Error Detection & Recovery
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This ppt is about error handling in the compiler design. It also states the error recovering strategies.
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Error Detection & Recovery
- 1. Akhil Kaushik Asstt. Prof., CE Deptt., TIT Bhiwani Error Detection & Recovery
- 2. Error Handling • It is an important feature of any compiler. • A good compiler should be able to detect and report errors. • It should be able to modify input, when it finds an error in lexical analysis phase. • A more sophisticated compiler should be able to correct the errors, by making guess of user intentions.
- 3. Error Handling • The most important feature of error handler is correct and more centric error message. • It should following properties:- – Reporting errors in original source program, rather than intermediate or final code. – Error message shouldn’t be complicated. – Error message shouldn’t be duplicated. – Error message should localize the problem.
- 4. Sources of Error • Algorithmic Errors:- – The algorithm used to meet the design may be inadequate or incorrect. • Coding Errors:- – The programmer may introduce syntax or logical errors in implementing the algorithms.
- 5. Sources of Error • Lexical Phase:- – wrongly formed identifiers (or tokens). – Some character used which is undefined in PL. – Addition of an extra character. – Removal of a character that should be present. – Replacement of a character with an incorrect characters. – Transposition of 2 characters.
- 6. Sources of Error • Lexical Phase:- – Best way to handle a lexical error is to find the closest character sequence that does match a pattern (takes long time & unpractical) – Another way is to feed lexical analyzer – a list of legitimate token available to the error recovery routines. – Or generate an error.
- 7. Sources of Error • Syntactic:- – Comma instead of a semi-colon. – Misspelled keywords, operators. – Two expressions not connected by operator. – Null expression between parenthesis – Unbalanced parenthesis – Handle is absent • Usually, panic mode or phrase-level recovery is used.
- 8. Sources of Error • Semantic: – Declaration and scope errors like use of undeclared or multi-declared identifiers, type mismatch, etc. – In case of undeclared name, make an entry in the Symbol table & its attributes. – Set a flag in ST that it was done due to an error rather than declaration.
- 9. Sources of Error • Logical: – Syntax is correct, but wrong logic applied to programmer. – Most difficult to recover. – Hard to detect by compiler.
- 10. Goals of Error Handler • Detect errors quickly and produce meaningful diagnostic. • Detect subsequent errors after an error correction. • It shouldn’t slow down compilation.
- 11. Goals of Error Handler Program submitted to a compiler often have errors of various kinds:- • So, good compiler should be able to detect as many errors as possible in various ways. • Even in the presence of errors ,the compiler should scan the program and try to compile all of it.(error recovery).
- 12. Goals of Error Handler • When the scanner or parser finds an error and cannot proceed ? • Then, the compiler must modify the input so that the correct portions of the program can be pieced together and successfully processed in the syntax analysis phase.
- 13. CORRECTING COMPILER • These compilers does the job of error recovery not only from the compiler point of view but also from the programmers point of view. • Ex:PL/C • But, error recovery should not lead to misleading or spurious error messages elsewhere (error propagation).
- 14. Run-Time Errors • Indication of run time errors is another neglected area in compiler design. • Because, code generated to monitor these violations increases the target program size, which leads to slow execution. • So these checks are included as “debugging options”.
- 15. Error Recovery Strategies There are four common error-recovery strategies that can be implemented in the parser to deal with errors in the code:- • Panic mode recovery • Phrase-level recovery • Error productions • Global correction
- 16. Error Recovery Strategies Panic Mode Recovery:- • Once an error is found, the parser intends to find designated set of synchronizing tokens (delimiters, semicolon or } ) by discarding input symbols one at a time. • When parser finds an error in the statement, it ignores the rest of the statement by not processing the input.
- 17. Error Recovery Strategies Panic Mode Recovery:- • This is the easiest way of error-recovery. • It prevents the parser from developing infinite loops. • Ex: a=b + c // no semi-colon • d=e + f ; • The compiler will discard all subsequent tokens till a semi-colon is encountered.
- 18. Error Recovery Strategies Phrase-level Recovery:- • Perform local correction on the remaining input i.e. localize the problem and then do error recovery. • It’s a fast way for error recovery. • Ex: A typical local correction is to replace a comma by a semicolon. • Ex: Delete an extraneous semicolon and Insert a missing semicolon.
- 19. Error Recovery Strategies Error Productions:- • Add rules to grammar that describe the erroneous syntax. • It may resolve many, but not all potential errors. • Good idea about common errors is found & their appropriate solution is stored. • These productions detect the anticipated errors during parsing.
- 20. Error Recovery Strategies Error Productions:- • Ex: E→ +E | -E | *E | /E • Here, the last two are error situations. • Now, we change the grammar as: E→ +E | -E | *A | /A A→ E • Hence, once it encounters *A, it sends an error message asking the user if he is sure he wants to use a unary “*”.
- 21. Error Recovery Strategies Global Correction:- • Compiler to make as few changes as possible in processing an incorrect input string. • Given an incorrect input string x and grammar g, algorithms will find a parse tree for a related string y, such that the number of insertions, deletions, and changes of tokens required to transform x into y is as small as possible.
- 22. Error Recovery Strategies Global Correction:- • It does the global analysis to find the errors. • Expensive method & not practically used. • Costly in terms of time & space.
- 23. Akhil Kaushik [email protected] 9416910303 CONTACT ME AT: Akhil Kaushik [email protected] 9416910303 THANK YOU !!!