Effect of climate change on predatory lady bird beetle and their potential impact on bio-control.pptx
- 1. WELCOME
- 2. Topic- “Effect of climate change on predatory lady bird beetle and their potential impact on bio-control” Presented By - Ashutosh Singh Aman M.Sc.(Ag.) Entomology Department of Entomology
- 3. Presentation- Outline…. Introduction of lady bird beetle. Types of lady bird beetle. Brief biology of lady bird beetle. Where to find ladybugs ? Use of lady bird beetle in biological control. Commercial availability of ladybugs. Potential impact of lady bird beetle on Bio-control. Case studies Conclusion References
- 4. Introduction As knowledge about insects increased, the name became extended to all its relatives, members of the beetle family Coccinellidae. Ladybird is a name that has been used in England for more than 600 years for the European beetle Coccinella septempunctata. In the USA, the name ladybird are popularly Americanized to ladybugs, although these insects are beetles, not bugs. Coccinellidae are the family of beetles belonging to the superfamily Cucujoidea, which in turn belongs to the series Cucujiformia within the suborders Polyphaga of the beetles. The lady bird beetle is a natural predator which has great contribution in biological control. It has long oval and dome shaped and variously coloured body, hemispherical in shape.
- 5. The abiotic parameters are known to have direct impact on insect population dynamics and direct and indirect impact on Coccinellids through modulation of developmental rates, survival, fecundity, parasitism and dispersal. Seven-spotted ladybird beetles are predaceous on various types of aphids (rose aphid, green peach aphid, green bug aphid and green mustard aphid), mealy bugs, sugarcane aleyrodid, citrus psyllid, mites and sorghum stem borer, Chilo partellus. The predator has high potential of predation both in the immature as well as adult stage (Shepard, 1998).
- 6. Types of Lady birdbeetle 1. Two spotted Ladybird beetle - Adalia bipunctata 2. Twice stabbed Ladybird beetle - Chilocurus stigma 3. seven spotted Ladybird beetle - Coccinella septempunctata 4. Pink spot Ladybird beetle - Coleomegilla muculata 5. Mealy bug destroyer Ladybird beetle - Cryptolaemus montrouzieri 6. Multicolored Asian Ladybird beetle - Harmonia axyridis 7. Convergent Ladybird beetle - Hippodamia convergens 8. Spider mid destroyer Ladybird beetle - Stetspphorus spp.
- 8. Taxonomic Position Kingdom - Animalia Phylum-Arthropods Class - Insecta Order- Coleoptera Sub Order- Polyphaga Superfamily- Cucujoidea Family- Coccinellidae
- 9. Biology The ladybird beetle belongs to the family coccinellidae of order coleoptera. The members of the family are exclusively predator on aphids, mealybugs, scale-insects, whiteflies, thrips, leafhoppers, mites and other small soft bodied insect pests. Average length and breadth of larvae are. 41 ± 0.16 and 0.42 ± 0.02 mm, respectively. Average width of head capsule is 0.25 ± 0.02 mm. Mean length and breadth of pupae are 3.88 ± 0.19 mm and 2.30 ± 0.45 mm, respectively. Number of eggs laid by an individual female of ladybird beetle ranged from 195 to maximum 839 eggs with a mean of 382 ± 163.17 eggs. A female's fecundity under 25 °C temperature is about 400 eggs. the range is 200-700 eggs, on average 9 eggs/day.
- 10. Cannibalism in ladybird beetle
- 13. Eggs Usually located near colonies of insect they eat. May be mistaken for egg of some pest beetle such as Colorado potato beetle, Mexican bean beetle and squash beetle. Tiny, bright yellow – orange, spindle shaped eggs laid upright in cluster of 5-30.
- 14. Larvae Look completely different from adults, being flattened and tapered. Alligator like body structure. Up to ¼ inch long. Usually dark coloured (Black) with orange or yellow markings. Many species have short bristles on some part of the body. Three prominent pairs of legs. Larva are very active, creeping about quickly as they hunt for prey
- 15. Pupa The pupae is the size of an adult ladybird however, it is all wrapped up at this stage of the metamorphosis. The wrapping protects the pupae while it undergoes the final stage of metamorphosis into the adult stage. This last stage only takes a few days.
- 16. Adult Vary in size but average ¼ to 3/8 inch long. Typically round or oval and convex in shape. Bright and varied colours ranging from black to pink yellow or red with or without spots on wings
- 17. Where to find ? Found on many plants through out the garden and landscape. Found where abundant of its prey and alternative foods are available, feeding on soft bodies insects or flowering plants . Look especially on leaf undersides. Garden crops on which lady beetles are commonly found includes potatoes, sweet corn, peas, cole crops, tomatoes and asparagus.
- 18. Use of Ladybird beetle in Biological Control Most species of ladybirds are considered beneficial because they are predators of Homoptera or Acarina, many of which are considered to be pests. One type of biological control is thus called manipulative biological control (of which a subset is conservation biological control). A second type of biological control isaugmentative biological control. A third type of biological control is classical or inoculative biological control.
- 20. CommercialAvailability 1. Cryptolaemus montrouzieri - Mealybug destroyer (mealybugs on citrus, ornamentals, and vegetables, and in greenhouses and interior - scapes). 2. Delphastus catalinae - Whitefly predator (greenhouse, banded-winged, sweet potato, woolly, azalea, hibiscus, cloudywinged, citrus and rhododendron whiteflies on ornamentals, vegetables, fruit, and citrus, and in greenhouses and interior - scapes). 3. Rhyzobius lophanthae - (also called Lindorus lophanthae) hard and soft scales and mealybugs on ornamentals. 4. Hippodamia convergens- Ladybeetle (aphids, scales and thrips, in citrus, ornamentals, fruits and vegetables, and in greenhouses and interior - scapes). This species occurs in Florida but there still is a potential problem - some suppliers do not rear the beetles but collect overwintering adults from the mountains of eastern California - these overwintering adult beetles (a) may be heavily parasitized and many may die, and (b) may be programmed at the end of the winter to end the hibernation by flying west (which may do you no good if they all take to flight and leave your property).
- 21. What is climate change ? Global climate change is a change in the long-term weather patterns that characterize the regions of the world. It is evident from increase in global average temperature, changes in the rainfall pattern and extreme climatic events. Being poikilothermic in nature insects are greatly affected by changing temperature. Insect will experience additional life cycles with rapid growth rate. As a result of changes in the population dynamics including distribution and migration the reliability on current insect pest ETL will be reduced. Increased insect pests outbreak will affect agricultural production.
- 22. How climate change show impact on biology Other insects Life cycle of Aphis gossypii Glover ranges from 20- 22 days at 10-25 °C, but at 30 °C. it will take only 6- 9 days to complete the life cycle. In the cricket, Gryllus texensis, 6 days of elevated temperatures resulted in increased egg laying, faster egg development and greater mass gain. Global climate change is projected to increase temperature of the upper soil (0–5 cm) by 1.6– 3.4 °C, which is likely to have several effects on soil insects such as Sitona spp, root weevils that are important in lentil in West Asia. Higher temperatures could speed up egg development, resulting in more than one generation per year of the pest (Scott et al., 2010). Lady bird beetle Coccinella spp. an important lady bird beetle in the Sub- Himalayan region of north –east India are found very active on different insect pest of brinjal through out the year and its population are recorded higher (4.87 coccinella/plant) during March – April declined gradually. Coccinella incidence showed significant positive correlation with maximum temperature where as with minimum and mean temperature and rainfall correlation are negative but non significant. Coccinella lady bird beetle population found higher (3-5/plant) during 3rd and 4th week of july in active vegetative growth of the crop. Adult and larval Adalia bipunctata, Coccinella septempunctata and Harmonia axyridis would consume more aphid biomass per body weight at rising temperature and would gain more body weight at rising temperature.
- 24. Effect on predatory potential Lower foliar nitrogen content due to CO2 causes an increase in food con- sumption by the herbivores up to 40% (Sharma et al., 2010). For instance, cotton is attacked by aphids, Aphis gossypii, which are in turn attacked by the ladybird beetle. Under elevated CO2, cotton aphid survival significantly increased but ladybird larval development took significantly longer time (Gao et al., 2009). The coccinellid predator, Leis axyridis Pallas (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), of an aphid herbivore, Aphis gossypii Glover (Hemiptera: Aphididae), consumed more prey under conditions of higher CO2 (Chen et al., 2005). Chen et al. (2007).
- 25. Effect on inter-specific population interaction First, insects generally have a minimum temperature required for development, and this development threshold can differ between bio-control agents and their hosts. When the threshold is lower in the host than in the enemy, then pest suppression should increase with warming (GTR declines). If the thermal development threshold is higher in the host than in the enemy, then warming may reduce pest suppression (GTR increases). While the GTR has been shown to be a strong predictor of prey suppression by predators (Kindlmann and Dixon, 1999), the theory has also been applied to parasitoid-host systems (Mills, 2006)
- 26. Effect on parasitism The life of a developing parasitoid depends on suppressing or fooling the host’s immune system. Studies suggest that higher temperatures increase the probability that a host will kill its parasitoid. Parasitism of the caterpillar Spodoptera littoralis by the parasitoid Microplitis rufiventris is less at 27°C (80.6°F) than at 20°C (68°F) (Thomas and Blanford 2003). Natural enemies of the spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana, are less effective at higher temperatures (Harrington et al. 2001).
- 27. Effect on coloration Insect coloration is the phenomenon of adoption to maintain the heat. Basically darker colors are employed to absorb the heat and paler colors to avoid or reduce the heating. Scientists have noticed that warming climate is changing ladybugs of the coast of Netherlands from black to red. Red reflects more energy hence ladybugs stay cool. The difference between red and black in ladybugs is only one protein, so as far as genetic adaptations concerns, it’s an easy switch.
- 28. How Climate change effect our abilities to manage pest ? Climate change may also indirectly affect insect herbivores; for example, excessive heat or drought create stress on trees and lower their defence, making them less resistant to insect attacks (Ayres, 1993). Casteel et al. (2009) reported that global warming could cause another deleterious effect in the form of deactivation of some genes responsible for the production of volatile substances that are used by plants to attract the natural enemies of the herbivorous insects. Vuorinen et al., (2004) reported that, in cabbage elevated CO2 level decreased the emission of Jasmonic acid regulated terpene volatiles that reduced the searching efficiency of the parasitoid, Cotesia plutellae.
- 29. Combined effects of temperature and CO2 on natural enemy increased temperature allow moths (leaf miner) to develop a lot more quickly, but increased CO2 causes the nutritional qualities in the leaves to change, which results in smaller adult moths and lower rate of survival in the adults. In other words, when considering climate change, we must also consider that some factors may balance each other out.
- 30. Effects of the winter temperature regime on survival of lady bird beetle The warm winter regime increased the survival rate and body mass loss and reduced post-winter starvation resistance compared to those of the ladybirds in the cold winter regime. The winter survival of the laboratory-reared beetles are much lower than that of the field-collected beetles. The laboratory-reared beetles also lost a larger proportion of their body mass and had reduced post-winter starvation resistance. Winter survival are similar between the females and males, but compared to the males, the females lost a smaller proportion of their body mass and had better post-winter starvation resistance.
- 32. Potential impact of ladybird beetle on bio- control Results revealed that aphids were slightly more preferred (53.8%) as compared to mealy bugs (46.2%) when both were exposed together to adult of Coccinella septempunctata in free choice test. In no choice test, when aphids and mealy bugs were fed individually to Coccinella septempuctata, the predation of mealy bugs are 80 per cent after 24 hours; however it increased to 84.7 per cent after 96 hours. The overall mealy bugs consumption varied from 24.0 ± 0.77 to 25.40 ± 0.98 per day. The mean number of aphids consumed the predator varied from 26.00 ± 0.81 to 28.00 ± 0.71 per day and the percent predation are 88.7 per cent after 24 hours and it increased to 93.3 per cent after 96 hours.
- 33. Larval development of C. sexmaculata are long when fed on M. persicae (12.18 days) and shorter on D. noxia (10.64 days). The male’s lifespan are longer on M. persicae (26.70 days) and shorter on L. erysimi (23.67 days). Fecundity are maximum when the beetle are fed D. noxia (316.8 eggs/female) and minimum on M. persicae (199.1 eggs/female). Female beetle devour more aphid as compare to male, the 4th instar grub prefer more aphid than any other larval instar. Feeding efficiency of lady bird beetle revealed that individual grub required 610.25 aphids for completion of larval development.
- 34. Case Study - 1 Global climate change is a change in the long-term weather patterns that characterize the regions of the world. It is evident from increase in global average temperature, changes in the rainfall pattern and extreme climatic events. The abiotic parameters are known to have direct impact on insect population dynamics and direct and indirect impact on biocontrol agents through modulation of developmental rates, survival, fecundity, parasitism and dispersal. Climate change will also reduce the effectiveness of host plant resistance; transgenic plants used for pest management. Hence, there is a need to generate information on the likely effects of climate change on natural enemies to develop robust technologies that will be effective in future pest management strategies.
- 35. Results revealed that aphids were slightly more preferred (53.8%) as compared to mealy bugs (46.2%) when both were exposed together to adult of Coccinella septumpunctata in free choice test. In no choice test, when aphids and mealy bugs were fed individually to Coccinella septumpuctata, the predation of mealy bugs are 80 per cent after 24 hours; however it increased to 84.7 pecent after 96 hours. The overall mealy bugs consumption varied from 24.0 ± 0.77 to 25.40 ± 0.98 per day. The mean number of aphids consumed the predator varied from 26.00 ± 0.81 to 28.00 ± 0.71 per day and the per cent predation are 88.7 per cent after 24 hours and it increased to 93.3 per cent after 96 hours. Case study - 2
- 36. Conclusion Effect of climate change is more in temperate areas; it can affect the range expansion, host and enemy synchrony and inter-specific competition. Among the various abiotic factors, temperature is an important force to drive the natural enemy population. It can cause the direct effects like survival, growth and development, voltinism, longevity, parasitism and dispersal of natural enemies. Adverse effects of climate change on the activity and effectiveness of natural enemies will be a major concern in future pest management programs. The CO2 cause indirect effect through host nutrient alteration and it has both positive and negative effects. Therefore, there is a need to have a concerted look at the likely effects of climate change on crop protection and long-term conservation bio control agents, which need greater attention to understand and address these issues through more research.
- 37. References Schwarz, T. and Frank, T. 2019. Aphid feeding by lady beetles: higher consumption at higher temperature. BioControl, 64:323–332. Selvaraj, S., Ganeshamoorthi, P. and Pandiaraj, T. 2013. Potential impacts of recent climate change on biological control agents in agro-ecosystem. International Journal of Biodiversity and Conservation. Vol. 5(12), pp. 845-852. Kambrekar, D. N., Guledgudda, S. S., Katti, A. and Kumar, M. 2015. Impact of climate change on insect pests and their natural enemies. Karnataka J. Agric. Sci. Special. Issue, 28(5): (814-816). Sable, M.G. and Rana, D.K. 2016. Impact of global warming on insect behavior. Agricultural Reviews, 37(1) : 81-84.
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