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Erlang on OSv

Zvi Avraham
Zvi Avraham

This document discusses how to port Erlang and OTP to run on OSv without forking or executing external processes. Erlang ports allow communication with external processes but rely on forking and executing the port executable. As OSv does not support forking or execution, an alternative approach for Erlang ports is needed. Suggested approaches include using linked-in drivers written as shared objects, NIFs, or a custom in-process protocol to communicate with external processes without forking.

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$ whoami Name: Zvi Avraham E-mail: zvi@nivertech.com
/ˈkɒm. pɑː(ɹ)t. mɛntl̩. aɪˌzeɪ. ʃən/
Erlang on OSv
Physicalization • The opposite of Virtualization • dedicated machines • no virtualization overhead • no noisy neighbors – nobody stealing your CPU cycles, IOPS or bandwidth – your EC2 instance may have a Netflix “roommate” ;) • Mostly used by ARM-based public clouds • also called Bare Metal or HPC clouds
Sandbox– a virtual container in which untrusted code can be safely run
Sandbox examples: ZeroVM & AWS Lambda based on Google Native Client: A Sandbox for Portable, Untrusted x86 Native Code
Compartmentalization in terms of Virtualization Physicalization No Virtualization Virtualization HW-level Virtualization Containerization OS-level Virtualization Sandboxing Userspace-level Virtualization*
HARDWARE Cloud runs on virtual HW
Does the OS on your Cloud instance still supports floppy drive?
$ ls /dev on Ubuntu 14.04 AWS EC2 instance • 64 teletype devices? • 32 serial ports? • Sound? • VGA?
Hardware Hypervisor Guest OS Managed Runtime (JVM/BEAM) “It’s DUPLICATED on so many LAYERS” Container OSprocess* Middleware (Spring/OTP) Application + Configuration Guest Container OS Container VM
APPS We run Single App per VM
USERS We run in Single User mode
Erlang on OSv
Minimalistic Linux OSes • Embedded Linux versions • DamnSmall Linux • Linux with BusyBox
Min. Linux OSes for Containers JeOS – “Just Enough OS” • CoreOS • RancherOS • RedHat Project Atomic • VMware Photon • Intel Clear Linux • Hyper
# of Processes and Threads per OS 0 50 100 150 Ubuntu 14.04 CoreOS RancherOS OSv + CLI processes threads
What’s Unikernel? • A “library” operating system • kernel library linked with your application • A kernel that can only support one process • Single Address Space • No kernel / userspace separation • “Unikernels: Library Operating Systems for the Cloud” – http://anil.recoil.org/papers/2013-asplos-mirage.pdf
What’s Anykernel? • Programming discipline for kernel code reuse • Capabilities –NetBSD filesystems as Linux processes –User-space TCP/IP stack • “The Design and Implementation of the Anykernel and Rump Kernels”, Antti Kantee –http://book.rumpkernel.org/
Unikernel + Anykernel • Unikernels originally were designed to run on top of Hypervisor • Now combined with Anykernel / Rump kernel ideas, some unikernels, like MirageOS or LING VM can run on Bare Metal
Source: http://erlangonxen.org/http://erlangonxen.org/
Erlang on OSv
http://osv.io
Unikernel Projects Name Target MirageOS OCaml HalVM Haskell ClickOS Click DSL Clive Go (inpired by Plan 9 & CSP) Boxfuse JVM LING VM (Erlang-on-Xen) Erlang OSv POSIX*, JVM, High Performance non-POSIX API
Windows 10 & Ubuntu – are outliers 0 500000 1000000 1500000 2000000 2500000 3000000 3500000 Xen miniOS MirageOS BusyBox without kernel HalVM ClickOS LING (Erlang-on-Xen) OSv v0.20 Boxfuse DamnSmall Linux BusyBox with Linux kernel Linux Kernel 3.x.x Ubuntu 14.04 Vagrant Box Ubuntu 14.04 Server Ubuntu 14.04 Desktop Windows 10 OS min image size (in KB)
0 10000 20000 30000 40000 50000 60000 70000 80000 Xen miniOS MirageOS BusyBox without kernel HalVM ClickOS LING (Erlang-on-Xen) OSv v0.20 Boxfuse DamnSmall Linux BusyBox with Linux kernel Linux Kernel 3.x.x OS min image size (in KB) OSv is half-way between Unikernels & Linux Kernel
0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 Xen miniOS MirageOS HalVM ClickOS LING (Erlang-on-Xen) OSv v0.20 OS min image size (in KB) OSv is “fat” Unikernel or Anykernel-ish
Specialized Unikernels • Compile to very small images • Boot very fast • requires writing all code in Higher Level statically typed language, like OCaml or Haskell • Hard/impossible to port existing code • Very secure: tiny attack surface
Anykernel-ish or “fat unikernels” • Larger images (still much smaller that Linux) • Longer boot times (much faster that Linux) • Larger attack surface (much smaller that Linux) • Easier to port existing code • More pragmatic solution overall
Erlang on OSv
OSv is “Fat” Unikernel / Anykernel-ish • OSv sometimes called “fat” unikernel • since OSv images are a little bit larger than for other unikernels • It also called anykernel-ish, since it –run on top of multiple hypervisors –provide TCP/IP stack and filesystem • Small price to pay for LINUX ABI compatibility
Erlang on OSv
Capstan – Docker-like CLI for OSv $ capstan NAME: capstan - pack, ship, and run applications in light-weight VMs USAGE: capstan [global options] command [command options] [args...] VERSION: v0.1.8 COMMANDS: info show disk image information import import an image to the local repository pull pull an image from a repository rmi delete an image from a repository run launch a VM. You may pass the image name as the first arg build build an image images, i list images search search a remote images instances, I list instances stop stop an instance delete delete an instance help, h Shows a list of commands or help for one command
Download & Run OSv+CLI image $ capstan run cloudius/osv Downloading cloudius/osv/index.yaml... 170 B / 170 B [====================] 100.00 % Downloading cloudius/osv/osv.qemu.gz... 21.78 MB / 21.78 MB [==============] 100.00 % Created instance: cloudius-osv OSv v0.20 eth0: 192.168.122.15 pthread_setcancelstate() stubbed /#
Match Made in Heaven + =
Erlang on OSv
on
Containers add new layers vs Unikernels remove layers "All problems in computer science can be solved by another level of indirection“ –David Wheeler "...except for the problem of too many layers of indirection.“ –Kevlin Henney
Hardware Traditional OS BEAM Erlang on Physical Machine OSprocess* OTP Erlang / Elixir application + config
Hardware Hypervisor Traditional OS BEAM Erlang in VM OSprocess* OTP Erlang / Elixir application + config VM
Hardware Hypervisor Traditional OS BEAM Container in VM Container OSprocess* OTP Erlang / Elixir application + config Guest Container OS Container VM
Hardware Hypervisor Traditional OS BEAM Multitenancy - VM in Container in VM Container OSprocess* OTP Erlang / Elixir application + config Guest Container OS Container VM KVM
Hardware Traditional OS BEAM Container on Physical Machine Container OSprocess* OTP Erlang / Elixir application + config Guest Container OS Container
Hardware Traditional OS BEAM VM in Container on Physical Machine for Multitenancy Container OSprocess* OTP Erlang / Elixir application + config Guest Container OS Container KVM
Hardware Hypervisor OSv + BEAM Erlang on OSv OSprocess OTP Erlang / Elixir application + config VM
Hardware Hypervisor LING VM LING VM (Erlang-on-Xen) OSprocess OTP Erlang / Elixir application + config VM
Hardware LING VM LING VM on Bare Metal Singleapp OTP Erlang / Elixir application + config
Erjang – Erlang for JVM
OSv has built-in JVM support, so Erjang runs w/o porting on OSv on
$ git clone https://github.com/cloudius- systems/osv-apps $ cd osv-apps/erjang/ $ cat Capstanfile base: cloudius/osv-openjdk cmdline: > /java.so -jar erjang.jar build: ./GET files: /erjang.jar: erjang.jar
Build OSv+JVM+Erjang image $ cd osv-apps/erjang $ capstan build Building erjang... Downloading cloudius/osv- openjdk/index.yaml... 169 B / 169 B [==================] 100.00 % Downloading cloudius/osv-openjdk/osv- openjdk.qemu.gz... 74.26 MB / 74.26 MB [============] 100.00 % Uploading files... 1 / 1 [==========================] 100.00 %
$ capstan run Created instance: erjang OSv v0.20 eth0: 192.168.122.15 ** Erjang R16B01 ** [root:/~resource] [erts:5.10.2] [smp S:1 A:10] [java:1.7.0_55] [unicode] WARNING: fcntl(F_SETLK) stubbed Eshell V5.10.2 (abort with ^G) 1> lists:reverse("Hello, World!"). "!dlroW ,olleH“ 2> q(). ok
Porting a C/C++ application to OSv • A single-process application –may not fork() or exec() • Position Independent Code –recompile with –fPIC flag • Need to rebuild as a shared object (.so) –link with –shared flag • or as Position Independent Exec. (– fpie) – can run the same executable in Linux and OSv
Build OSv image with native code
Makefile
$ git clone https://github.com/cloudius- systems/capstan-example $ cd capstan-example $ cat Capstanfile base: cloudius/osv-base cmdline: /tools/hello.so build: make files: /tools/hello.so: hello.so
Build OSv + Hello World image $ capstan build Building capstan-example... Downloading cloudius/osv-base/index.yaml... 154 B / 154 B [==================] 100.00 % Downloading cloudius/osv-base/osv- base.qemu.gz... 20.13 MB / 20.13 MB [============] 100.00 % Uploading files... 1 / 1 [==========================] 100.00 %
Run OSv + Hello World image $ capstan run Created instance: capstan-example OSv v0.20 eth0: 192.168.122.15 Hello, world! $
PORTING ERLANG/OTP TO OSV
No fork() or exec() in OSv
BUT ERLANGFORKS
ERLANGPORTS Interfaces to the outside world
How Erlang Port Works Port Source: Ulf Wiger, Erlang Open Telecom Platform
fork/exec the Port executable Port External process • Erlang Port is a middleman/proxy • allow External Process to pretend to be another Erlang process • allow communication using regular Erlang message passing Source: Ulf Wiger, Erlang Open Telecom Platform
Erlang process sends msg to Port Port External process Port ! {self(), {command, [1,2,3]}} Source: Ulf Wiger, Erlang Open Telecom Platform
Port send msg to External Process Port External process Port ! {self(), {command, [1,2,3]}} A port can use a TCP, UDP, SSL socket, UNIX pipe, stdin/stdout or a custom transport Source: Ulf Wiger, Erlang Open Telecom Platform
Port rcv msg from External Process Port External process A port can use a TCP, UDP, SSL socket, UNIX pipe, stdin/stdout or a custom transport receive {Port, {data, Info}} -> ... end Source: Ulf Wiger, Erlang Open Telecom Platform
Port send msg to Erlang Process Port External process receive {Port, {data, Info}} -> ... end A port can use a TCP, UDP, SSL socket, UNIX pipe, stdin/stdout or a custom transport Source: Ulf Wiger, Erlang Open Telecom Platform
Communicating with External world In-proc Out-of-proc Custom Protocol Linked-in Drivers (.so) Ports (executable) Generic Protocol NIF (.so) C-Node
How to adapt existing Ports to OSv? • the solution was to rewrite ports using OS processes as linked-in drivers using POSIX threads • With some exceptions
Community Port of Erlang/OTP to OSv • I “ported” Erjang a year ago • I tried to port official Erlang/OTP – but quickly lost myself in the Erlang build system • Also reliance on lots of ports and shell scripts made me less optimistic • Cloudius is focused on POSIX & JVM, Erlang is not a priority • OSv mailing list discussed porting Erlang, but there was no progress
Community Port of Erlang/OTP to OSv • People who helped to port Erlang to OSv: – Yao Zheng (https://github.com/bhuztez) – Bas Wegh – Zika L'Etrange • Yao Zheng also ported following projects: – Elixir – LFE – yaws
The most important executables • erl – wrapper to erlexec • epmd – Erlang Port Mapping Daemon • heart – watchdog for BEAM (Erlang VM) • inet_gethost – native DNS resolver • osmon – mem_sup, disk_sup, cpu_sup • odbserver – ODBC connectivity Not everything ported yet.
erl • erlang.so – OSv shared object executable wrapper to erlexec • pass vm.args and other CLI parameters to erlexec
base: cloudius/osv-base cmdline: > /usr/lib64/erlang.so -env HOME / /etc/erlang/vm.args /etc/default/erlang/vm.args build: make files: /usr/lib64/erlang/: ROOTFS/usr/lib64/erlang/ /usr/lib64/erlang.so: erlang.so /etc/default/erlang/: default/ /etc/erlang/vm.args: default/vm.args
$ git clone git@github.com:cloudius- systems/osv-apps.git $ cd osv-apps/erlang $ capstan run Created instance: erlang OSv v0.20 eth0: 192.168.122.15 sched_getaffinity() stubbed Eshell V6.2 (abort with ^G) 1> lists:reverse("Hello, World!"). "!dlroW ,olleH“ 2>
epmd – Erlang Port Mapper Daemon • Option #1: use pure Erlang implementation of epmd: – https://github.com/bhuztez/noepmd – https://github.com/lemenkov/erlpmd • Option #2: run unmodified epmd as a POSIX thread, instead of a separate OS process • Option #2 was selected • Q: How epmd implemented in Erlang on RTOS like VxWorks or OSE?
inet_gethost 1> httpc:request("http://google.com"). =ERROR REPORT==== 6-May-2015::13:43:58 === Error in process <0.79.0> with exit value: {unknown,[{erlang,open_port,[ {spawn,"inet_gethost 4"}, ...
inet_gethost • Currently DNS resolving doesn’t work yet • Force to use pure-Erlang inet DNS resolver • It’s a default in Erlang on VxWorks & ENEA OSE RTOS erl -sname mynode -kernel inetrc "'./erl_inetrc'“ {edns, 0} http://www.erlang.org/doc/apps/erts/inet_cfg.html
osmon • osmon ports where modified from standalone OS processes to linked-in drivers on POSIX thread – disk_sup – mem_sup – cpu_sup is disabled since OSv lacks required API
OTP apps + BEAM + Unikernel OS • Erlang releases already may include Erlang VM • Adding a Unikernel OS to releases will make them truly self-contained!
Development process • Currently Erlang OSv port is developed as a set of patch files in Osv apps repo: – https://github.com/cloudius-systems/osv-apps • Better way would be, to make it part of Erlang/OTP official repository (just like other OSes): – https://github.com/erlang/otp
HIGH PERFORMANCE NETWORKING & I/O Why Use Unikernels?
Long time before “Erlang The Movie”. Telephone Switches worked like … Source: Erlang The Movie
Erlang on OSv
Erlang on OSv
Erlang on OSv
Worker processes Supervisors Sockets / Ports mic - send msgs headphones – rcv msgs Supervisors
Data Plane was handled by specialized HW or RTOS Source: Erlang The Movie
Erlang for both Control Plane + Data Plane • In traditional OSes like Linux, IO & TCP/IP implemented via system calls, which has kernel overhead • Many unikernels have user-space TCP/IP stack • OSv implements Van Jacobsen’s Net Channels optimization • Optimized for NFV & SDN applications • It’s already possible with LING VM • And with non-POSIX APIs in OSv
LING VM (ERLANG-ON-XEN) & ERLANG/OTP ON OSV Comparing LING VM vs Erlang on OSv
LING VM Erlang/OTP on OSv Erlang VM Custom VM (latest update from OTP – Dec 2014) Open-source Ericsson’s Erlang/OTP 17.3 State Production-grade (3.5 years) Experimental (6 months) License Proprietary (Sleepycat) BSD 3-clause SMP (threads) - + Ports - - NIFs - + (possible) HiPE - - (possible) Disable GC + -
LING VM Erlang/OTP on OSv Hypervisors Xen only KVM, Xen, VMware, VirtualBox Bare Metal Bare Metal RPi - Cloud support AWS AWS, Google Cloud Machine arch X86-64,ARM-32,MIPS X86-64, ARM-64 Min img size 9 MB 21 MB Boot time < 100 ms < 1 sec “Dockerfiles” railing Capstan Filesystem goofs (Plan9) ZFS Data Plane, NFV/SDN + possible via non- POSIX API?
Takeaways • It seems that after Docker, Unikernels are going to be “The Next Big Thing” in the Cloud • Erlang community now has 2 options to choose from - try both • Try to port your Erlang app • Try to port your favorite open-source Erlang app • But only when it makes sense! • Download OSv and help porting standard Ericsson’s Erlang/OTP to Osv • https://github.com/erlang-on-osv
Thank You! Now Q&A All images are taken from Google Image search and various other places on the Internet © Copyright of corresponding owners
Thanks! • Thanks to everybody who gave me the feedback on this presentation: – Dor Laor – Tzach Livyatan – Yao Zheng – Dave Cottlehuber
BACKUP SLIDES
Mandatory Meme slide ;)
Old-style VMs peaked in 2010 Containers on the rise since 2013
Unikernels spiking in 2015
Erlang on OSv
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Erlang on OSv

  • 1. on
  • 5. Physicalization • The opposite of Virtualization • dedicated machines • no virtualization overhead • no noisy neighbors – nobody stealing your CPU cycles, IOPS or bandwidth – your EC2 instance may have a Netflix “roommate” ;) • Mostly used by ARM-based public clouds • also called Bare Metal or HPC clouds
  • 6. Sandbox– a virtual container in which untrusted code can be safely run
  • 7. Sandbox examples: ZeroVM & AWS Lambda based on Google Native Client: A Sandbox for Portable, Untrusted x86 Native Code
  • 8. Compartmentalization in terms of Virtualization Physicalization No Virtualization Virtualization HW-level Virtualization Containerization OS-level Virtualization Sandboxing Userspace-level Virtualization*
  • 10. Does the OS on your Cloud instance still supports floppy drive?
  • 11. $ ls /dev on Ubuntu 14.04 AWS EC2 instance • 64 teletype devices? • 32 serial ports? • Sound? • VGA?
  • 12. Hardware Hypervisor Guest OS Managed Runtime (JVM/BEAM) “It’s DUPLICATED on so many LAYERS” Container OSprocess* Middleware (Spring/OTP) Application + Configuration Guest Container OS Container VM
  • 13. APPS We run Single App per VM
  • 14. USERS We run in Single User mode
  • 16. Minimalistic Linux OSes • Embedded Linux versions • DamnSmall Linux • Linux with BusyBox
  • 17. Min. Linux OSes for Containers JeOS – “Just Enough OS” • CoreOS • RancherOS • RedHat Project Atomic • VMware Photon • Intel Clear Linux • Hyper
  • 18. # of Processes and Threads per OS 0 50 100 150 Ubuntu 14.04 CoreOS RancherOS OSv + CLI processes threads
  • 19. What’s Unikernel? • A “library” operating system • kernel library linked with your application • A kernel that can only support one process • Single Address Space • No kernel / userspace separation • “Unikernels: Library Operating Systems for the Cloud” – http://anil.recoil.org/papers/2013-asplos-mirage.pdf
  • 20. What’s Anykernel? • Programming discipline for kernel code reuse • Capabilities –NetBSD filesystems as Linux processes –User-space TCP/IP stack • “The Design and Implementation of the Anykernel and Rump Kernels”, Antti Kantee –http://book.rumpkernel.org/
  • 21. Unikernel + Anykernel • Unikernels originally were designed to run on top of Hypervisor • Now combined with Anykernel / Rump kernel ideas, some unikernels, like MirageOS or LING VM can run on Bare Metal
  • 25. Unikernel Projects Name Target MirageOS OCaml HalVM Haskell ClickOS Click DSL Clive Go (inpired by Plan 9 & CSP) Boxfuse JVM LING VM (Erlang-on-Xen) Erlang OSv POSIX*, JVM, High Performance non-POSIX API
  • 26. Windows 10 & Ubuntu – are outliers 0 500000 1000000 1500000 2000000 2500000 3000000 3500000 Xen miniOS MirageOS BusyBox without kernel HalVM ClickOS LING (Erlang-on-Xen) OSv v0.20 Boxfuse DamnSmall Linux BusyBox with Linux kernel Linux Kernel 3.x.x Ubuntu 14.04 Vagrant Box Ubuntu 14.04 Server Ubuntu 14.04 Desktop Windows 10 OS min image size (in KB)
  • 27. 0 10000 20000 30000 40000 50000 60000 70000 80000 Xen miniOS MirageOS BusyBox without kernel HalVM ClickOS LING (Erlang-on-Xen) OSv v0.20 Boxfuse DamnSmall Linux BusyBox with Linux kernel Linux Kernel 3.x.x OS min image size (in KB) OSv is half-way between Unikernels & Linux Kernel
  • 28. 0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 Xen miniOS MirageOS HalVM ClickOS LING (Erlang-on-Xen) OSv v0.20 OS min image size (in KB) OSv is “fat” Unikernel or Anykernel-ish
  • 29. Specialized Unikernels • Compile to very small images • Boot very fast • requires writing all code in Higher Level statically typed language, like OCaml or Haskell • Hard/impossible to port existing code • Very secure: tiny attack surface
  • 30. Anykernel-ish or “fat unikernels” • Larger images (still much smaller that Linux) • Longer boot times (much faster that Linux) • Larger attack surface (much smaller that Linux) • Easier to port existing code • More pragmatic solution overall
  • 32. OSv is “Fat” Unikernel / Anykernel-ish • OSv sometimes called “fat” unikernel • since OSv images are a little bit larger than for other unikernels • It also called anykernel-ish, since it –run on top of multiple hypervisors –provide TCP/IP stack and filesystem • Small price to pay for LINUX ABI compatibility
  • 34. Capstan – Docker-like CLI for OSv $ capstan NAME: capstan - pack, ship, and run applications in light-weight VMs USAGE: capstan [global options] command [command options] [args...] VERSION: v0.1.8 COMMANDS: info show disk image information import import an image to the local repository pull pull an image from a repository rmi delete an image from a repository run launch a VM. You may pass the image name as the first arg build build an image images, i list images search search a remote images instances, I list instances stop stop an instance delete delete an instance help, h Shows a list of commands or help for one command
  • 35. Download & Run OSv+CLI image $ capstan run cloudius/osv Downloading cloudius/osv/index.yaml... 170 B / 170 B [====================] 100.00 % Downloading cloudius/osv/osv.qemu.gz... 21.78 MB / 21.78 MB [==============] 100.00 % Created instance: cloudius-osv OSv v0.20 eth0: 192.168.122.15 pthread_setcancelstate() stubbed /#
  • 38. on
  • 39. Containers add new layers vs Unikernels remove layers "All problems in computer science can be solved by another level of indirection“ –David Wheeler "...except for the problem of too many layers of indirection.“ –Kevlin Henney
  • 40. Hardware Traditional OS BEAM Erlang on Physical Machine OSprocess* OTP Erlang / Elixir application + config
  • 41. Hardware Hypervisor Traditional OS BEAM Erlang in VM OSprocess* OTP Erlang / Elixir application + config VM
  • 42. Hardware Hypervisor Traditional OS BEAM Container in VM Container OSprocess* OTP Erlang / Elixir application + config Guest Container OS Container VM
  • 43. Hardware Hypervisor Traditional OS BEAM Multitenancy - VM in Container in VM Container OSprocess* OTP Erlang / Elixir application + config Guest Container OS Container VM KVM
  • 44. Hardware Traditional OS BEAM Container on Physical Machine Container OSprocess* OTP Erlang / Elixir application + config Guest Container OS Container
  • 45. Hardware Traditional OS BEAM VM in Container on Physical Machine for Multitenancy Container OSprocess* OTP Erlang / Elixir application + config Guest Container OS Container KVM
  • 46. Hardware Hypervisor OSv + BEAM Erlang on OSv OSprocess OTP Erlang / Elixir application + config VM
  • 47. Hardware Hypervisor LING VM LING VM (Erlang-on-Xen) OSprocess OTP Erlang / Elixir application + config VM
  • 48. Hardware LING VM LING VM on Bare Metal Singleapp OTP Erlang / Elixir application + config
  • 49. Erjang – Erlang for JVM
  • 50. OSv has built-in JVM support, so Erjang runs w/o porting on OSv on
  • 51. $ git clone https://github.com/cloudius- systems/osv-apps $ cd osv-apps/erjang/ $ cat Capstanfile base: cloudius/osv-openjdk cmdline: > /java.so -jar erjang.jar build: ./GET files: /erjang.jar: erjang.jar
  • 52. Build OSv+JVM+Erjang image $ cd osv-apps/erjang $ capstan build Building erjang... Downloading cloudius/osv- openjdk/index.yaml... 169 B / 169 B [==================] 100.00 % Downloading cloudius/osv-openjdk/osv- openjdk.qemu.gz... 74.26 MB / 74.26 MB [============] 100.00 % Uploading files... 1 / 1 [==========================] 100.00 %
  • 53. $ capstan run Created instance: erjang OSv v0.20 eth0: 192.168.122.15 ** Erjang R16B01 ** [root:/~resource] [erts:5.10.2] [smp S:1 A:10] [java:1.7.0_55] [unicode] WARNING: fcntl(F_SETLK) stubbed Eshell V5.10.2 (abort with ^G) 1> lists:reverse("Hello, World!"). "!dlroW ,olleH“ 2> q(). ok
  • 54. Porting a C/C++ application to OSv • A single-process application –may not fork() or exec() • Position Independent Code –recompile with –fPIC flag • Need to rebuild as a shared object (.so) –link with –shared flag • or as Position Independent Exec. (– fpie) – can run the same executable in Linux and OSv
  • 55. Build OSv image with native code
  • 57. $ git clone https://github.com/cloudius- systems/capstan-example $ cd capstan-example $ cat Capstanfile base: cloudius/osv-base cmdline: /tools/hello.so build: make files: /tools/hello.so: hello.so
  • 58. Build OSv + Hello World image $ capstan build Building capstan-example... Downloading cloudius/osv-base/index.yaml... 154 B / 154 B [==================] 100.00 % Downloading cloudius/osv-base/osv- base.qemu.gz... 20.13 MB / 20.13 MB [============] 100.00 % Uploading files... 1 / 1 [==========================] 100.00 %
  • 59. Run OSv + Hello World image $ capstan run Created instance: capstan-example OSv v0.20 eth0: 192.168.122.15 Hello, world! $
  • 61. No fork() or exec() in OSv
  • 64. How Erlang Port Works Port Source: Ulf Wiger, Erlang Open Telecom Platform
  • 65. fork/exec the Port executable Port External process • Erlang Port is a middleman/proxy • allow External Process to pretend to be another Erlang process • allow communication using regular Erlang message passing Source: Ulf Wiger, Erlang Open Telecom Platform
  • 66. Erlang process sends msg to Port Port External process Port ! {self(), {command, [1,2,3]}} Source: Ulf Wiger, Erlang Open Telecom Platform
  • 67. Port send msg to External Process Port External process Port ! {self(), {command, [1,2,3]}} A port can use a TCP, UDP, SSL socket, UNIX pipe, stdin/stdout or a custom transport Source: Ulf Wiger, Erlang Open Telecom Platform
  • 68. Port rcv msg from External Process Port External process A port can use a TCP, UDP, SSL socket, UNIX pipe, stdin/stdout or a custom transport receive {Port, {data, Info}} -> ... end Source: Ulf Wiger, Erlang Open Telecom Platform
  • 69. Port send msg to Erlang Process Port External process receive {Port, {data, Info}} -> ... end A port can use a TCP, UDP, SSL socket, UNIX pipe, stdin/stdout or a custom transport Source: Ulf Wiger, Erlang Open Telecom Platform
  • 70. Communicating with External world In-proc Out-of-proc Custom Protocol Linked-in Drivers (.so) Ports (executable) Generic Protocol NIF (.so) C-Node
  • 71. How to adapt existing Ports to OSv? • the solution was to rewrite ports using OS processes as linked-in drivers using POSIX threads • With some exceptions
  • 72. Community Port of Erlang/OTP to OSv • I “ported” Erjang a year ago • I tried to port official Erlang/OTP – but quickly lost myself in the Erlang build system • Also reliance on lots of ports and shell scripts made me less optimistic • Cloudius is focused on POSIX & JVM, Erlang is not a priority • OSv mailing list discussed porting Erlang, but there was no progress
  • 73. Community Port of Erlang/OTP to OSv • People who helped to port Erlang to OSv: – Yao Zheng (https://github.com/bhuztez) – Bas Wegh – Zika L'Etrange • Yao Zheng also ported following projects: – Elixir – LFE – yaws
  • 74. The most important executables • erl – wrapper to erlexec • epmd – Erlang Port Mapping Daemon • heart – watchdog for BEAM (Erlang VM) • inet_gethost – native DNS resolver • osmon – mem_sup, disk_sup, cpu_sup • odbserver – ODBC connectivity Not everything ported yet.
  • 75. erl • erlang.so – OSv shared object executable wrapper to erlexec • pass vm.args and other CLI parameters to erlexec
  • 76. base: cloudius/osv-base cmdline: > /usr/lib64/erlang.so -env HOME / /etc/erlang/vm.args /etc/default/erlang/vm.args build: make files: /usr/lib64/erlang/: ROOTFS/usr/lib64/erlang/ /usr/lib64/erlang.so: erlang.so /etc/default/erlang/: default/ /etc/erlang/vm.args: default/vm.args
  • 77. $ git clone [email protected]:cloudius- systems/osv-apps.git $ cd osv-apps/erlang $ capstan run Created instance: erlang OSv v0.20 eth0: 192.168.122.15 sched_getaffinity() stubbed Eshell V6.2 (abort with ^G) 1> lists:reverse("Hello, World!"). "!dlroW ,olleH“ 2>
  • 78. epmd – Erlang Port Mapper Daemon • Option #1: use pure Erlang implementation of epmd: – https://github.com/bhuztez/noepmd – https://github.com/lemenkov/erlpmd • Option #2: run unmodified epmd as a POSIX thread, instead of a separate OS process • Option #2 was selected • Q: How epmd implemented in Erlang on RTOS like VxWorks or OSE?
  • 79. inet_gethost 1> httpc:request("http://google.com"). =ERROR REPORT==== 6-May-2015::13:43:58 === Error in process <0.79.0> with exit value: {unknown,[{erlang,open_port,[ {spawn,"inet_gethost 4"}, ...
  • 80. inet_gethost • Currently DNS resolving doesn’t work yet • Force to use pure-Erlang inet DNS resolver • It’s a default in Erlang on VxWorks & ENEA OSE RTOS erl -sname mynode -kernel inetrc "'./erl_inetrc'“ {edns, 0} http://www.erlang.org/doc/apps/erts/inet_cfg.html
  • 81. osmon • osmon ports where modified from standalone OS processes to linked-in drivers on POSIX thread – disk_sup – mem_sup – cpu_sup is disabled since OSv lacks required API
  • 82. OTP apps + BEAM + Unikernel OS • Erlang releases already may include Erlang VM • Adding a Unikernel OS to releases will make them truly self-contained!
  • 83. Development process • Currently Erlang OSv port is developed as a set of patch files in Osv apps repo: – https://github.com/cloudius-systems/osv-apps • Better way would be, to make it part of Erlang/OTP official repository (just like other OSes): – https://github.com/erlang/otp
  • 84. HIGH PERFORMANCE NETWORKING & I/O Why Use Unikernels?
  • 85. Long time before “Erlang The Movie”. Telephone Switches worked like … Source: Erlang The Movie
  • 89. Worker processes Supervisors Sockets / Ports mic - send msgs headphones – rcv msgs Supervisors
  • 90. Data Plane was handled by specialized HW or RTOS Source: Erlang The Movie
  • 91. Erlang for both Control Plane + Data Plane • In traditional OSes like Linux, IO & TCP/IP implemented via system calls, which has kernel overhead • Many unikernels have user-space TCP/IP stack • OSv implements Van Jacobsen’s Net Channels optimization • Optimized for NFV & SDN applications • It’s already possible with LING VM • And with non-POSIX APIs in OSv
  • 92. LING VM (ERLANG-ON-XEN) & ERLANG/OTP ON OSV Comparing LING VM vs Erlang on OSv
  • 93. LING VM Erlang/OTP on OSv Erlang VM Custom VM (latest update from OTP – Dec 2014) Open-source Ericsson’s Erlang/OTP 17.3 State Production-grade (3.5 years) Experimental (6 months) License Proprietary (Sleepycat) BSD 3-clause SMP (threads) - + Ports - - NIFs - + (possible) HiPE - - (possible) Disable GC + -
  • 94. LING VM Erlang/OTP on OSv Hypervisors Xen only KVM, Xen, VMware, VirtualBox Bare Metal Bare Metal RPi - Cloud support AWS AWS, Google Cloud Machine arch X86-64,ARM-32,MIPS X86-64, ARM-64 Min img size 9 MB 21 MB Boot time < 100 ms < 1 sec “Dockerfiles” railing Capstan Filesystem goofs (Plan9) ZFS Data Plane, NFV/SDN + possible via non- POSIX API?
  • 95. Takeaways • It seems that after Docker, Unikernels are going to be “The Next Big Thing” in the Cloud • Erlang community now has 2 options to choose from - try both • Try to port your Erlang app • Try to port your favorite open-source Erlang app • But only when it makes sense! • Download OSv and help porting standard Ericsson’s Erlang/OTP to Osv • https://github.com/erlang-on-osv
  • 96. Thank You! Now Q&A All images are taken from Google Image search and various other places on the Internet © Copyright of corresponding owners
  • 97. Thanks! • Thanks to everybody who gave me the feedback on this presentation: – Dor Laor – Tzach Livyatan – Yao Zheng – Dave Cottlehuber
  • 100. Old-style VMs peaked in 2010 Containers on the rise since 2013