhat surprised as his eyes lit on Herc perched up on his locker. Ah, ha! awake! he exclaimed. You hadn't any reason to suppose I'd be asleep, had you? inquired Herc blandly. No. You boys are too wide-awake altogether. That is why we have taken you off on this cruise, chuckled the anarchist grimly. Very considerate of you, I'm sure, rejoined Herc. And this—this cruise, I presume, it isn't for our health? Hardly, rejoined the other, with a smile; I mean to make you useful to us and—to the cause! His eyes glittered as he spoke. The glare of a fanatic filled them.
- 40. How is your comrade? he asked the next instant. Herc saw the trap instantly. Muller had thought to trap him into answering without thought. Had he done so, the crafty anarchist would have known that the boys had been talking together. So Herc assumed his most unworldly expression. What, is Ned on board? he exclaimed. You didn't know it? Not I. You are clever fellows to have trapped both of us. Herr Muller looked at the lad sharply. He did not know what to make of this careless, debonair manner. Well, as you observed, he said at length, we have trapped you. But what for? What do you want with little us? grinned Herc. You are making fun of me, Mister Yankee. Not any more fun than you make of yourself, parried Herc quickly. Herr Muller looked more puzzled than ever. Then he frowned suddenly. You do not seem to realize the seriousness of your position, he said. Not I. Oh, I'm a care-free sail-o-r-r-r-r oh! sang Herc. How do you like my singing? he inquired. Not very much, replied the other, looking at him with the same puzzled expression. Herr Muller couldn't make out whether Herc was crazy or simply light-headed. Sorry you don't like it, rejoined Herc; when I sing in big cities it brings crowds. Sometimes it brings the police. I don't wonder. But I did not come down here to talk nonsense. Where is your companion? I told you before I didn't know, rejoined Herc, seemingly with all the carelessness in the world. For the second time the crafty foreign
- 41. anarchist had failed to trap Herc into an admission that he and Ned had met. I'll go and get him, said Herr Muller, starting for the cabin. I wish you'd bring me a glass of water, said Herc. There is water in that stone jug, said Herr Muller, indicating the drugged receptacle. Oh, I drank all that a long time ago, rejoined Herc, I'm very fond of water. For a reason we know of, Herr Muller looked surprised. You drank all that water! he exclaimed. Sure, rejoined Herc. Our water supply has run rather low, said Herr Muller, watching the Dreadnought Boy narrowly, did you notice anything peculiar about that water? Ah, now you come to speak of it, I did notice a peculiar taste to it, said Herc, restraining a desire to chuckle at the other's amazement, a sort of bitter flavor. Is it that which you refer to? Perhaps. But—but didn't it make you sleepy? queried the other, his curiosity overcoming his discretion. Never felt more wide awake in my life, responded Herc, I could sing this instant. I—— But Herr Muller had fled into Ned's cabin. He found the boy apparently just wakening from a sound slumber, although Ned had enjoyed every word of Herc's foolish banter. Ah, so you are awake at last, Mister Sailor, said Herr Muller; may I trouble you to come into the other cabin? I have business of importance to discuss. I beg your pardon, said Ned shortly. What do you mean?
- 42. Just this: that I have no business to discuss with a scoundrel. The reply was like the crack of a whip. The other grew livid. Be careful how you speak, he said, striving to retain control of himself, I am not accustomed to being made game of by whipper- snappers. Well, what do you want? asked Ned, feeling that, after all, he might learn something by pretending to fall in with the rascal's plans, whatever they might prove to be. Then you are willing to talk business with us? That depends, rejoined Ned, on whether it's profitable business. But I warn you, he went on, raising his voice, my comrade and I want to be paid in full and well, too, for anything we do. Herc in the outer cabin heard the heightened tones. What's Ned up to now? he wondered to himself, I'll bet he's hit on some plan. I guess that whatever he says I'll follow his lead. I don't like playing at being a traitor, though, just the same. Herr Muller and Ned now emerged into the outer cabin. Sit down, said the anarchist, pointing to a place beside Herc. Both boys instantly simulated great delight and surprise at seeing each other. Herr Muller looked on somewhat glumly. I wonder if they are making fools of me, he thought. They are both sharp as steel traps, as they say in this country. It is possible. Well, I shall govern myself accordingly and watch them closely. Well, said Ned, when the first apparently warm greetings were over, what is it you want us to do? Just this, said Herr Muller, you are a good mechanic and a fair draughtsman. I want you to draw me a sectional design of the Manhattan. When that is done I've got other work for you to do. A design of the Manhattan? repeated Ned slowly as if he had not quite understood. He was in reality trying to gain time to think.
- 43. Yes. You are familiar with her, and I believe she is the finest ship of your navy. I can say 'yes,' to both questions, rejoined Ned. What would you want this drawing to show? For one thing, I should like to know where her armor is thinnest, was the rejoinder. Herr Muller's eyes narrowed as he spoke, and he gazed sharply at the lad before him. You understand? he asked, as Ned did not reply. Perfectly. I was just trying to collect my thoughts. So you want a sectional plan of the Manhattan, showing where her armor is thinnest, he said slowly. Well, supposing I make one, what is there in it for me? That depends on the success of the grand project, was the rejoinder. Ned looked puzzled. Into the anarchist's eyes there had come the same glare of fanatical fire that Herc had noted there before. What is this grand project, if I may ask? he said presently. You may ask, was the reply, but I shall not answer. The accomplishment itself shall be your reply—and the world's. The man had risen to his feet and was pacing up and down the cabin excitedly. Suddenly he turned sharply. I shall ask for your reply in half an hour, he said abruptly, and plunged, rather than mounted, up the cabin stairs. Ned sat lost in thought after his departure. After a long period of speechlessness, Herc spoke. What are you thinking about, Ned? he asked. I'm trying to put two and two together, said Ned softly. If I'm right in my conclusions, this fellow Muller is one of the most diabolical scoundrels that ever encumbered the face of the earth.
- 45. CHAPTER XIX. BY WIRELESS! Ye-es, drawled Herc judicially, even without putting two and two together, I must say that I agree with you. But what particular brand of mischief is he up to now, do you think? Well, in the first place, he doesn't want the plans of the Manhattan just because of his interest in naval architecture. No, hardly. But it gets me what he does want them for. I've formed a pretty definite idea, rejoined Ned. It was those torpedoes that set me thinking. Herc, I believe that a gigantic plot to injure the American navy is on foot. Those torpedoes are aboard to be used in pursuance of that purpose. Jiminy crickets! yelled Herc, fairly brought to his feet; and you talk about it as calmly as if you were asking me to come and have an ice-cream soda. By the same token, if I don't get something to drink pretty soon I'll dry up and wither away. We've got to keep calm, rejoined Ned. Getting excited won't do any good. Look here, Herc, have you anything in the shape of a wrench about you? I've got that small one I use on the motor of my aeroplane. Not any too big, commented Ned. But it'll have to do. Now, Herc, you watch the stairway while I get busy. If any one comes down, shall I tackle them? asked the freckle- faced youth, who was always ready for a rough-and-tumble. Good gracious, no! To arouse their suspicions that we are anything but friendly to them would never do. Just tell me if you hear any one fumbling with the door.
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