Embedded system

Embedded System Processor
Submitted to
Dr. Ritula Thakur
(NITTTR CHD)
Submitted by
Jawahar Lal (151506)
Kauleshwar Pandey (151507)
Tsering Sangdup (151520)
Vikas Singh (151521)
Vinod Srivastava (151522)
1

CONTENTS
 System
 Embedded System
 Processor
 Components of embedded system
 Hardware
 Features
 Languages for programming
 Classification
 Embedded system constraints
 Applications
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System
 A system is a way of working, organizing or doing
one or many tasks according to a fixed plan,
program or set of rules.
 A system is also an arrangement in which all its
units assemble and work together according to the
plan or program.
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4SYSTEM EXAMPLES
WATCH
It is a time display SYSTEM
Parts: Hardware, Needles, Battery, Dial,
Chassis and Strap
Rules
1.All needles move clockwise only
2.A thin needle rotates every second
3.A long needle rotates every minute
4.A short needle rotates every hour
5.All needles return to the original position after 12 hours

5
WASHING MACHINE
It is an automatic clothes washing SYSTEM
Parts: Status display panel, Switches & Dials, Motor, Power supply &
control unit, Inner water level sensor and solenoid valve.
Rules
1.Wash by spinning
2.Rinse
3.Drying
4.Wash over by blinking
5.Each step display the process stage
6.In case interruption, execute only the remaining

6EMBEDDED SYSTEM
Definition: An Embedded System is one that has computer
hardware with software embedded in it as one of its
important components.
SOFTWARE PROGRAM
#include <16f876a.h>
#use delay (clock=20000000)
#byte PORTB=6
main()
{
set_tris_b(0);
portb=255; //decimal
delay_ms(1000);
portb=0x55; //hexadecimal
delay_ms(1000);
portb=0b10101010; //binary
delay_ms(500);
}
Its software embeds in
ROM (Read Only
Memory). It does not
need secondary memories
as in a computer
HARDWARE

Processor
 A Processor is the heart of the Embedded System.
 An embedded processor is a microprocessor that is used in
an embedded system.
 For an embedded system designer knowledge of
microprocessor and microcontroller is a must.
Two Essential Units: Operations
Control Unit (CU), Fetch
Execution Unit (EU) Execute
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8
Microprocessor Microcontroller
CPU is stand alone, RAM,ROM, I/O & timer
are separate.
CPU, RAM,ROM, I/O & timer all are on
single chip.
Designer can decide amount of RAM,ROM,
& I/O ports.
Fixed amount of on-chip RAM,ROM, & I/O
ports.
High processing power Low processing power
High power consumption Low power consumption
Typically 32/64 bit 8/16 bit
General purpose Single purpose(control oriented)
Less reliable Highly reliable
Eg.- 8086,8085 8051

Few Examples of Embedded
system

Components of Embedded System
 It has Hardware
Processor, Timers, Interrupt controller, I/O Devices, Memories, Ports,
etc.
 It has main Application Software
Which may perform concurrently the series of tasks or multiple tasks.
 It has Real Time Operating System (RTOS)
RTOS defines the way the system work. Which supervise the application
software. It sets the rules during the execution of the application
program. A small scale embedded system may not need an RTOS.
13

BLOCK DESCRIPTION OF THE
SYSTEM
SENSORS
CONTROL
UNIT
ACTUATOR

Features of an embedded
system
 Single-functioned
 Executes a single program, repeatedly
 Tightly-constrained
 Low cost, low power, small, fast, etc.
 Life threatening
 24/7/365
 Reactive and real-time
 Continually reacts to changes in the system’s
environment
 Must compute certain results in real-time without delay

Future of Embedded
processors
 Embedded processor account for 100% worldwide
microprocessor production
 Microprocessor production
Embedded:Desktop=100:1
 Embedded processors in a house 40-50(approx)
 Embedded processors in a modern car 50-60

Languages for Programming
Embedded Systems
 Assembly language was the pioneer for
programming embedded systems till recently.
 Nowadays there are many more languages to
program these systems. Some of the languages are
C, C++, Ada, Forth, and Java together with its
new enhancement J2ME.
 The majority of software for embedded systems is
still done in C language.
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 Recent survey indicates that approximately 45%
of the embedded software is still being done in C
language.
 C++ is also increasing its presence in embedded
systems. As C++ is based on C language, thus
providing programmer the object oriented
methodologies to reap the benefits of such an
approach.
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 C is very close to assembly programming and it
allows very easy access to underlying hardware.
 A huge number of high quality compilers and
debugging tools are available for the C language.
 Though C++ is theoretically more efficient than
C, but some of its compilers have bugs due to the
huge size of the language.
 These compilers may cause a buggy execution.
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Classifications of Embedded System
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Real-time Systems
 Embedded systems in which some specific work
has to be done in a specific time period are called
real-time systems.
 Real time embedded systems are classified into
two types such as soft and hard real time systems.

Stand Alone Embedded Systems
 Stand alone embedded systems do not require a host system
like a computer, it works by itself.
 It takes the input from the input ports either analog or digital
and processes, calculates and converts the data and gives the
resulting data through the connected device-Which either
controls, drives and displays the connected devices.
 Examples:- mp3 players, digital cameras, video game
consoles, microwave ovens and temperature measurement
systems.
24

Networked Embedded Systems
 These types of embedded systems are related to a network to
access the resources.
 The connected network can be LAN, WAN or the internet.
 Example:- home security system wherein all sensors are
connected and run on the protocol TCP/IP
25

Mobile Embedded Systems
 Mobile embedded systems are used in portable embedded devices
like cell phones, mobiles, digital cameras, mp3 players and
personal digital assistants, etc.
 The basic limitation of these devices is the other resources and
limitation of memory.
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Small Scale Embedded System
 Single 8 bit or 16bit Microcontroller.
 Little hardware and software complexity.
 They may even be battery operated.
 Usually “C” is used for developing these system.
 The need to limit power dissipation when system is running
continuously.
 Examples:- digital watches
Programming tools:
Editor, Assembler and Cross Assembler
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Medium Scale Embedded System
 Single or few 16 or 32 bit microcontrollers or
Digital Signal Processors (DSP) or Reduced
Instructions Set Computers (RISC).
 Both hardware and software complexity.
 Examples:- Ipod’s
Programming tools:
C, C++, java, RTOS, Source code
Engineering Tool, Simulator, Debugger and
Integrated Development Environment (IDE).
28

Sophisticated Embedded
System
 It uses more than 32 bit microcontroller.
 Enormous hardware and software complexity
 Which may need scalable processor or configurable processor and
programming logic arrays.
 Constrained by the processing speed available in their hardware units.
 Examples:-washing machine
Programming Tools:
For these systems may not be readily available at a reasonable
cost or may not be available at all. A compiler or retargetable compiler
might have to br developed for this.
29

Embedded System Constraints
An embedded system is software designed to keep in
view three constraints:
 Available system memory
 Available processor speed
 The need to limit the power dissipation
When running the system continuously in cycles of wait
for events, run, stop and wakeup.

31
•Household appliances:
Microwave ovens, Television, DVD
Players & Recorders
•Audio players
•Integrated systems in aircrafts and
missiles
•Cellular telephones
•Electric and Electronic Motor
controllers
•Engine controllers in automobiles
•Calculators
• Medical equipments
•Videogames
•Digital musical instruments, etc.
Applications

References
 http://mvn.edu.in/mvnlms/mod/book/view.php
?id=1394
 http://www.slideshare.net/ritula21/8051-
microcontroller-46719420?qid=5fa72032-
2f52-49c0-b59f-
e66a3cace46f&v=&b=&from_search=1
 http://www.engineersgarage.com/tutorials/diff
erence-between-microprocessor-and-
microcontroller
32

Embedded system

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