ECOSYSTEM SERVICES
SHAHANA S
FRM-PB0-04
HISTORY OF THE CONCEPT
DEVELOPMENT
• An important milestone in ecosystem service evaluation was de Groot’s publication
“Functions of Nature” (1992), followed by Costanza et al. (1997) and Daily (1997), who
further developed and promoted the concept in a global context.
• The idea was brought up already in 1970 within the Study of Critical Environmental Problems
(SCEP), when a concept of ‘environmental services’ was first mentioned.
• The concept gained recognition among policy makers when the United Nations published the
“Millennium Ecosystem Assessment” (MA) in 2005.
• The work on the MA started in 2001 involving over 1300 international experts.
• The study provided a comprehensive, global assessment of human impacts on ecosystems and
their services, analysis of ecosystems condition and trend as well as possible solutions for
restoration, maintenances and sustainable use.
• The key finding of the MA was that currently 60 per cent of the ecosystem services evaluated
are being degraded or used unsustainably.
WHAT ARE ECOSYSTEM
SERVICES?
• The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment defined Ecosystem Services as “the benefits
people derive from ecosystems”.
FOR UPDATES IN ECOSYSTEM
SERVICES
TYPES OF ECOSYSTEM SERVICES
• The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (MA), a major UN-sponsored effort to analyze the
impact of human actions on ecosystems and human well-being.
• MA identified four major categories of ecosystem services:
Provisioning Services
Regulating Services
Cultural Services
Supporting Services
TYPES OF ECOSYSTEM SERVICES
• Provisioning services – food, materials and energy, which are directly used by
people
• Regulating services - those that cover the way ecosystems regulate other
environmental media or processes
• Cultural services – those related to the cultural or spiritual needs of people
• Supporting services – ecosystem processes and functions that underpin other three
types of services
REGULATING SERVICES
• Ecosystems provide many of the basic services that make life possible for people.
• Plants clean air and filter water, bacteria decompose wastes, bees pollinate flowers,
and tree roots hold soil in place to prevent erosion.
• All these processes work together to make ecosystems clean, sustainable, functional,
and resilient to change.
• A regulating service is the benefit provided by ecosystem processes that moderate
natural phenomena.
• Regulating services include pollination, decomposition, water purification, erosion
and flood control, and carbon storage and climate regulation.
PROVISIONING SERVICES
• When people are asked to identify a service provided by nature, most think of food.
• Fruits, vegetables, trees, fish, and livestock are available to us as direct products of
ecosystems.
• A provisioning service is any type of benefit to people that can be extracted from
nature.
• Along with food, other types of provisioning services include drinking water,
timber, wood fuel, natural gas, oils, plants that can be made into clothes and other
materials, and medicinal benefits.
CULTURAL SERVICES
• As we interact and alter nature, the natural world has in turn altered us.
• It has guided our cultural, intellectual, and social development by being a constant
force present in our lives.
• The importance of ecosystems to the human mind can be traced back to the
beginning of mankind with ancient civilizations drawing pictures of animals, plants,
and weather patterns on cave walls.
• A cultural service is a non-material benefit that contributes to the development and
cultural advancement of people, including
how ecosystems play a role in local, national, and global cultures
the building of knowledge and the spreading of ideas
creativity born from interactions with nature and recreation.
SUPPORTING SERVICES
• The natural world provides so many services, sometimes we overlook the most
fundamental.
• Ecosystems themselves couldn't be sustained without the consistency of underlying
natural processes, such as photosynthesis, nutrient cycling, the creation of soils, and
the water cycle.
• These processes allow the Earth to sustain basic life forms, let alone whole ecosystems
and people.
• Without supporting services, provisional, regulating, and cultural services wouldn't
exist.
MARINE ECOSYSTEM
SERVICES
• Coastal and marine environments can begin up to 100 kilometers inland, extend to the
continental shelf, and include ocean systems with waters up to 50 meters in depth.
• The distinct marine ecosystems found in these environments include estuarine and
coastal wetlands, such as marshes and mangroves, sand beaches and dunes, seagrass
beds, and coral and oyster reefs
• Marine ecosystems represent some of the most heavily exploited ecosystems throughout
the world.
• Coastal zones make up just 4% of the earth’s total land area and 11% of the world’s
oceans
• They contain more than a third of the world’s population
• Coastal waters account for 90% of the catch from marinefisheries.
Goods Services Cultural benefits Supports
Fish harvests Recreation and tourism Carbon sequestration Primary production
Wild plant and animal
resources
Transportation Bequest for future
generations
Nutrient cycling
Raw materials Scientifi c and educational
opportunities
Religious significance
Genetic material Flood control
Water Storm protection
Pollution control
Breeding and nursery
habitats
Shoreline stabilization and
erosion control
Carbon sequestration
Examples of marine ecosystem services.
HOW MARINE ECOSYSTEMS
GENERATE ECONOMIC BENEFITS ?
A MANGROVE–SEAGRASS–CORAL
REEF SEASCAPE AND MARINE
ECOSYSTEM SERVICES.
ECOSYSTEM SERVICES
RECOGNISED FROM KALI
RIVER/ SHARDA RIVER
ECOSYSTEM SERVICES OF
RESERVOIR
Planned benefits from the proposed Pancheshwar
Dam
• Electricity production, generation of water for
irrigation and flood control.
• Installed turbines are intended to produce 6,480 MW
of electricity,
• Water for irrigation is intended to benefit farmers in
Uttar Pradesh.
• By storing water, it is intended that floods in Bihar
and Uttar Pradesh will bereduced.
• The creation of the reservoir behind the proposed
Dam is also seen as a tourist attraction
ASSESSMENT OF LIKELY ECOSYSTEM SERVICES IMPACTS
OF THE PROPOSED PANCHESHWAR DAM
MA ecosystem
service category
Overall assessment of likely ecosystem service impacts
Provisioning
Services
The overall balance of benefits of the proposed Pancheshwar Dam scheme are
equivocal or negative across the provisioning services, when implications for
diverse ecosystems and their dependent stakeholders areassessed in parallel
across local and catchment scales.
Regulatory
service
Assessment of regulatory service impacts, both at the dam site and at catchment
scale, reveals substantially negative likely consequences for ecosystems
Cultural services Assessment of impacts of the dam on cultural services suggests almost
unanimous significantly negativeoutcomes at both dam and catchment scales
Supporting
services
Unanimous significantly negative outcomes at both dam and catchment scales,
degrading ecosystem integrity and functioning and the wider resilience and
societal benefits that it is able to provide
WETLAND AS A SUSTAINABLE
RESERVOIR
OF ECOSYSTEM SERVICES
Wetlands
services
Benefits to human well-being
Provisioning
Food Production of fish, wild game, fruits and grains
Fresh water Storage and retention of water for domestic, industrial and agricultural
use
Fiber and fuel Production of logs, fuelwood, peat, fodder
Biochemical Extraction of medicines and other materials from biota
Genetic materials Genes for resistance to plant pathogens; ornamental species,etc
Wetlands services Benefits to human well-being
Regulating
Climate regulation Climate regulation
Water regulation
(Hydrological flows)
Groundwater
Groundwater recharge/discharge
Water purification and waste
treatment
Retention, recovery, and removal of excess nutrients and
other pollutants
Erosion regulation Retention of soils and sediments
Natural hazard regulation Flood control, storm protection
Pollination Habitat for pollinators
WETLAND AS A SUSTAINABLE RESERVOIR
OF ECOSYSTEM SERVICES
WETLAND AS A SUSTAINABLE RESERVOIR
OF ECOSYSTEM SERVICES
Wetlands services Benefits to human well-being
Cultural
Spiritual and inspirational Source of inspiration; many religions attach spiritual and
religious values to aspects of wetland ecosystems
Recreational Recreational Opportunities for recreational activities
Aesthetic Many people find beauty or aesthetic value in aspects of
wetland ecosystems
Educational Opportunities for formal and informal education and training
Supporting
Soil formation Sediment retention and accumulation of organic matter
Nutrient cycling Storage, recycling, processing, and acquisition of nutrients
Ecosystem services
Ecosystem services
ECOSYSTEM SERVICES OF
FOREST ECOSYSTEM
• Traditionally forests have been valued only for the
tangible benefit.
• They provide such as timber and non-timber
forest products (NTFPs).
• Forests offer us many goods: foods, such as honey,
nuts, fruits and mushrooms; timber; cork; wood
biomass; aromatic and medicinal plants.
• Forests can support tourism or simply support
human well-being, both physical and
psychologically.
• People have cultural and spiritual associations
with the forest, which may be formalised or
personal.
• Forests have an important role in the global water
cycle
• “CARBON SINKS”.
• Improve and maintain soil quality,
which has a crucial role in the
nutrients cycle and in filtering water.
The total net value of
benefits provided by
the Nagarhole national
park in Karnataka,
India ranges between
US
$13–148 million per
annum or US$ 203–2294
per ha per annum
Using alternate
valuation methods
CONCLUSION
• In spite of the ecological, cultural and economic importance of these services, ecosystems and the
biodiversity that underpins them are still being degraded and lost at an unprecedented scale.
• One major reason for this is that the value (importance) of ecosystems to human welfare is still
underestimated and not fully recognized in every day planning and decision-making,
• In other words, the benefits of their services are not, or only partly, captured in conventional market
economics.
• The costs of externalities of economic development (e.g. pollution, deforestation) are usually not
accounted for, while inappropriate tax and subsidy (incentive) systems
• They indirectly encourage the over-exploitation and unsustainable use of natural resources and
other ecosystem services at the expense of the poor and future generations.
REFERENCES
• Kumar, R., Horwitz, P., Milton, G.R., Sellamuttu, S.S., Buckton, S.T., Davidson, N.C.,
Pattnaik, A.K., Zavagli, M. and Baker, C., 2011. Assessing wetland ecosystem services and
poverty interlinkages: a general framework and case study. Hydrological Sciences
Journal, 56(8), pp.1602-1621.
• Keller, R.P., Masoodi, A. and Shackleton, R.T., 2018. The impact of invasive aquatic plants on
ecosystem services and human well-being in Wular Lake, India. Regional environmental
change, 18(3), pp.847-857.
• Costanza, R., d'Arge, R., De Groot, R., Farber, S., Grasso, M., Hannon, B., Limburg, K.,
Naeem, S., O'neill, R.V., Paruelo, J. and Raskin, R.G., 1997. The value of the world's
ecosystem services and natural capital. nature, 387(6630), pp.253-260.
• Daily, G.C., 1997. Introduction: what are ecosystem services. Nature’s services: Societal
dependence on natural ecosystems, 1(1).
• Ninan, K.N. and Kontoleon, A., 2016. Valuing forest ecosystem services and disservices–
Case study of a protected area in India. Ecosystem services, 20, pp.1-14.
REFERENCES
• Everard, M. and Kataria, G., 2010. The proposed Pancheshwar Dam, India/Nepal: A
preliminary ecosystem services assessment of likely outcomes (p. 3). An IES research
report. Corresponding author: Dr Mark Everard, mark@ pundamilia. co. uk.
• Zhang, W., Ricketts, T.H., Kremen, C., Carney, K. and Swinton, S.M., 2007.
Ecosystem services and dis-services to agriculture. Ecological economics, 64(2),
pp.253-260.
• Bennett, E.M., Peterson, G.D. and Gordon, L.J., 2009. Understanding relationships
among multiple ecosystem services. Ecology letters, 12(12), pp.1394-1404.
• Carpenter, S.R., Mooney, H.A., Agard, J., Capistrano, D., DeFries, R.S., Díaz, S.,
Dietz, T., Duraiappah, A.K., Oteng-Yeboah, A., Pereira, H.M. and Perrings, C., 2009.
Science for managing ecosystem services: Beyond the Millennium Ecosystem
Assessment. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 106(5), pp.1305-1312.
THANK YOU…

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Ecosystem services

  • 2. HISTORY OF THE CONCEPT DEVELOPMENT • An important milestone in ecosystem service evaluation was de Groot’s publication “Functions of Nature” (1992), followed by Costanza et al. (1997) and Daily (1997), who further developed and promoted the concept in a global context. • The idea was brought up already in 1970 within the Study of Critical Environmental Problems (SCEP), when a concept of ‘environmental services’ was first mentioned. • The concept gained recognition among policy makers when the United Nations published the “Millennium Ecosystem Assessment” (MA) in 2005. • The work on the MA started in 2001 involving over 1300 international experts. • The study provided a comprehensive, global assessment of human impacts on ecosystems and their services, analysis of ecosystems condition and trend as well as possible solutions for restoration, maintenances and sustainable use. • The key finding of the MA was that currently 60 per cent of the ecosystem services evaluated are being degraded or used unsustainably.
  • 3. WHAT ARE ECOSYSTEM SERVICES? • The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment defined Ecosystem Services as “the benefits people derive from ecosystems”.
  • 4. FOR UPDATES IN ECOSYSTEM SERVICES
  • 5. TYPES OF ECOSYSTEM SERVICES • The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (MA), a major UN-sponsored effort to analyze the impact of human actions on ecosystems and human well-being. • MA identified four major categories of ecosystem services: Provisioning Services Regulating Services Cultural Services Supporting Services
  • 6. TYPES OF ECOSYSTEM SERVICES • Provisioning services – food, materials and energy, which are directly used by people • Regulating services - those that cover the way ecosystems regulate other environmental media or processes • Cultural services – those related to the cultural or spiritual needs of people • Supporting services – ecosystem processes and functions that underpin other three types of services
  • 7. REGULATING SERVICES • Ecosystems provide many of the basic services that make life possible for people. • Plants clean air and filter water, bacteria decompose wastes, bees pollinate flowers, and tree roots hold soil in place to prevent erosion. • All these processes work together to make ecosystems clean, sustainable, functional, and resilient to change. • A regulating service is the benefit provided by ecosystem processes that moderate natural phenomena. • Regulating services include pollination, decomposition, water purification, erosion and flood control, and carbon storage and climate regulation.
  • 8. PROVISIONING SERVICES • When people are asked to identify a service provided by nature, most think of food. • Fruits, vegetables, trees, fish, and livestock are available to us as direct products of ecosystems. • A provisioning service is any type of benefit to people that can be extracted from nature. • Along with food, other types of provisioning services include drinking water, timber, wood fuel, natural gas, oils, plants that can be made into clothes and other materials, and medicinal benefits.
  • 9. CULTURAL SERVICES • As we interact and alter nature, the natural world has in turn altered us. • It has guided our cultural, intellectual, and social development by being a constant force present in our lives. • The importance of ecosystems to the human mind can be traced back to the beginning of mankind with ancient civilizations drawing pictures of animals, plants, and weather patterns on cave walls. • A cultural service is a non-material benefit that contributes to the development and cultural advancement of people, including how ecosystems play a role in local, national, and global cultures the building of knowledge and the spreading of ideas creativity born from interactions with nature and recreation.
  • 10. SUPPORTING SERVICES • The natural world provides so many services, sometimes we overlook the most fundamental. • Ecosystems themselves couldn't be sustained without the consistency of underlying natural processes, such as photosynthesis, nutrient cycling, the creation of soils, and the water cycle. • These processes allow the Earth to sustain basic life forms, let alone whole ecosystems and people. • Without supporting services, provisional, regulating, and cultural services wouldn't exist.
  • 11. MARINE ECOSYSTEM SERVICES • Coastal and marine environments can begin up to 100 kilometers inland, extend to the continental shelf, and include ocean systems with waters up to 50 meters in depth. • The distinct marine ecosystems found in these environments include estuarine and coastal wetlands, such as marshes and mangroves, sand beaches and dunes, seagrass beds, and coral and oyster reefs • Marine ecosystems represent some of the most heavily exploited ecosystems throughout the world. • Coastal zones make up just 4% of the earth’s total land area and 11% of the world’s oceans • They contain more than a third of the world’s population • Coastal waters account for 90% of the catch from marinefisheries.
  • 12. Goods Services Cultural benefits Supports Fish harvests Recreation and tourism Carbon sequestration Primary production Wild plant and animal resources Transportation Bequest for future generations Nutrient cycling Raw materials Scientifi c and educational opportunities Religious significance Genetic material Flood control Water Storm protection Pollution control Breeding and nursery habitats Shoreline stabilization and erosion control Carbon sequestration Examples of marine ecosystem services.
  • 13. HOW MARINE ECOSYSTEMS GENERATE ECONOMIC BENEFITS ?
  • 14. A MANGROVE–SEAGRASS–CORAL REEF SEASCAPE AND MARINE ECOSYSTEM SERVICES.
  • 15. ECOSYSTEM SERVICES RECOGNISED FROM KALI RIVER/ SHARDA RIVER
  • 16. ECOSYSTEM SERVICES OF RESERVOIR Planned benefits from the proposed Pancheshwar Dam • Electricity production, generation of water for irrigation and flood control. • Installed turbines are intended to produce 6,480 MW of electricity, • Water for irrigation is intended to benefit farmers in Uttar Pradesh. • By storing water, it is intended that floods in Bihar and Uttar Pradesh will bereduced. • The creation of the reservoir behind the proposed Dam is also seen as a tourist attraction
  • 17. ASSESSMENT OF LIKELY ECOSYSTEM SERVICES IMPACTS OF THE PROPOSED PANCHESHWAR DAM MA ecosystem service category Overall assessment of likely ecosystem service impacts Provisioning Services The overall balance of benefits of the proposed Pancheshwar Dam scheme are equivocal or negative across the provisioning services, when implications for diverse ecosystems and their dependent stakeholders areassessed in parallel across local and catchment scales. Regulatory service Assessment of regulatory service impacts, both at the dam site and at catchment scale, reveals substantially negative likely consequences for ecosystems Cultural services Assessment of impacts of the dam on cultural services suggests almost unanimous significantly negativeoutcomes at both dam and catchment scales Supporting services Unanimous significantly negative outcomes at both dam and catchment scales, degrading ecosystem integrity and functioning and the wider resilience and societal benefits that it is able to provide
  • 18. WETLAND AS A SUSTAINABLE RESERVOIR OF ECOSYSTEM SERVICES Wetlands services Benefits to human well-being Provisioning Food Production of fish, wild game, fruits and grains Fresh water Storage and retention of water for domestic, industrial and agricultural use Fiber and fuel Production of logs, fuelwood, peat, fodder Biochemical Extraction of medicines and other materials from biota Genetic materials Genes for resistance to plant pathogens; ornamental species,etc
  • 19. Wetlands services Benefits to human well-being Regulating Climate regulation Climate regulation Water regulation (Hydrological flows) Groundwater Groundwater recharge/discharge Water purification and waste treatment Retention, recovery, and removal of excess nutrients and other pollutants Erosion regulation Retention of soils and sediments Natural hazard regulation Flood control, storm protection Pollination Habitat for pollinators WETLAND AS A SUSTAINABLE RESERVOIR OF ECOSYSTEM SERVICES
  • 20. WETLAND AS A SUSTAINABLE RESERVOIR OF ECOSYSTEM SERVICES Wetlands services Benefits to human well-being Cultural Spiritual and inspirational Source of inspiration; many religions attach spiritual and religious values to aspects of wetland ecosystems Recreational Recreational Opportunities for recreational activities Aesthetic Many people find beauty or aesthetic value in aspects of wetland ecosystems Educational Opportunities for formal and informal education and training Supporting Soil formation Sediment retention and accumulation of organic matter Nutrient cycling Storage, recycling, processing, and acquisition of nutrients
  • 23. ECOSYSTEM SERVICES OF FOREST ECOSYSTEM • Traditionally forests have been valued only for the tangible benefit. • They provide such as timber and non-timber forest products (NTFPs). • Forests offer us many goods: foods, such as honey, nuts, fruits and mushrooms; timber; cork; wood biomass; aromatic and medicinal plants. • Forests can support tourism or simply support human well-being, both physical and psychologically. • People have cultural and spiritual associations with the forest, which may be formalised or personal. • Forests have an important role in the global water cycle • “CARBON SINKS”. • Improve and maintain soil quality, which has a crucial role in the nutrients cycle and in filtering water.
  • 24. The total net value of benefits provided by the Nagarhole national park in Karnataka, India ranges between US $13–148 million per annum or US$ 203–2294 per ha per annum Using alternate valuation methods
  • 25. CONCLUSION • In spite of the ecological, cultural and economic importance of these services, ecosystems and the biodiversity that underpins them are still being degraded and lost at an unprecedented scale. • One major reason for this is that the value (importance) of ecosystems to human welfare is still underestimated and not fully recognized in every day planning and decision-making, • In other words, the benefits of their services are not, or only partly, captured in conventional market economics. • The costs of externalities of economic development (e.g. pollution, deforestation) are usually not accounted for, while inappropriate tax and subsidy (incentive) systems • They indirectly encourage the over-exploitation and unsustainable use of natural resources and other ecosystem services at the expense of the poor and future generations.
  • 26. REFERENCES • Kumar, R., Horwitz, P., Milton, G.R., Sellamuttu, S.S., Buckton, S.T., Davidson, N.C., Pattnaik, A.K., Zavagli, M. and Baker, C., 2011. Assessing wetland ecosystem services and poverty interlinkages: a general framework and case study. Hydrological Sciences Journal, 56(8), pp.1602-1621. • Keller, R.P., Masoodi, A. and Shackleton, R.T., 2018. The impact of invasive aquatic plants on ecosystem services and human well-being in Wular Lake, India. Regional environmental change, 18(3), pp.847-857. • Costanza, R., d'Arge, R., De Groot, R., Farber, S., Grasso, M., Hannon, B., Limburg, K., Naeem, S., O'neill, R.V., Paruelo, J. and Raskin, R.G., 1997. The value of the world's ecosystem services and natural capital. nature, 387(6630), pp.253-260. • Daily, G.C., 1997. Introduction: what are ecosystem services. Nature’s services: Societal dependence on natural ecosystems, 1(1). • Ninan, K.N. and Kontoleon, A., 2016. Valuing forest ecosystem services and disservices– Case study of a protected area in India. Ecosystem services, 20, pp.1-14.
  • 27. REFERENCES • Everard, M. and Kataria, G., 2010. The proposed Pancheshwar Dam, India/Nepal: A preliminary ecosystem services assessment of likely outcomes (p. 3). An IES research report. Corresponding author: Dr Mark Everard, mark@ pundamilia. co. uk. • Zhang, W., Ricketts, T.H., Kremen, C., Carney, K. and Swinton, S.M., 2007. Ecosystem services and dis-services to agriculture. Ecological economics, 64(2), pp.253-260. • Bennett, E.M., Peterson, G.D. and Gordon, L.J., 2009. Understanding relationships among multiple ecosystem services. Ecology letters, 12(12), pp.1394-1404. • Carpenter, S.R., Mooney, H.A., Agard, J., Capistrano, D., DeFries, R.S., Díaz, S., Dietz, T., Duraiappah, A.K., Oteng-Yeboah, A., Pereira, H.M. and Perrings, C., 2009. Science for managing ecosystem services: Beyond the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 106(5), pp.1305-1312.