Ethical Hacking

Ethical Hacking
Keith Brooks
CIO and Director of Services
Vanessa Brooks, Inc.
Twitter/Skype: lotusevangelist
keith@vanessabrooks.com

Adapted from Zephyr Gauray’s slides found here:
http://www.slideworld.com/slideshow.aspx/Ethical-Hacking-ppt-2766165

And from Achyut Paudel’s slides found here:
http://www.wiziq.com/tutorial/183883-Computer-security-and-ethical-hacking-slide

And from This Research Paper:
http://www.theecommercesolution.com/usefull_links/ethical_hacking.php

“How often have I said to you that when you
have eliminated the impossible, whatever
remains, however improbable, must be the
truth? “
Or a modern variation:
"If you eliminate the impossible, whatever
remains, however improbable, must be the
truth."
2nd Quote is from Spock in Star Trek (2009) but really
from Sir Arthur Conan Doyle’s infamous Detective,
Sherlock Holmes as seen above

Anonymous
As for the literal operation of Anonymous, becoming part of it is
as simple as going onto its Internet Relay Chat forums and
typing away.
The real-life people involved in Anonymous could be behind their
laptops anywhere, from an Internet café in Malaysia to a
Michigan suburb.
Anonymous appears to have no spokesperson or leader.
One could participate for a minute or a day in a chat room, and
then never go back again.
Anonymous is the future form of Internet-based social activism.
They laud the "hactivists" for their actions.

Underground Toolkit Arms Hackers For Java Flaw
By Antone Gonsalves, CRN March 29, 2012 3:57 PM ET

A software toolkit popular among cyber-criminals has been updated
to include malicious code targeting a critical Java vulnerability that
experts say many Internet users have yet to patch.
…
A patch for the Java bug was released in February, but based on the
Java patching behavior of 28 million Internet users, Rapid7 estimates
that from 60 percent to 80 percent of computers running Java
are vulnerable. The bug affects all operating systems, including
Windows, starting with XP, Ubuntu and Mac OS X.

In general, up to 60 percent of Java installations are never
updated to the latest version, according to Rapid7.

http://www.crn.com/news/security/232700528/underground-toolkit-
arms-hackers-for-java-flaw.htm;jsessionid=aN-
QwyraKe6tlMxNtzWh5A**.ecappj03?cid=nl_sec

Federal Statute 2B1.1. - Protected Computer - Civil Penalty

Protected Computer Cases.--In the case of an offense involving
unlawfully accessing, or exceeding authorized access to, a "protected
computer" as defined in 18 U.S.C. § 1030(e)(2), actual loss includes
the following pecuniary harm, regardless of whether such pecuniary
harm was reasonably foreseeable: reasonable costs to the victim of
conducting a damage assessment, and restoring the system and data
to their condition prior to the offense, and any lost revenue due to
interruption of service.

(B) Gain.--The court shall use the gain that resulted from the offense
as an alternative measure of loss only if there is a loss but it
reasonably cannot be determined.

(C) Estimation of Loss.--The court need only make a reasonable
estimate of the loss. The sentencing judge is in a unique position to
assess the evidence and estimate the loss based upon that evidence.

Why Do People Hack

To make security stronger ( Ethical Hacking )

Just for fun

Show off

Hack other systems secretly

Notify many people their thought

Steal important information

Destroy enemy’s computer network during
the war

What is Ethical Hacking
Also Called – Attack & Penetration Testing, White-hat hacking,
Red teaming
•It is Legal
•Permission is obtained from the target
•Part of an overall security program
•Identify vulnerabilities visible from the Internet
•Ethical hackers possesses same skills, mindset and tools of
a hacker but the attacks are done in a non-destructive manner

Hacking
Process of breaking into systems for:
Personal or Commercial Gains
Malicious Intent – Causing sever damage to Information & Assets
Conforming to accepted professional standards of conduct

Types of Hackers

White Hat Hackers:

A White Hat who specializes in penetration testing and in other
testing methodologies to ensure the security of an organization's
information systems.

Black Hat Hackers:

A Black Hat is the villain or bad guy, especially in a western movie in
which such a character would stereotypically wear a black hat in
contrast to the hero's white hat.

Gray Hat Hackers:

A Grey Hat, in the hacking community, refers to a skilled hacker
whose activities fall somewhere between white and black hat
hackers on a variety of spectra

Why Can’t We Defend Against Hackers?

• There are many unknown security hole
• Hackers need to know only one security hole to
hack the system
• Admin need to know all security holes to defend
the system

Why Do We Need Ethical Hacking
Protection from possible External Attacks
Social
Engineering
Automated
Organizational Attacks
Attacks

Restricted
Data

Accidental
Breaches in
Security Denial of
Viruses, Trojan Service (DoS)
Horses,
and Worms

Ethical Hacking - Commandments
 Working Ethically
 Trustworthiness
 Misuse for personal gain
 Respecting Privacy
 Not Crashing the Systems

What do hackers do after hacking? (1)

• Patch security hole
• The other hackers can’t intrude
• Clear logs and hide themselves
• Install rootkit ( backdoor )
• The hacker who hacked the system can use the
system later
• It contains trojan virus, and so on
• Install irc related program
• identd, irc, bitchx, eggdrop, bnc

What do hackers do after hacking? (2)

• Install scanner program
• mscan, sscan, nmap
• Install exploit program
• Install denial of service program
• Use all of installed programs silently

Basic Knowledge Required

The basic knowledge that an Ethical Hacker should have about different
fields, is as follows:

Should have basic knowledge of ethical and permissible issues

Should have primary level knowledge of session hijacking

Should know about hacking wireless networks

Should be good in sniffing

Should know how to handle virus and worms

Should have the basic knowledge of cryptography

Should have the basic knowledge of accounts administration

Should know how to perform system hacking

Basic Knowledge Required (con’t)

Should have the knowledge of physical infrastructure hacking

Should have the primary knowledge of social engineering

Should know to how to do sacking of web servers

Should have the basic knowledge of web application weakness

Should have the knowledge of web based password breaking procedure

Should have the basic knowledge of SQL injection

Should know how to hack Linux

Should have the knowledge of IP hacking

Should have the knowledge of application hacking

Denial of Service
If an attacker is unsuccessful in gaining access, they may use readily
available exploit code to disable a target as a last resort

Techniques

SYN flood

ICMP techniques

Identical SYN requests

Overlapping fragment/offset bugs

Out of bounds TCP options (OOB)

DDoS

How Can We Protect The System?

Patch security hole often

Encrypt important data

Ex) pgp, ssh

Do not run unused daemon

Remove unused setuid/setgid program

Setup loghost
•
Backup the system often

Setup firewall

Setup IDS

Ex) snort

What should do after hacked?

Shutdown the system

Or turn off the system

Separate the system from network

Restore the system with the backup

Or reinstall all programs

Connect the system to the network

Many topics of hacking still remain to be covered and there are
more slides in this presentation for your review later.

Thank You !!!

Ethical Hacking - Process
1. Preparation
2. Foot Printing
3. Enumeration & Fingerprinting
4. Identification of Vulnerabilities
5. Attack – Exploit the Vulnerabilities
6. Gaining Access
7. Escalating Privilege
8. Covering Tracks
9. Creating Back Doors

1.Preparation
 Identification of Targets – company websites, mail
servers, extranets, etc.
 Signing of Contract
 Agreement on protection against any legal issues
 Contracts to clearly specifies the limits and dangers of the
test
 Specifics on Denial of Service Tests, Social Engineering,
etc.
 Time window for Attacks
 Total time for the testing
 Prior Knowledge of the systems
 Key people who are made aware of the testing

2.Footprinting
Collecting as much information about the target
 DNS Servers
 IP Ranges
 Administrative Contacts
 Problems revealed by administrators

Information Sources
 Search engines
 Forums
 Databases – whois, ripe, arin, apnic
 Tools – PING, whois, Traceroute, DIG, nslookup, sam spade

3.Enumeration & Fingerprinting
 Specific targets determined
 Identification of Services / open ports
 Operating System Enumeration

Methods
 Banner grabbing
 Responses to various protocol (ICMP &TCP) commands
 Port / Service Scans – TCP Connect, TCP SYN, TCP FIN, etc.

Tools
 Nmap, FScan, Hping, Firewalk, netcat, tcpdump, ssh, telnet, SNMP
Scanner

4.Identification of Vulnerabilities
Vulnerabilities

 Insecure Configuration
 Weak passwords
 Unpatched vulnerabilities in services, Operating systems,
applications
 Possible Vulnerabilities in Services, Operating Systems
 Insecure programming
 Weak Access Control

Methods
 Unpatched / Possible Vulnerabilities – Tools, Vulnerability
information Websites
 Weak Passwords – Default Passwords, Brute force, Social
Engineering, Listening to Traffic
 Insecure Programming – SQL Injection, Listening to Traffic
 Weak Access Control – Using the Application Logic, SQL
Injection

Tools
Vulnerability Scanners - Nessus, ISS, SARA, SAINT
Listening to Traffic – Ethercap, tcpdump
Password Crackers – John the ripper, LC4, Pwdump
Intercepting Web Traffic – Achilles, Whisker, Legion

Websites
 Common Vulnerabilities & Exposures – http://cve.mitre.org
 Bugtraq – www.securityfocus.com
 Other Vendor Websites

5.Attack – Exploit the Vulnerabilities
 Obtain as much information (trophies) from the Target
Asset
 Gaining Normal Access
 Escalation of privileges
 Obtaining access to other connected systems

Last Ditch Effort – Denial of Service

Network Infrastructure Attacks
 Connecting to the network through modem
 Weaknesses in TCP / IP, NetBIOS
 Flooding the network to cause DOS

Operating System Attacks
 Attacking Authentication Systems
 Exploiting Protocol Implementations
 Exploiting Insecure configuration
 Breaking File-System Security

Application Specific Attacks
 Exploiting implementations of HTTP, SMTP protocols
 Gaining access to application Databases
 SQL Injection
 Spamming

Exploits
 Free exploits from Hacker Websites
 Customised free exploits
 Internally Developed

Tools – Nessus, Metasploit Framework,

6. Gaining access:

Enough data has been gathered at this point to make an informed
attempt to access the target

Techniques

Password eavesdropping

File share brute forcing

Password file grab

Buffer overflows

7. Escalating Privileges

If only user-level access was obtained in the last step, the attacker will
now seek to gain complete control of the system

Techniques

Password cracking

Known exploits

8. Covering Tracks

Once total ownership of the target is
secured, hiding this fact from system
administrators becomes paramount, lest
they quickly end the romp.

Techniques

Clear logs

Hide tools

9. Creating Back Doors

Trap doors will be laid in various parts of the system to ensure that
privileged access is easily regained at the whim of the intruder

Techniques

Create rogue user accounts

Schedule batch jobs

Infect startup files

Plant remote control services

Install monitoring mechanisms

Replace apps with trojans

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Editor's Notes