ESD Presenation.pptx All about embeded system

Total Slide 34 1
Presentation of
Industrial Training on
Embedded System Design
Presented by: Vinit
Roll No = 220151520029

Total Slide 34 2
Topics to be Discussed
 Company Profile.
 What is an Embedded System
 Comparison : Microcontroller vs Microprocessor.
 Embedded C.
 Prior Requirements and Setup.
 AVR Microcontrollers
 Basic devices to be attached with Microcontroller.
 Importance of Ram Managements in Embedded C.
 Concept of interrupts in Atmega8 Microcontroller .
 GJU Parking System using Interrupt Handling.

Total Slide 34 3
Company Profile
 NSDC, MSDE, ESSCI, IASC, HSSC Affiliated & ISO
9001:2015 Certified: Skill development and training
company with industry affiliations and government
recognition.
 Vast Industry Experience: Over three decades of
expertise in providing turnkey solutions for diverse
sectors like power, cement, oil & gas and more.
 Practical, Industry-Focused Training: Emphasizes
hands-on training in labs and on-site exposure,
bridging the gap between industry and academia to
ensure employability.
 Strong Placement Network: Dedicated placement
team across 8+ cities.

Total Slide 34 4
What is an Embedded
System?
 Definition: An embedded system is a specialized computing system
designed to perform dedicated functions or tasks within a larger
system.
 Components: Typically consists of a microcontroller or
microprocessor, memory, and input/output interfaces.
 Real-time Operation: Often operates in real-time, meaning it
processes data and reacts to inputs within a strict timeframe.

Total Slide 34 5
What is an Embedded
System?
 Specific Purpose: Unlike general-purpose
computers, embedded systems are
optimized for specific applications, such
as controlling machinery, managing
sensors, or processing signals.
 Examples: Found in everyday devices like
smartphones, washing machines, cars,
medical devices, and industrial machines.

Total Slide 34 6
What is an Embedded
System?

Total Slide 34 7
Comparison : Microcontroller vs Microprocessor.
Microcontrollers Microprocessors
CPU for Computers
Commonly no RAM, no
ROM,I/O on CPU chip .
Example: Intel i7-12700K
A single chip computer.
On Chip RAM, ROM & I/O
Ports.
Example: Atmega8, PIC x

Total Slide 34 8
Comparison : Microcontroller vs Microprocessor.
Microcontrollers Microprocessors

Total Slide 34 9
Embedded
C
 Definition: Embedded C is a set of language
extensions for the C programming language to
support embedded processors and microcontrollers.
 Purpose: Used to program microcontrollers and
develop firmware for embedded systems.
 Key Features:
• Direct hardware access (registers and memory).
• Efficient use of resources (memory and CPU).
• Real-time operations and responsiveness.

Total Slide 34 10
Embedded
C
Characteristics:
Portability: Can be used across different
microcontrollers with minimal changes.
Low-Level Operations: Supports bit
manipulation and direct control of
hardware.
Optimized Code: Generates compact and
fast-executing code suitable for resource-
constrained devices.

Total Slide 34 11
Basic Commands in Embedded C to Initialize a
Microcontroller
 Include Header Files: Define microcontroller-specific settings and registers.
#include <avr/io.h> // For AVR microcontrollers
 Configure Ports: Set data direction for input or output.
DDRB = 0xFF; // Configure Port B as output
 Set Initial Values: Initialize output ports to a known state.
PORTB = 0x00; // Set all pins on Port B to low
 Enable Global Interrupts: Activate interrupts if needed.
sei(); // Enable global interrupts
For more Information: https://shorturl.at/dHt1W

Total Slide 34 12
Prior Requirements and Setup.
◦ MPLAB X IDE ◦ Proteus Design Suite

13
MPLAB X IDE
Key Features:
Cross-Platform: Available for
Windows, macOS, and Linux.
Multiple Language Support:
Supports programming in C,
C++, and assembly.
Integrated Tools: Offers a
built-in editor, compiler,
debugger, and simulator for
comprehensive development.
Project Management:
Facilitates easy management
of multiple projects with
version control integration.
Programming
Area
Output Status
Projects List
Programming
Area
Total Slide 34

14
Proteus Design
Suite
Key Features:
Circuit Simulation: Allows for
real-time simulation of both
analog and digital circuits,
including microcontroller-based
designs.
Schematic Capture: Provides
tools for drawing and
organizing circuit schematics
with extensive component
libraries.
Microcontroller Simulation:
Enables simulation of popular
microcontrollers with their
firmware, allowing users to test
code in a virtual environment
before hardware
implementation.
Working Area
Simulation
Controls
Component List
Page Zoom
Setup
Total Slide 34

Total Slide 34 15
AVR Microcontrollers
 Definition: AVR microcontrollers are a family of
microcontrollers developed by Atmel (now part of Microchip
Technology) based on the modified Harvard architecture.
 Key Features:
 8-bit RISC Architecture: Provides high performance
with low power consumption.
 Flash Memory: In-system programmable flash memory,
allowing easy firmware updates.
 Wide Range of Models: Available in different series
(e.g., ATmega, ATtiny) for various applications and
requirements.
 Integrated Peripherals: Includes built-in peripherals
like timers, ADCs, PWM, UART, SPI, and I2C for
diverse functionalities.

Total Slide 34 16
 Characteristics:
 High Efficiency: Executes most instructions in a single
clock cycle, leading to faster processing.
 Low Power Consumption: Optimized for low power
operation, ideal for battery-operated devices.
 Easy to Program: Supported by robust development
tools like AVR Studio, MPLAB X, and compatible with
languages like C and assembly.
 Cost-Effective: Affordable solution for a wide range of
applications.
Wikipedia: https://shorturl.at/RMNm1

Total Slide 34 17
 Atmega8 is an AVR Microcontroller which is an
example of the one of the most commonly used
AVR Microcontroller.
 I have used Atmega8 for all my Projects during
training period.
Wikipedia: https://shorturl.at/RMNm1

18
Atmega 8
Key Features:
 8-bit AVR RISC
Architecture: Executes
most instructions in a single
clock cycle, providing fast
efficient performance.
 Memory:
• 8 KB Flash Memory
• 1 KB SRAM
• 512 Bytes EEPROM
 Operating Voltage: Can
operate from 2.7V to 5.5V
 Clock Speed: Operates at a
clock frequency of 16 MHz
Datasheet: https://shorturl.at/lY6QX
Total Slide 34

Total Slide 34 19
Basic devices to be attached with Microcontroller
16x2 LCD Push Button L293d IC LED
DC Motor Potentiometer BreadBoard

Total Slide 34 20
16x2 LCD
Sr. No.
Hex
Code
Command to LCD instruction Register
1 01 Clear display screen
2 02 Return home
3 04 Decrement cursor (shift cursor to left)
4 06 Increment cursor (shift cursor to right)
5 05 Shift display right
6 07 Shift display left
12 10 Shift cursor position to left
13 14 Shift cursor position to right
16 80 Force cursor to beginning ( 1st line)
17 C0 Force cursor to beginning ( 2nd line)
A 16x2 LCD display is a type of
alphanumeric liquid crystal
display that can show up to 32
characters at a time, arranged
in 2 rows with 16 characters
per row.

Total Slide 34 21
16x2 LCD Interfacing Command
void
LCD_initialization(void)
{
DDRD = 0xff;
DDRC = 0x07;
LCD_CMD(0x01); /*
Clear display */
LCD_CMD(0x02); /*
Return home */
LCD_CMD(0x06); /*
Entry mode set */
LCD_CMD(0x38); /*
Function set: 8-bit
mode, 2 lines, 5x8 dots
*/
LCD_CMD(0x0c); /*
Display on, cursor off
*/
}
void LCD_DATA(char data)
{
PORTD = data;
PORTC |= 0x01; //
RS = 1
PORTC &= ~0x02; //
RW = 0
PORTC |= 0x04; //
Enable = 1
_delay_ms(2);
PORTC &= ~0x04; //
Enable = 0
_delay_ms(2);
}
void LCD_CMD(char cmd)
{
PORTD = cmd;
PORTC &= ~0x01; //
RS = 0
PORTC &= ~0x02; //
RW = 0
PORTC |= 0x04; //
Enable = 1
_delay_ms(2);
PORTC &= ~0x04; //
Enable = 0
_delay_ms(2);
}

Total Slide 34 22
L293D Motor Driver IC
Definition: The L293D is a dual H-bridge motor driver IC that
allows for controlling the direction and speed of two DC motors
independently. It can also drive stepper motors and relays.
Key Features:
Dual H-Bridge
Bidirectional Control
Motor Voltage Range
Output Current
Logic Compatibility
Datasheet: https://shorturl.at/BGuOX

Total Slide 34 23
Importance of Ram Managements in Embedded C
 Limited Resources: Embedded systems typically have limited RAM, so efficient
management is crucial to prevent overflow and ensure system stability.
 Optimal Performance: Proper RAM utilization reduces memory access time
and enhances the performance of embedded applications.
 Preventing Crashes: Effective RAM management helps avoid memory leaks
and stack overflows, which can lead to unexpected system crashes or behavior.
 Real-time Processing: Ensures that real-time tasks have immediate access to the
memory they need, maintaining timing accuracy and reliability.

Total Slide 34 24
Importance of Ram Managements in Embedded C
 Energy Efficiency: Minimizing RAM usage can reduce power consumption,
extending battery life in portable and low-power devices.
 Code Optimization: Encourages writing efficient, streamlined code, which is
critical for maintaining system responsiveness and reliability.
 Scalability: Good RAM management practices allow the system to handle
increased complexity or additional features without requiring significant
hardware upgrades.

Total Slide 34 25
Concept of interrupts in Atmega8 Microcontroller
An interrupt is a signal generated by hardware or software and it suspend normal
flow of execution.
Whenever an interrupt occurs, the controller completes the execution of ongoing
instruction, pause it and starts the execution of interrupt service routine ( ISR ) or
interrupt handler.
After handling interrupt, microcontroller again resumes the normal flow of
instructions.
ISR contains a set of instructions that should be executed by controller when an
interrupt is triggered. Usually different interrupts have their own ISR.
For every interrupt there is a fixed location in program memory that holds the
address of its ISR and this is known as interrupt vector

Total Slide 34 26

Total Slide 34 27
Sources of Interrupt
• The AVE 8-bits microcontroller provides both Internal
and External interrupt sources.
• The Internal Interrupts are associated with the
microcontroller’s Timers/Counters, ADC, USART etc.
• The external interrupts are triggered via external pins.
• The figure shows the pins, on which the external
interrupts can be triggered.

Total Slide 34 28
General Interrupt Control Register – GICR
 Purpose:
GICR is used to enable or disable
external interrupts in the ATmega8
microcontroller.
It controls the activation of
external interrupts like INT0 and
INT1.
 Structure:
GICR is an 8-bit register with multiple control bits.
 INT1 (Bit 7): Enables external interrupt 1.
 INT0 (Bit 6): Enables external interrupt 0.
 IVSEL (Bit 1): Interrupt vector select.
 IVCE (Bit 0): Interrupt vector change enable.

Total Slide 34 29
General Interrupt Control Register – GICR
Usage:
 To enable an external interrupt, set the corresponding bit (INT1 or INT0) to
1.
 Example: GICR |= (1 << INT0); enables external interrupt 0.
 Clearing these bits disables the respective interrupts.

Total Slide 34 30
GJU Parking System using Interrupt
Handling
Download the Project: https://tinyurl.com/leloproject

Total Slide 34 31
Handling

Total Slide 34 32
Handling
ISR(INT0_vect)
{
car_in_count++;
PORTD ^= 0x02; // Toggle PD1
LCD_initialization();
char a[ ] = "Car In";
LCD_print(a, 0); // Print on first line
char b[16];
snprintf(b, 16, "Total Car: %d" , car_in_count); // Prepare second line
LCD_print(b, 1); // Print on second line
}

Total Slide 34 33
Handling
int main()
{
DDRD |=(1<<PD0) | (1<<PD1) | (1<<PD7);
MCUCR=(1<<ISC01);
GICR |=(1<<INT0);
GICR |=(1<<INT1);
sei();
while(1)
{
PORTD^=(1<<PD0);
_delay_ms(100);
}
}

Total Slide 34 34
Thank You
Question and Answers

ESD Presenation.pptx All about embeded system

More Related Content

Similar to ESD Presenation.pptx All about embeded system (20)

Recently uploaded (20)

ESD Presenation.pptx All about embeded system