Economic and social impact of broadband access
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Fixed and mobile broadband, as well as digitization, can have economic, social, and political impacts. Economically, they may contribute to GDP growth and job creation through their infrastructure effects, productivity and efficiency effects, and new services effects. Socially, they may improve access to information, education, healthcare, and social connections. Politically, they may increase transparency, civic participation, and administrative efficiency. The impacts depend on factors like levels of adoption, affordability, reliability, and usage.
Economic and social impact of broadband access
- 1. Economic and Social Impact of Broadband and Development of Digital Agendas ITU/BDT Regional Economic and Financial Forum of Telecommunications/ICTs for Latin America and the Caribbean San Jose, Costa Rica March 11-12, 2014 Dr. Raúl L. Katz, Adjunct Professor, Division of Finance and Economics, and Director, Business Strategy Research, Columbia Institute of Tele-information
- 2. The study of the impact of broadband and digital agendas addresses two distinct phenomena across three dimensions 2 BROADBAND DIGITIZATION • Economic impact of infrastructure deployment • Social and economic spill- overs of a general purpose technology • Economic, social, and political impact of utilization of broadband to transport digitized content ECONOMIC SOCIAL POLITICAL • Economic growth • Employment • Productivity • Poverty reduction • Consumer welfare • Transparency • Political participation • Administrative efficiency
- 3. 3 We will first define the independent variables driving impact and then focus on the three dimensions of impact ● A refined view of the independent variables: fixed broadband, mobile broadband, and digitization ● Economic impact ● Social impact ● Political impact ● Conclusion
- 4. Broadband impact assessment needs to differentiate between fixed and mobile technologies 4 FIXED BROADBAND MOBILE BROADBAND ECONOMIC SOCIAL POLITICAL • Primary platform for enterprise and government usage • Primary platform for creating /enhancing consumer markets • Household adoption • Primary platform in emerging markets • Individual adoption • Primary platform for consumer access to information • Primary platform for enhancing quality of public services (health, education)
- 5. While fixed and mobile broadband services are part of a single eco- system, their diffusion processes are quite dissimilar 5 BRAZIL: EVOLUTION OF FIXED AND MOBILE BROADBAND PENETRATION (% POPULATION) (2000 – 2013) Source: ITU
- 6. 6 Digitization is the capacity to use broadband and other digital technologies to generate, process, share and transact information ● To achieve a significant impact, digitization has to be widely adopted in the economic and social fabric of a given nation – Utilized by individuals, economic enterprises and societies – Embedded in processes of delivery of goods and services – Relied upon to deliver public services ● For this condition to occur, digitization has to fulfill several conditions – Affordable: it has to be sufficiently affordable to allow scalable impact – Ubiquitous: it is supported by telecommunications networks and reaching most population of a national territory – Accessible: networks need to be accessed by multiple fixed and mobile voice and data devices – Reliable: networks have to provide sufficient capacity to deliver vast amounts of information at speeds that do not hinder their effective use
- 7. 7 The level of digitization is measured through a composite index which includes infrastructure and utilization metrics DIGITIZATION INDEX Indicators Components Sub-components Affordability Residential fixed line cost adjusted for GDP per capita Residential fixed line tariff (3 minute call to a fixed line at peak rate) adjusted for GDP per capita Residential fixed line connection fee adjusted for GDP per capita Mobile cellular cost adjusted for GDP per capita Mobile cellular prepaid tariff (1 minute call off-net at peak rate) adjusted for GDP/capita Mobile cellular prepaid one-time connection fee adjusted for GDP per capita Fixed broadband Internet access cost adjusted for GDP per capita Monthly residential price for a fixed broadband connection Infrastructure reliability Investment in telecommunications per telecom subscriber (mobile, broadband and fixed) Mobile investment per capita Broadband investment per capita Fixed line investment per capita Network Access Network penetration Fixed Broadband penetration Mobile Phone penetration Other penetration metrics and coverage infrastructure Mobile broadband penetration PC Population penetration Mobile cellular network coverage Capacity International Internet bandwidth International Internet bandwidth (kbps/user) Broadband speed Broadband speed (% of connections with download speed over 2 Mbps) Usage Internet retail Internet retail as percent of total retail e-Government E-government Web measure index Individuals using the internet Percentage of individuals using the Internet Non-voice services as % of wireless ARPU Non-voice (data, message, VAS) spending as percentage of wireless ARPU Social network visitors Dominant Social Network Unique Visitors per month Per Capita SMS usage SMS usage per subscriber Human Capital Engineers Engineers as a percentage of total population Skilled Labor Labor force with more than a secondary education as a percentage of the total labor force Source: Katz and Koutroumpis (2013)
- 8. 8 The index was calculated for 184 countries, indicating that countries tend to follow four developmental stages Source: Katz, Koutroumpis, and Callorda (2013) •Burundi •Malawi •Madagascar •Central African Republic •Mali Dem. •Rep. Congo •Comoros •Niger •Solomon Islands •Papua New Guinea •Mozambique •Afghanistan •Lesotho •Burkina Faso •Zimbabwe •Uganda •Myanmar CONSTRAINED •Togo •Vanuatu •Sierra Leone •Tanzania •The Gambia •Senegal •Ethiopia •Sao Tome and Principe •Rwanda •Congo •Cameroon •Guinea •Zambia •Turkmenistan •Mauritania •Angola •Tuvalu •Lao PDR •Nepal •Benin •Tajikistan •Timor-Leste •Ghana •Samoa •Nigeria •Swaziland •Eritrea •Cote d'Ivoire •Djibouti •Yemen •Iraq •West Bank and Gaza •Nicaragua •Kenya •Bangladesh •VIrgin Islands •Cambodia •Cuba •Tonga •Guatemala •Honduras •Fiji •New Caledonia •Bolivia •Guyana •Syrian Arab Republic •Kyrgyz Republic •Namibia EMERGING •Pakistan •Uzbekistan •India •Bhutan •Gabon •Sri Lanka •Cape Verde •Morocco •Libya •Belize •Vietnam •Egypt •Maldives •El Salvador •Paraguay •Trinidad and Tobago •Sudan •Albania •Dominican Republic •Algeria •Tunisia •China •Macao SAR •Venezuela •Jamaica •South Africa •Jordan •Thailand •Indonesia •Bosnia and Herzegovina •Peru •Iran •Lebanon •Botswana •Oman •Seychelles •Ecuador •Philippines •Andorra •Armenia •Macedonia •Azerbaijan •Brazil •Antigua and Barbuda •Dominica •Bahrain •San Marino TRANSITIONAL •Mexico •Bermuda •Barbados •Costa Rica •Colombia •Moldova •Ukraine •Saudi Arabia •Montenegro •Georgia •Aruba •Turkey •Croatia •Panama •Brunei •St. Vincent •Kazakhstan •Argentina •Puerto Rico •St. Lucia •Liechtenstein •Serbia •Estonia •Hungary •Qatar •Malaysia •Kuwait •Taiwan •Uruguay •Slovak Republic •Latvia •Chile •Cyprus •Mongolia •Greece •Russia •Poland •Bulgaria •UAE •Italy •Spain •Romania •Lithuania •Czech Rep. •Slovenia •Japan •New Zealand •Germany •Malta •Mauritius •Portugal •Belarus •Austria ADVANCED •France •Singapore •Iceland •Netherlands •Australia •Belgium •Ireland •Hong Kong •Sweden •United States •Luxembourg •Israel •Korea •Switzerland •Canada •United Kingdom •Denmark •Finland •Norway
- 9. 9 We observe also that, while being highly related to broadband, “digitization is measuring something more than broadband adoption” DIGITIZATION INDEX VERSUS BROADBAND PENETRATION Source: analysis by the author
- 10. 10 The components of the digitization index also measure a country performance across specific areas • For all countries, normalized usage sub-index never matches the levels of access sub-indices, which indicate a big challenge across the world • For all OECD and middle income countries, the sub-indices affordability and network access tend to be consistently above the digitization index indicating that countries have addressed the access challenge • The affordability and capacity sub-indices tend to rapidly drop at low GDP levels 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 Norway Luxembourg United France Spain Greece Macao,China Mauritius Croatia Antiguaand Mexico Serbia T.F.Y.R. Ecuador Maldives Gabon Mongolia Pakistan Thailand Kyrgyzstan Cambodia Zambia Tanzania Cuba Cameroon Eritrea Ethiopia AFFORDABILITY INFRASTRUCTURE RELIABILITY NETWORK ACCESS CAPACITY USAGE HUMAN CAPITAL TOTAL
- 11. 11 Having established the distinctions between fixed/mobile broadband and digitization, we now turn to review their respective impact ● A refined view of the independent variable: fixed broadband, mobile broadband, and digitization ● Economic impact of broadband and digitization ● Social impact ● Political impact ● Conclusion
- 12. The economic impact of broadband and digitization is comprised of several effects 12 Broadband Digitization GDP Growth Job creation Consumer surplus • Output generated by network deployment (value added, multpliers, ”leaked investments”) • Spill-over effects • Jobs generated by network deployment (direct, indirect, induced) • Spill-over effects • Willingness to pay minus price • Output generated by direct and indirect effects • Jobs generated by direct and indirect effects • Willingness to pay minus price
- 13. The infrastructure effect comprises the contribution of investment in network roll-out to GDP and employment 13 Broadband Digitization GDP Growth Job creation Consumer surplus • Output generated by network deployment (value added, multpliers, ”leaked investments”) • Spill-over effects • Jobs generated by network deployment (direct, indirect, induced) • Spill-over effects • Willingness to pay minus price • Output generated by direct and indirect effects • Jobs generated direct and indirect effects • Willingness to pay minus price
- 14. 14 Infrastructure effect: Three types of network construction effects exist EFFECT DESCRIPTION EMPLOYMENT EXAMPLES Direct jobs and output • Employment and economic production generated in the short term in the course of deployment of network facilities ● Telecommunications technicians ● Construction workers ● Civil and RF engineers Indirect jobs and output • Employment and production generated by indirect spending (or businesses buying and selling to each other in support of direct spending) ● Metal products workers ● Electrical equipment workers ● Professional Services Induced jobs and output • Employment and production generated by household spending based on the income earned from the direct and indirect effects ● Consumer durables ● Retail trade ● Consumer services 14
- 15. 15 Infrastructure effect: Estimates from several countries indicate that network construction effects and multipliers are significant COUNTRY RESEARCHER / INSTITUTION STIMULUS INVEST. (US$ million) NETWORK DEPLOYMENT JOBS ESTIMATE MULTIPLIERS DIRECT INDIRECT INDUCED TOTAL TYPE I (*) TYPE II (**) UNITED STATES Katz (Columbia) $ 6,390 37,300 31,000 59,500 127,800 1.83 3.42 Atkinson (ITIF) $ 10,000 63,660 165,815 229,475 2.58 3.60 SWITZERLAND Katz (Columbia) ~$ 10,000 ~80,000 ~30,000 N.A. ~110,000 1.38 N.A. GERMANY Katz (Columbia) $ 47,660 281,000 126,000 135,000 542,000 1.45 1.94 UNITED KINGDOM Liebenau (LSE) $ 7,463 76,500 134,500 211,000 2.76 AUSTRALIA Government $ 31,340 ~200,000 SOUTH AFRICA Katz (Columbia) $ 6,006 227,000 102,000 107,000 436,000 1.45 1.92 15 (*) (Direct + indirect)/direct (**) (Direct + indirect + induced)/direct NETWORK CONSTRUCTION EFFECTS OF BROADBAND Sources: Katz, R. and Suter, S. (2009). Estimating the economic impact of the US broadband stimulus plan, Columbia Institute for Tele-Information working paper; Katz, R., P. Zenhäusern, S. Suter, P. Mahler and S. Vaterlaus (2008). Economic Modeling of the Investment in FTTH in Switzerland, unpublished report; Libenau, J., Atkinson, R. (2009) The UK’s digital road to recovery. LSE and ITIF; Australian government. Katz, R., S. Vaterlaus, P. Zenhäusern, S. Suter and P. Mahler (2009). The Impact of Broadband on Jobs and the German Economy; Columbia Institute for tele-Information working paper
- 16. Infrastructure effect: the impact on GDP allows estimating the contribution to domestic production versus “leaked” spending 16 8,190 14,992 14,225 7,423 767 6,802 Additional value added Imported goods Intermediate inputs Investment Total additional production Domestic additional production UNITED STATES: NETWORK CONSTRUCTION EFFECTS OF BROADBAND STIMULUS (in $ millions) Source: Katz and Suter (2009)
- 17. The spill-over effects represent the impact of broadband networks as a general purpose technology, over the whole economy 17 Broadband Digitization GDP Growth Job creation Consumer surplus • Output generated by network deployment (value added, multpliers, ”leaked investments”) • Spill-over effects • Jobs generated by network deployment (direct, indirect, induced) • Spill-over effects • Willingness to pay minus price • Output generated by direct and indirect effects • Jobs generated direct and indirect effects • Willingness to pay minus price
- 18. 18 Spill-over effects: Research to date confirms the contribution to GDP growth but the amount of impact varies widely 1.38 1.21 1.50 0.90 0.85 0.82 0.67 0.61 0.23 0.14 0.08 0.26 0.24 0.16 0.08 0.09 0.31 0.17 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 Low-M ed.Incom e H igh Incom e O EC D-High O EC D-Low U K U SFranceG erm any O EC D-High O EC D-M ed. O EC D-Low G erm any-H igh G erm any-Low L.Am erica Brazil C hile IndiaM alaysia RESEARCH EVIDENCE OF BROADBAND IMPACT ON GDP GROWTH Contribution to GDP growth of 10% increase in broadband penetration Katz Kou- troumpis Waver- manCzernichQiang World Bank U. Munich LECG U. ColumbiaImperial C. RESEARCHER /INSTITUTION
- 19. 19 Spill-over effects: The estimates are consistent with growing evidence of increasing returns to broadband penetration 0 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02 0.025 7% 14% 16% 17% 21% 22% 22% 24% 25% 30% 33% Broadband Penetration (2007) CountryAverage%ImpactofBBon growth 0 0.0005 0.001 0.0015 0.002 0.0025 0.003 0.0035 0.004 0.0045 Clusteraverageimpactongrowth Source: adapted from Koutroumpis (2009) Low penetration •Greece, Portugal, Italy, New Zealand, Austria, Hungary, Spain, Ireland •Average contribution to GDP growth: 0.008 Medium penetration •Germany, France, Japan, Belgium, UK, Australia, US, Canada, Luxemburg •Average contribution to GDP growth: 0.014 High penetration •Denmark, Norway, Netherlands, Sweden, Switzerland •Average contribution to GDP growth: 0.023 INCREASING BROADBAND IMPACT ON GDP GROWTH
- 20. 20 Spill-over effects: In Latin America, fixed broadband contribution to GDP growth is also related to penetration levels GDP IMPACT OF 1% INCREASE IN FIXED BROADBAND PENETRATION Country Type of Model Period Number of observations Impact Coefficient Panama Structural 2000-10 40 0.045 Ecuador Structural 2008-12 17 0.052 Colombia Simple regression with controls 2006-10 132 0.004 Sources: Katz and Koutroumpis (2012); Katz and Callorda (2013); Katz and Callorda (2011)
- 21. 21 Spill-over effects: Mobile broadband economic impact does not appear to be as strong as fixed broadband broadband SENEGAL: ECONOMIC IMPACT OF WIRELESS BROADBAND Variables Mobile Broadband Model Growth (GDP) Fixed Capital Stock Labor Force Mobile Broadband Penetration Constant 0.632*** 0.960*** 0.022*** -21.742*** Demand (lmbbusers) GDPC Mobile Broadband Price Competitive Intensity Constant -1.565 -6.332*** -2.719*** 36.994** Supply (lrevenue) GDPC Mobile Broadband Price Competitive Intensity Constant -0.157 0.246*** -0.252*** 19.885*** Output (dmb) Mobile Broadband Revenue Constant 11.687 -218.389 Controls Year Effects Quarter Effects YES YES R2 Growth 0.99 Demand 0.96 Supply 0.39 Output 0.00 Less impact than fixed broadband since mobile broadband is not used as intensively in accessing the Internet as fixed broadband Sources: Katz and Koutroumpis (2014)
- 22. The assessment of digitization economic impact incorporates additional effects related to utilization of the technology 22 Broadband Digitization GDP Growth Job creation Consumer surplus • Output generated by network deployment (value added, multpliers, ”leaked investments”) • Spill-over effects • Jobs generated by network deployment (direct, indirect, induced) • Spill-over effects • Willingness to pay minus price • Output generated by direct and indirect effects • Jobs generated direct and indirect effects • Willingness to pay minus price
- 23. 23 An endogenous growth model indicates that the Digitization Index has a positive effect indicating a strong effect on economic output ● Cobb-Douglas function: Y=A(t)(Kit)a(Lit) b where: ● A(t) indicates the level of digitization ● K corresponds to fixed capital formation ● L to labor force log(GDPit)=a1log(Kit)+a2log(Lit)+a3log(Dit)+εit Source: Katz, Koutroumpis, Callorda (2012)
- 24. 24 More importantly, digitization has a higher impact on economic development than broadband alone Contribution to GDP growth of 10 point increase in variable Broadband Studies 10 POINT INCREASE IN DIGITIZATION YIELDS 0.81% INCREASE IN GDP PER CAPITA DIGITIZATION AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT • Full economic impact ICT is achieved through the cumulative adoption of all technologies, in addition to the assimilation and usage in the production and social fabric • Achieving broadband penetration is only one aspect of required policies; maximization of economic impact can only be achieved through a holistic set of policies ranging from telecoms to computing to adoption of internet and eCommerce Mobile Studies
- 25. The broadband impact on job creation takes place once the networks are deployed 25 Broadband Digitization GDP Growth Job creation Consumer surplus • Output generated by network deployment (value added, multpliers, ”leaked investments”) • Spill-over effects • Jobs generated by network deployment (direct, indirect, induced) • Spill-over effects • Willingness to pay minus price • Output generated by direct and indirect effects • Jobs generated direct and indirect effects • Willingness to pay minus price
- 26. 2626 Spill-over effects: The contribution of broadband externalities to employment comprises three simultaneous effects Incremental broadband penetration e-business impact on firm productivity Macro- economic productivity Impact on employment Enhanced innovation Impact on employment Outsourcing of services Displacement to service sector Impact on employment + + + + + + + -/+ - - Note: This causality chain was adapted from a model originally developed by Fornefeld et al., 2008 in a report for the European Commission +
- 27. 27 Spill-over effects: The models do not differentiate between network deployment impact and job creation resulting from spill-overs Function Variables Coefficients Change in unemployment Rate Broadband Penetration - 0,105 * Constant 0,758 *** Change in employment rate Broadband Penetration 0,056 *** Constant 2,559 *** Year fixed effects Yes (2008-2011) Canton fixed effects Yes (Quito, Guayaquil, Cuenca y otros) Observations 47 R2 Unemployment Rate 92,41 % Employment rate 98,46 % *** 1% Statistical significance ** 5% Statistical significance * 10% Statistical significance Source: Katz, and Callorda (2013) ECUADOR: IMPACT OF BROADBAND ON JOB CREATION
- 28. The digitization impact on job creation also takes place once the networks are deployed 28 Broadband Digitization GDP Growth Job creation Consumer surplus • Output generated by network deployment (value added, multpliers, ”leaked investments”) • Spill-over effects • Jobs generated by network deployment (direct, indirect, induced) • Spill-over effects • Willingness to pay minus price • Output generated by direct and indirect effects • Jobs generated direct and indirect effects • Willingness to pay minus price
- 29. According to the models, a 10 point increase in digitization leads to a -.82% change in unemployment rate 29 Dependent Variable: unemployment rate Indepdendent variable: digitization index (Dit) Control variables: Fixed Capital Formation (FCit), Direct Foreign Investment (IEDit), population enrolled in secondary schools (proxy of workforce qualification) (EDit), financial services as percent of imports (IFSit) log(Unemploymentit)=a1log(FCit)+a2log(IEDit)+a3log(EDit)+a4log(IFSit)+ a4log(Dit)+εit Source: Katz y Koutroumpis (2012) DIGITIZATION AND EMPLOYMENT
- 30. 30 As in the case of GDP growth, digitization has a higher impact on job creation than broadband 0.30 0.06 0.03 0.38 0.29 0.45 0.02 0.82 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 U S -M etro Areas G erm any-H igh G erm any-Low M exico A rgentina B razil C hile D IG ITIZA TIO N Contribution to job creation of 10 point increase in variable Broadband Studies 10 POINT INCREASE IN DIGITIZATION YIELDS 0.82% DECREASE IN UNEMPLOYMENT RATE BROADBAND, DIGITIZATION AND EMPLOYMENT • Full deployment and assimilation of ICT has a much larger impact on employment because it contributes to more jobs in the ICT sector (software development, Business Process Outsourcing, equipment manufacturing and parts supplies) • In addition, the impact of assimilation of ICT through enhanced usage has spill-over impact on other sectors of the economy (in particular, trade, financial services, health care)
- 31. The consumer surplus estimates are not included in the GDP broadband contribution 31 Broadband Digitization GDP Growth Job creation Consumer surplus • Output generated by network deployment (value added, multpliers, ”leaked investments”) • Spill-over effects • Jobs generated by network deployment (direct, indirect, induced) • Spill-over effects • Willingness to pay minus price • Output generated by direct and indirect effects • Jobs generated direct and indirect effects • Willingness to pay minus price
- 32. 32 Consumer surplus: utility gain of broadband that can be purchased at a price lower than what consumers are willing to pay Benefits that broadband technology (DSL, cable modem, Fttx) yields in relation to dial-up Price declines as a result of competition, technology trends, and productivity gains Benefits derived from increased broadband penetration (access to new services and information) Consumer surplus = Willingness to Pay - Price of service
- 33. 33 Having examined the economic impact of broadband and digitization, we now turn to reviewing their social impact ● A refined view of the independent variable: fixed broadband, mobile broadband, and digitization ● Economic impact of broadband and digitization ● Social impact of broadband and digitization ● Political impact ● Conclusion
- 34. Broadband has been found to increase average monthly income 34 US$ (Over two years ) Percent increase (over two years) Annual increase Increase in individual income for the total sample US$ 25.76 7.48% 3.67% Increase for individuals that already owned a computer US$ 38.36 8.00% 3.92% Increase for individuals that already were Internet users US$ 51.86 10.27% 5.01% While the overall effect is larger for men than for women, gender difference disappears if Internet was used before broadband had been adopted ECUADOR: IMPACT ON MONTHLY INCOME (US$ 353.45) Source: Katz and Callorda (2013)
- 35. The causal links between broadband and poverty reduction are of four types 35 ● Infrastructure construction: Broadband deployment requires additional labor for infrastructure construction, operator’s new commercial offices, and technical personnel for installation and maintenance – The new demand for labor in a market with an unemployment rate that is already below 5% generates a shift in the demand curve for workers, leading to an increase in equilibrium wages – The rise in wages through this channel may reflect a need for better compensation for those workers who, given the low unemployment rates, should receive better wages to meet or exceed their reservation wage ● Improved labor productivity: Classic labor economics literature shows that wages in competitive markets equal marginal productivity. As a result, higher labor productivity should yield higher wages ● Skill “signaling”: Research shows that the effect of broadband deployment is greater for computer and Internet users. Thus, the introduction of broadband allows workers with digital literacy skills to signal their computer knowledge to potential employers and then use those skills in the workplace in return for a higher wage ● Reduced search costs: the introduction of broadband can also help reduce the time required for an effective job search, leading to a reduction in unemployment periods and generating an increase in the migration of underemployed workers to full-time positions, which, in turn, results in higher labor income.
- 36. Digitalization also appears to be related to quality of life and other welfare indicators 36 INCREASE IN DIGITALIZATION ECONOMIC GROWTH (Per Capita GDP) SOCIAL INEQUALITY QUALITY OF LIFE (Welfare Index) ACCESS TO BASIC SERVICES (Human development Index) + + – SOCIAL IMPACT OF DIGITIZATION +
- 37. For example, digitalization is directly correlated with quality of life 37 Digitization Index QualityofLifeIndex DIGITIZATION AND QUALITY OF LIFE (2012) (65 countries) • The higher the Digitization Index, the higher is the Quality of Life Index • A correlation for 65 countries indicates that 1 point increase in the Digitization Index leads to an increase of 0.59 points in the Quality of Life Index • While it is not possible to establish a causal relation, the correlation of both indices is clear Sources: Gallup (2011); Katz y Koutroumpis (2012)
- 38. By reducir inequality, digitization also increases in tandem with the Human Development Index 38 DIGITIZATION AND HUMAN DEVELOPMENT (2012) Digitization Index HumanDevelopmentIndex Sources: United Nations (2012); analysis by the author
- 39. 39 Having reviewed the social impact of broadband and digitization, we now turn to the political impact ● A refined view of the independent variable: fixed broadband, mobile broadband, and digitization ● Economic impact of broadband and digitization ● Social impact ● Political impact ● Conclusion
- 40. + Digitization is correlated with several dimensions of political development 40 INCREASE IN DIGITIZATION POLITICAL PARTICIPATION EFFICIENCY OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION RULE OF LAW ACCESS TO EDUCATION + + + ACCESS TO HEALTH SERVICES POLITICAL DEVELOPMENT DELIVERY OF PUBLIC INFORMATION + + INSTITUTIONAL TRANSPARENCY + POLITICAL IMPACT OF DIGITIZATION
- 41. For example, the higer the digitization index, more intense is political participation 41 DIGITIZATION AND POLITICAL PARTICIPATION (2012) Data used: Participation Index is the result of combining a dicotomic system and a three point score for 60 indicators comprising a democracy index. The participation index is based on 60 questions of the 60 that comprise the democracy index Sources: The Economist; analysis by the author
- 42. In addition, digitization also contributes to institutional transparency 42 DIGITIZATION AND POLITICAL TRANSPARENCY (2012) Note: the Transparency Index developed by Transparency International is calculated by averaging transparency surveys conducted by the World Bank, The Economist, the IMD (Geneva), the World Economic Forum and Freedom House Sources: Transparency International; analysis by the author
- 43. Finally, digitization is correlated with efficiency of government administrations 43 DIGITIZATION INDEX AND GOVERNMENT EFFICIENCY INDEX (2012) Note: The e-Government Index measures the quality and utility of government sites to provide information, promote participation and provide public services Sources: UNESCO; analysis by the author
- 44. 44 In conclusion… ● A refined view of the independent variable: fixed broadband, mobile broadband, and digitization ● Economic impact of broadband and digitization ● Social impact ● Political impact ● Conclusion
- 45. The development of broadband and digitization is linked to economic progress, welfare and political development 45 REGIONAL DIGITIZATION INDEX(2012) ADVANCED TRANSITIONAL EMERGING CONSTRAINED • Digitization contributes to economic growth, thereby impacting social welfare • Digitization also has a positive effect on social inclusion and contributes to various dimensions of the political system • Based on this evidence, the key objective of Latin American and Caribbean countries is to increase their digitization in order to maximize its economic,social and political impact Source: Katz, Koutroumpis and Callorde (2013)
- 46. 46