Enhancing Heat Transfer Efficiency: Nanofluid Integration in Diverse Systems and Coiled Heat Exchangers Using L9 Orthogonal Array

International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056
Volume: 10 Issue: 11 | Nov 2023 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072
© 2023, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 8.226 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 645
Enhancing Heat Transfer Efficiency: Nanofluid Integration in Diverse
Systems and Coiled Heat Exchangers Using L9 Orthogonal Array
Abhishek Krishna1, Dr. Ajay Singh2, Dr. Parag Mishra3
1Scholar, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Radharaman Institute of Technology and Science, Bhopal, M.P.,
INDIA
2 Head and Prof., Department of Mechanical Engineering, Radharaman Institute of Technology and Science,
Bhopal, M.P., INDIA
3 Associate Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Radharaman Institute of Technology and Science,
Bhopal, M.P., INDIA
---------------------------------------------------------------------***---------------------------------------------------------------------
Abstract - The utilization of heat exchangers and nanofluids
for improved heat transfer is the main topic of this paper
discussion of research on heat exchange and thermal
performance in diverse systems. The research investigates the
effects of nanofluids on cooling tower-based central air
conditioning systems, car radiators, and vapor compression
refrigeration systems. The studies also look into the usage of
nanofluids in shell and helical coiled tube heatexchangers, the
optimization of helix coiled tube heat exchangers, and the
impact of turbulators. The effects of inclination angle and
cross-sectional form in helical coiled tubes are also
investigated. This work compares the effectiveness and
thermal properties, including heat transfer rate, convective
heat transfer coefficient, logarithmic mean temperature
difference (LMTD), and convective heat transfer coefficient,
between a shell and tube heat exchanger and a helical coil
using computational fluid dynamics (CFD). The heat transfer
fluid in the study is nanofluid, and helical coils with varying
sweep angles (10, 20, and 30) are designed. ANSYS software is
used in the computational process to virtually build a double
helical coiled tubeheatexchanger utilizingdimensions derived
from experimental data. The cold fluid is pumped via copper
tubes with different mass flow rates and specific
characteristics. The outcomes of experiments are used to
validate the virtual model. Then, using established formulas, a
nanofluid is added and its characteristics are computed. A
number of response variables and factors, such as heat
transfer rate, LMTD, overall heat transfercoefficient, andheat
exchanger effectiveness, are used to compare the outcomes.
Surfactants are added to the nanofluid to provide stability,
and the volume fraction is set at 0.75%. The number of
experiments and parameters are determined usingadesignof
experiments technique with the L9 orthogonal array. The
study investigates the possible advantagesofutilizingahybrid
nanofluid in a double helix coiled heat exchanger. This
method's result is dependent on a number of variables, suchas
heat exchanger design, operating conditions, and nanofluid
properties. Improved temperature uniformity, increased heat
transfer, a bigger heat transfer surface, andtheuseofTaguchi
orthogonal arrays to add randomizationtotheexperiments—
which leads to more reliable results—arepossibleadvantages.
Enhancing thermal performanceinenergyconversionsystems
and solar air heating, as well as advancing energyefficiencyin
a variety of industrial applications, are possible outcomes of
this research.
Key Words: Double Helically coiled heat exchanger;
Nanofluids; Hybrid nanofluid; CFD analysis, Heat
transfer coefficient.
1.INTRODUCTION
The incorporation of nanofluids into heat exchange systems
is a viable avenue for improvingheattransferefficiency.This
study does a thorough investigation, examiningtheeffectsof
nanofluids on various systems, such as vehicle radiators,
refrigerators, and central air conditioning. In particular, it
explores the use of nanofluids in novel helical coil designs as
well as conventional shell and tube heat exchangers.
This research practically models double helix coiled tube
heat exchangers using computational fluid dynamics (CFD)
and ANSYS software, correlating the results with empirical
data. The implications of heat transfer rates, convective
coefficients, and general thermal properties are carefully
examined in relation to nanofluids, which act as the heat
transfer medium.
This study systematically assesses the benefits of hybrid
nanofluids in these heat exchange systems by using
surfactants for stability and using design of experiments
approaches, such as the L9 orthogonal array. The ultimate
goal is to open doors for increased heat transfer rates,
increased heat exchange surfaces, and improved
temperature uniformity, which will raise thermal
performance in a variety of energy conversion systems and
industrial applications.
Through negotiating the complex interactions between
design parameters, operational environment, and nanofluid
dynamics, this study aims to promote improvements in
thermal efficacy and energy efficiency in many industrial
contexts.

2. LITERATURE SURVEY
M. Salem Ahmed et al. [1] The performance of a vapor
compression refrigeration system using nanofluids (Al2O3,
TiO2, and a hybrid of Al2O3/TiO2) in a chilled water air
conditioning unit was experimentally investigated. The
experimental results showed that the nanofluid with
Al2O3/H2O had a higher coefficient of performance and a
lower elapsed time for cooling the fluid compared to
TiO2/H2O, with lower compression ratio and higher
refrigeration effect. Experiments evaluated the performance
of a chilled water air conditioning system using hybrid
nanofluids with Al2O3 and TiO2 nanoparticles, which
improved thermal conductivity and heat transfer potential.
The coefficient of performance increased by 24.2% with the
use of hybrid nanofluids compared to pure water, reducing
the time to reach desired temperature. Elsaid et. al. [2] A
study was conducted in Cairo, Egypt to optimizethedesignof
vehicle radiators under hot arid climate conditions.
Parameters such as nanoparticle concentrations, fluid type,
and mass flow ratewere examined.Cobaltoxide-basedwater
showed higher thermal performance than alumina, with a
higher performance index observed at lower concentration
ratios and higher Reynolds numbers. The addition of EG
decreased the Nusseltnumberandincreasedpumpingpower
compared to pure water. Gomaa et al. [3] The study
investigates the performanceof a triple concentric-tubeheat
exchanger with rib inserts, finding that the insertion of ribs
enhances convective heat transfer, with higher performance
at higher rib pitch and lower rib height. Empirical
expressions are predicted based on the obtained data.
Alimoradi et al [4] The study investigates the exergy
efficiency of forced convection heat transfer in shell and
helically coiled tube heat exchangers, finding that efficiency
decreases with increasing fluids temperaturedifference,and
develops a correlation to predict efficiency based on various
parameters, concluding that coils with more turns and
smaller diameter are more efficient. Alimoradi et al [5] The
study investigated the impact of operationalandgeometrical
factors on the thermal effectiveness of shell and helically
coiled tube heat exchangers, finding that the effectiveness is
consistently 12.6% lower than parallel flow heat exchangers
for the same conditions. Alimoradi et al [6] The study
investigates the impact of variousgeometricalparameterson
heat transfer and entropy generation in shell and helically
coiled tube heat exchangers, identifying critical and optimal
values to minimize and maximize the heat transfer rate per
entropy generation. Wang C et al [7] The intelligent
optimization design of a helically coiled tube heat exchanger
is proposed, which increases heat flux and heat transfer rate
by 110% and 101% respectively, and provides an automatic
solution for optimizing various heat exchangers while
considering pressure drop constraints. Maghrabie et al [8]
Experimental study and sensitivity analysis conducted on a
shell and helically coiled tube heat exchanger (SHCTHE)
showed that the effectiveness of SHCTHE is higher in the
vertical direction compared to the horizontal direction.
Maintaining the SHCTHE in the vertical directionreducesthe
coil pressure drop compared to the horizontal direction.
Changing the direction of SHCTHE fromhorizontaltovertical
enhances the performance evaluation criteria (PEC). Panahi
d et al [9] The present study investigates the use of a helical
wire turbulator insidea shell and coiled tubeheatexchanger.
The fabrication method of the helically coiled tube with the
turbulator and its effects on thermal and frictional
characteristics are discussed. Experiments were conducted
with water and air as the fluid in the coiled tube, both with
and without the turbulator. The results showed that the
turbulator significantly increased the overall heat transfer
coefficient and pressure drop. Various parameters such as
heat transfer coefficient, pressure drop, effectiveness, and
NTU were evaluated and discussed. Raghulnath et al [10]
The performance of a heat exchanger is evaluated based on
various factors such as heat transfer coefficients, Reynolds
number,Nusseltnumber,temperaturedistribution,residence
time, and pressure drop. The use of helical coils and
turbulators can improve the heat transfer coefficient and
increase turbulence in the fluid flow, resulting in better
performance. However, increasing the mass flow rate of the
cold fluid above the hot fluid can decrease the overall
performance of the heat exchanger. Tuncer et al [11] Shell
and helically coiled tubeheat exchangersarecommonlyused
in various applications such as refrigeration, heat recovery,
and chemical processing. Enhancing the effectivenessofheat
exchangers can improve the overall efficiency of energy
conversion systems. A new modification involving the
integration of a hollow tube into the shell side of the heat
exchanger has been proposed to regulate fluid flow and
improve thermal energy transfer. Numerical simulation and
experimental analysis showed successful design and
performance of the modified heat exchanger, with heat
transfer coefficients ranging from1600-3150W/m2Konthe
shell side and 5700-13,400 W/m2 K on the coil side. Rahimi
et al [12] The experimental investigation of a shell and tube
heat storage unit (HSU) with a spiral tube filled with phase
change material (PCM) shows that increasing the Stefan
number accelerates the melting process and decreases the
total melting time, while increasing the coil diameter
decreases the total melting time and increases the final
average temperature of the PCM, as well as the absorbed
energy by the PCM. Kumar etal[13]Thepaperexaminesthe
effectiveness and energy actions of Shell and Coil heat
exchangers in industries, specifically focusing on three
different coil configurations and their flow attributes. The
study uses Ansys Fluent software to simulate different
working operations and concludes that the shell-helical coil
heat exchanger arrangement is the preferred option, while
the slinky coil can be used for enhanced heat transfer
conditions if total pressure drop is not a performance
measuring parameter. Elsaid et al [14] The study
investigates the heat and flow characteristics of hybrid and
single nanoparticles-based water passing through a triple
ribbed tube heat exchanger (TRTHE). Computational fluid
dynamics (CFD) modeling is used to analyze the system, and

the results are validated with experimental data and
empirical correlations. The findings show that the hybrid
nanofluid of Al2O3+MWCNT/H2O has a higher heat transfer
rate compared to single nanofluids, and a lower rib louver
width with semi-circular rib geometry improves the Nusselt
number and effectiveness of theTRTHE.Abdelazizetal[15]
The paper examines the effectiveness and energy actions of
Shell and Coil heat exchangers in industries, specifically
focusing on three different coil configurations and their flow
attributes. The study uses Ansys Fluent software to simulate
different working operations and concludes that the shell-
helical coil heat exchanger arrangement is the preferred
option, while the slinky coil can be used for enhanced heat
transfer conditions if total pressure drop is not a
performance measuring parameter.
2.1 Summary of Literature Survey
The collection of studies investigates various aspects of heat
exchangers' performance and optimization. Experimental
analyses and simulations explore factors such as
nanoparticle-enhanced fluids, geometric modifications, and
turbulators within different types of heat exchangers.
Findings reveal improved thermal performance, efficiency
enhancements, and optimal configurations for diverse
industrial applications.
2.2 Problem Identification
Use of helical coil in the shell and tube heat exchanger or
double tube heat exchanger involves very thin elements and
manufacturing and designingof thin elements requiredlotof
precision. Insteadofusinghelicalcoilinsideaheatexchanger,
we can use double helical coiled tube heat exchanger. It
makes the flow more turbulent, which further increases the
heat transfer rate and convective heat transfer coefficient.
In the present article, we can add up design of experiment
and ANOVA techniques for the verification and optimization
of the data.
Use of hybrid nanofluid, for more enhancement
3. ORTHOGONAL ARRAY
An orthogonal array is a mathematical construct used in
experimental design to efficiently test the effect of multiple
factors on a system. It's a structured matrix that helps in
planning experiments by systematically varying factors
across different levels to study their impact on the output or
response variable. Orthogonal arrays ensure a balanced and
efficient way of examining combinations of factors, reducing
the number of experimentalrunsneededwhilestillcapturing
essential interactions between variables.
1. Factors: These are the variablesorinputsthatresearchers
manipulateor controlinanexperimenttoobservetheireffect
on the outcome or response variable. Factors can be things
like temperature, time,dosage,oranyothervariablethatmay
influence the system being studied.
2. Levels: Each factor can have different settings or values
called levels. These levels represent the specificvariationsor
different conditions at which the factor is set during the
experiment. For example, if the factor is temperature, the
levels could be low, medium, and high temperatures.
4. METHODOLOGY
1. A doubly helical coiled tube heat exchanger is virtually
designed in ANSYS software, 2022 version. The
dimensions of the heat exchanger are as per the
experimental base paper.
2. The inner tube has an inner diameter of 5.5 mm and
outer diameter of 6.5 mm, whereas the shell is made of
inner diameter of 11mm.
3. The material used for both the tubes are copper with its
standard properties at given temperature. The inlet
temperature of cold fluid is kept at 303K and inlet
temperature of hot fluid is kept at 343K. The mass flow
rate of hot fluid flowing through the annuus of both the
tubes is kept constantat a value of0.35kg/s,whereasthe
mass flow rate of cold fluid flowing through the annulus
is varied from 0.40kg/s, 0.45kg/s, 0.50kg/s, and
0.55kg/s respectively.
4. The initial readings of thisvirtualmodelisvalidatedwith
experimental results of our base paper.Thewater-water
heat exchanger results are calculated, and data is
presented forheat transferrate,effectiveness,andLMTD
values.
5. A Nano-Fluid is defined in virtual software whose
properties are calculated based on standard formulasas
mentioned ahead. The cold water flowing through
annulus is replaced by this nano fluid while keeping the
inlet temperature and its mass flow rate same. The
calculations are found forthis arrangementaswell.Also,
the nano fluid is checked for various values of volume
fraction,and the best suitablevolume fractionisusedfor
the calculations.
6. The results are compared on the basis of heat transfer
rate, LMTD, overall heat transfer coefficient and
effectiveness of heat exchanger.
7. All the inlet conditionsweretakenaccordingtoliterature
survey.
8. The volume fraction for the nanofluid was taken as 0.75
%.
9. Surfactant was added for the stability of the nano fluid.

10. Number of experiments was decided by the L9
orthogonal array using design of experiment.
11. Factors are Mass Flow rate of Cold Fluid, Mass Flow rate
of Hot Fluid, Cold Fluid Inlet temperature,andColdFluid
Inlet temperature.
12. Response are Convective heat transfer coefficient, and
rate of heat transfer
Table 1: Factors And Levels
Factors Levels
1 2 3
Mass Flow
rate of Cold
Fluid
0.5 0.55 0.6
Mass Flow
rate of Hot
Fluid
0.35 0.4 0.45
Cold Fluid
Inlet
temperature
300 303 306
Hot Fluid
Inlet
temperature
353 347 343
Table 2: Specifications of Heat Exchanger
Sr.
No.
Parameter Value in
mm
Value in
meters
1 Inside Diameter
of Copper tube
5.5 mm 0.055 m
2 Outside Diameter
of Copper tube
6.5mm 0.065 m
3 Outside Diameter
of Copper shell
11 mm 0.011 m
5 Effective Length
of Copper tube
1000mm 1 m
6 Sweep 10, 20, 30 -
Figure 1: Geometry of Heat Exchanger with 10, 20 and 30
sweep with Meshing
Table 3: L9 Orthogonal Array
Experiment
No
Column
1 2 3 4
1 1 1 1 1
2 1 2 2 2
3 1 3 3 3
4 2 1 2 3
5 2 2 3 1
6 2 3 1 2
7 3 1 3 2
8 3 2 1 3
9 3 3 2 1
5. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Table 4 shows the maximum heat transfer rate of cold fluid
for water-water and water-nanofluid with the sweep 10, 20
and 30. It is a comparison table. It clearly shows the rate of
heat transfer is increasing as the number of sweeps
increases. Also, rate of heat transfer is more in the case of
nanofluid due to high thermal properties of nanofluid.
Table 4: Maximum Heat Transfer Rate of Cold Fluid
S.No Sweep
Maximum Heat
transfer Rate
Water-Water (Cold
Fluid)
Maximum Heat
transfer Rate Water-
Nanofluid (Cold
Fluid)
1 10 5123.65 8564.89
2 20 5469.87 8896.24
3 30 6400.23 9459.82

Figure 2: Graphical representation of Maximum Heat
Transfer Rate of cold fluid for 10 sweeps, 20 sweep and 30
sweep
Table 5 shows the maximum heat transfer rate of hot fluid
for water-water and water-nanofluid with the sweep 10, 20
and 30. It is a comparison table. It clearly shows the rate of
heat transfer is increasing as the number of sweeps
increases. Also, rate of heat transfer is more in the case of
Table 5: Maximum Heat Transfer Rate of Hot Fluid
S.No Sweep
Maximum Heat
transfer Rate Water-
Water (Hot Fluid)
Maximum Heat
transfer Rate
Water-Nanofluid
(Ho Fluid)
1 10 4896.58 8897.36
2 20 4756.23 9012.25
3 30 5687.23 9578.21
Figure 3: Graphical representation of Maximum Heat
Transfer 0Rate of Hot fluid for 10 sweeps, 20 sweep and 30
sweep
Table 6: Convective Heat Transfer Coefficient of Cold Fluid
S.No Sweep
Maximum
convective heat
transfer coefficient
Water-Water (Cold
Fluid)
Maximum
convective heat
Water-Nanofluid
(Cold Fluid)
1 10 863.23 1259.82
2 20 987.65 1878.96
3 30 1154.27 2016.26
Table 6 shows the maximum convective heat transfer
coefficient of cold fluid for water-water and water-nanofluid
with the sweep 10, 20 and 30. It is a comparison table. It
clearly shows the convective heat transfer coefficient is
increasing as the number of sweeps increases. Also,
convective heat transfer coefficient is more in the case of
convective heat transfer coefficient depends on the
turbulency of the fluid. Coild increases theturbulency,hence
the convective heat transfer coefficient.
Figure 4: Graphical representation of Maximum
Convective Heat Transfer coefficient of cold fluid for 10
sweeps, 20 sweep and 30 sweep
Table 7: Convective Heat Transfer Coefficient of Hot Fluid
S.No Sweep
Maximum
convective heat
Water-Water (Hot
Fluid)
Maximum
convective heat
transfer
coefficient Water-
Nanofluid (Hot
Fluid)
1 10 598.23 637.54
2 20 689.63 1125.24
3 30 1298.62 1368.24

Table 7 shows the maximum convective heat transfer
coefficient of hot fluid for water-water and water-nanofluid
with the sweep 10, 20 and 30. It is a comparison table. It
clearly shows the convective heat transfer coefficient is
increasing as the number of sweeps increases. Also,
convective heat transfer coefficient is more in the case of
convective heat transfer coefficient depends on the
turbulency of the fluid. Coild increases theturbulency,hence
the convective heat transfer coefficient.
Figure 5 Graphical representation of Maximum Convective
Heat Transfer coefficient of hot fluid for 10 sweeps, 20
sweep and 30 sweep
Table 8: LMTD Comparison
S.No Sweep Maximum LMTD
Water-Water
Maximum
LMTD Water-
Nanofluid
1 10 47.6 49.2
2 20 48.7 50.2
3 30 49.3 50.9
Table 8 shows the comparison of LMTD for the water-water
and water-nanofluid with the sweep 10, 20, and 30. As the
sweep increases, LMTD also increases. Reason is the more
heat transfer between the fluid which directly increases the
temperature difference. Also, in the case of nanofluid, value
is high, due to the same reason. Combined effectofnanofluid
and more sweep coil gives maximum LMTD which is 50.9.
Figure 6: Graphical representation of LMTD for 10 sweeps,
20 sweep and 30 sweep
Table 9: Effectiveness Comparison
S.No Sweep
Maximum
Effectiveness
Water-Water
Maximum
Effectiveness Water-
Nanofluid
1 10 0.095 0.109
2 20 0.102 0.177
3 30 0.177 0.209
Table 9 shows the variation of effectiveness for the case of
water -water and water-nanofluid with the sweeps 10, 20
and 30. It can be clearly seen from the table 9 and figure 7,
that the effectiveness increases with the number of sweep
and with the use of nanofluid.
Figure 7: Graphical representation of effectiveness for 10
sweeps, 20 sweep and 30 sweep

A doubly helical coiled heat exchanger employing a hybrid
nanofluid offers potential benefits. Nanoparticlesinthefluid
enhance thermal conductivity, boosting heat transfer. The
unique coil design amplifies the surface area for efficient
heat exchange. Utilizing Taguchi's Orthogonal array induces
experimental randomness, ensuring reliable outcomes and
promoting temperature uniformity through increased fluid
mixing and turbulence.
Nanofluid gives more heat transfer rate and convective heat
transfer coefficient than water-water heat exchanger due to
enhanced thermal properties of nonfluid. Nanofluid with
helical coil having 30 sweep gives best thermal properties
and effectiveness due to turbulency created by the helical
coil.
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6.CONCLUSION
REFERENCES

Enhancing Heat Transfer Efficiency: Nanofluid Integration in Diverse Systems and Coiled Heat Exchangers Using L9 Orthogonal Array

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