The document discusses ethical hacking, including its history, types of hackers, hacking process phases, required skills, and advantages/disadvantages. Ethical hacking involves legally testing a system's security vulnerabilities to improve defenses, unlike black hat hacking which involves illegal access. The document also provides examples of hacking tools, common attack types organizations face, and discusses the Certified Ethical Hacker certification.
How To Learn The Network Security
Slide berikut merupakan slide yang berisikan dasar-dasar bagi kita dalam memahami konsep keamanan jaringan komputer, baik dari sisi inftrastruktur, teknologi dan paradigma bagi pengguna.
Materi yang diberikan sudah disusun oleh Pakar yang merupakan Trainer CEH dan memang berkompeten dibidang keamanan jaringan.
Slide ini saya dapatkan dari beliau saat mengikut training Certified Computer Security Officer (CCSO) dan Certified Computer Security Analyst (CCSA) dari beliau.
Semoga bermanfaat sebagai acuan bagi kita untuk belajar tentang keamanan jaringan komputer.
Terimakasih
The document discusses various cybersecurity attack vectors and how organizations can protect themselves. It outlines common attack methods like ransomware, malicious code delivery, social engineering, and phishing. It then recommends that organizations conduct regular security audits, establish governance policies, create an incident response plan, and provide cybersecurity education to employees. The document promotes cybersecurity services from Future Point of View including vulnerability testing, forensics, and training to help organizations enhance their protections.
This document discusses computer worms, including how they work, types of worms, and examples of major worms. It defines worms as programs that replicate themselves across a network by exploiting security vulnerabilities. The document covers worm target discovery, propagation, activation methods, payloads, examples like Morris worm, Code Red, Nimda, SQL Slammer, and Sobig.f, as well as prevention techniques and current research focus areas.
The document defines and discusses various social engineering techniques used to psychologically manipulate people into divulging confidential information or performing actions, including pretexting, diversion theft, phishing, baiting, quid pro quo, and tailgating. Pretexting involves creating fake scenarios to engage victims and trick them into providing information, while phishing uses fraudulent emails appearing to be from legitimate companies to steal personal details. Baiting and quid pro quo manipulate people using curiosity, greed or promises of help in exchange for access or information.
This document discusses social engineering techniques used by attackers to trick people into divulging sensitive information or performing actions. It defines key terms and explains why social engineering is a threat even for organizations with strong technical security controls. Common social engineering attack methods are described in detail, including phishing emails, phone calls, dropping infected USB drives, and impersonation. The document emphasizes that education is needed to help people recognize and avoid social engineering tactics.
ETHICAL HACKING AND SOCIAL ENGINEERING
Topics Covered: Ethical Hacking Concepts and Scopes, Threats and Attack Vectors, Information Assurance, Threat Modelling, Enterprise Information Security Architecture, Vulnerability, Assessment and Penetration Testing, Types of Social Engineering, Insider Attack, Preventing Insider Threats, Social Engineering Targets and Defence Strategies
Companies are generally very good at protecting themselves against external attacks, but only rarely do they guard themselves against internal attacks. By using what’s known as ‘Social Engineering’, hackers exploit unsuspecting people who in good faith open up their doors to unwanted strangers.
Social engineering, or SE, is the art of manipulating people into performing actions or so they give up confidential information. Social Engineering can mean different things to different people.
Cyber crime refers to any illegal activity involving computers or networks. Early cyber crimes included the first spam email in 1978 and the first computer virus in 1982. Cyber threats have evolved from using computers as simple tools to commit crimes like cyber theft to targeting computers directly through hacking and viruses. As technology advanced, criminals began using computers as instruments to aid crimes like money laundering. Common cyber crimes today include financial crimes, IP spoofing, trojans, web jacking, session hijacking, mail bombing, and keyloggers. Cyber security tools and practices like antivirus software, firewalls, passwords, and awareness can help prevent and defend against cyber crimes.
This document discusses ethical hacking and provides an overview of its key aspects in 6 paragraphs. It begins by distinguishing between hacking and ethical hacking, noting that ethical hacking involves evaluating a system's security with the owner's permission. It then describes different types of hackers and various types of attacks, such as worms, denial of service attacks, and viruses. The document outlines the methodology of hacking through stages like reconnaissance and scanning. It discusses advantages like providing security for organizations, and disadvantages such as costs and trust issues. It concludes by emphasizing the importance of security in software and businesses.
The document provides information on vulnerability assessment and penetration testing. It defines vulnerability assessment as a systematic approach to finding security issues in a network or system through manual and automated scanning. Penetration testing involves exploring and exploiting any vulnerabilities that are found to confirm their existence and potential damage. The document outlines the types of testing as blackbox, graybox, and whitebox. It also lists some common tools used for testing like Nmap, ZAP, Nikto, WPScan, and HostedScan. Finally, it provides examples of specific vulnerabilities found and their solutions, such as outdated themes/plugins, backup files being accessible, and SQL injection issues.
Phishing involves attempting to acquire sensitive information like usernames, passwords, and credit card details by masquerading as a trustworthy entity. Common phishing techniques include email spoofing and creating fake websites that look identical to legitimate ones. Phishing can be prevented by being wary of unsolicited requests for information, verifying website URLs, using security software, and reporting any suspicious activity.
The document discusses penetration testing and related security concepts. It covers topics like vulnerability assessment, security audits, the differences between penetration testing and other assessments, common penetration testing methodologies, and the standard phases of information gathering, network mapping, vulnerability identification, exploitation, privilege escalation, maintaining access and covering tracks.
Cyber crime involves illegal activities using computers and the internet. It can include hacking, fraud, stalking, and identity theft. The first recorded cyber crimes occurred in the 1820s, but cyber crime grew with the rise of email in 1976 and computer viruses in 1982. There are many types of cyber crimes, and they are committed by insiders, hackers, virus writers, foreign intelligence, and terrorists. Cyber security works to prevent cyber crimes by keeping software updated, using strong passwords, firewalls, and antivirus software. The cyber laws of India address both traditional crimes that use computers as well as new crimes defined in the Information Technology Act of 2000. Cyber crime will likely continue to evolve, so cyber security remains important.
Social engineering is manipulating people into revealing sensitive information or performing actions, rather than using technical hacking methods. It involves gaining people's trust and obtaining information that seems harmless but can be combined to compromise security. Famous social engineer Kevin Mitnick used only social engineering to access private networks. Common social engineering attacks include phishing scams, impersonating help desk staff, stealing documents, and installing malware under false pretenses. The weakest link is often human rather than technical, as people are more vulnerable to manipulation. Training employees, testing defenses with ethical hackers, and verifying unsolicited contacts can help prevent social engineering attacks.
When Cyber Security Meets Machine LearningLior Rokach
This document discusses machine learning approaches for cyber security, specifically malware detection. It begins with an introduction to cyber security and machine learning. It then discusses using machine learning for malware detection, including analyzing files through static and dynamic analysis. The document outlines extracting features from files and using text categorization approaches. It evaluates various machine learning classifiers and features for malware detection. Finally, it discusses applying these techniques on Android devices for abnormal state detection.
This document discusses ethical hacking and penetration testing. It begins by defining ethical hacking as using the same tools and techniques as hackers, but legally in order to test an organization's security. It then covers the history of ethical hacking. The rest of the document outlines the methodology of hacking including reconnaissance, scanning, gaining access, maintaining access, and clearing tracks. It discusses the types of hackers and tools used in ethical hacking. The document concludes by discussing the advantages and disadvantages of ethical hacking.
-The project "Strengthening European Network Centres of Excellence in Cybercrime" (SENTER
project, Reference No HOME/2014/ISFP/AG/7170) is funded by the European Commission under
Internal Security Fund-Police 2014-2020 (ISFP). The main goal of the project is to create a single
point of Reference for EU national Cybercrime Centres of Excellence (CoE) and develop further the
Network of national CoE into well-defined and well-functioning community. More details here: http://www.senter-project.eu/
Social engineering is manipulating people into revealing confidential information through deception rather than technical hacking methods. It includes techniques like quid pro quo, phishing, baiting, pretexting, and diversion theft. Famous social engineer Kevin Mitnick emphasized that people inherently want to be helpful and trustworthy, making them vulnerable. Training and policies can help prevent social engineering by raising awareness of common tactics and restricting disclosure of private information. The human element remains the weakest link despite strong technical security defenses.
These slides guides you through the tools and techniques one can use for footprinting websites or people.You will find amazing tools and techniques have a look
in this presentation we have discussed about different methodology in password cracking. Password bruteforce, social engineering attack , phishing attack, windows login cracking, web login cracking, application password cracking, Gmail password and facebook password extracting
The document describes various stages of a cyber attack lifecycle including reconnaissance, initial infection, gaining control, privilege escalation, lateral movement, persistence, and malicious activities. It also discusses social engineering techniques, vulnerabilities and exploitation, and provides an example penetration test scenario.
In this presentation, I am trying to explain why and how email security should be implemented.
> Intro to Email
> Basic steps in emailing
> Intro to Email Security
> Common email threats
> How emailsecurity works
> Security requirements (CIA)
> Secure transmission of email: PGP
> PGP: Operation description (All 5 services)
> Secure transmission of email: S/MIME (With its functions)
This presentation was presented by me in the final year of my M.Sc. in Computer science.
Hope you like this presentation. Thank you!
The document discusses various techniques for cracking passwords, including dictionary attacks, brute force attacks, and exploiting weaknesses in password hashing algorithms. Default passwords, social engineering through phishing emails, and the use of tools like Cain and Abel, John the Ripper, and THC Hydra are also covered as effective cracking methods. Common password mistakes that can enable cracking are also listed.
Social Engineering - Human aspects of grey and black competitive intelligence. What is social engineering? How it is used in the context of competitive intelligence and industrial espionage? How to recognize HUMINT / social engineering attacks? Which governments are known to use it?
Companies are generally very good at protecting themselves against external attacks, but only rarely do they guard themselves against internal attacks. By using what’s known as ‘Social Engineering’, hackers exploit unsuspecting people who in good faith open up their doors to unwanted strangers.
Social engineering, or SE, is the art of manipulating people into performing actions or so they give up confidential information. Social Engineering can mean different things to different people.
Cyber crime refers to any illegal activity involving computers or networks. Early cyber crimes included the first spam email in 1978 and the first computer virus in 1982. Cyber threats have evolved from using computers as simple tools to commit crimes like cyber theft to targeting computers directly through hacking and viruses. As technology advanced, criminals began using computers as instruments to aid crimes like money laundering. Common cyber crimes today include financial crimes, IP spoofing, trojans, web jacking, session hijacking, mail bombing, and keyloggers. Cyber security tools and practices like antivirus software, firewalls, passwords, and awareness can help prevent and defend against cyber crimes.
This document discusses ethical hacking and provides an overview of its key aspects in 6 paragraphs. It begins by distinguishing between hacking and ethical hacking, noting that ethical hacking involves evaluating a system's security with the owner's permission. It then describes different types of hackers and various types of attacks, such as worms, denial of service attacks, and viruses. The document outlines the methodology of hacking through stages like reconnaissance and scanning. It discusses advantages like providing security for organizations, and disadvantages such as costs and trust issues. It concludes by emphasizing the importance of security in software and businesses.
The document provides information on vulnerability assessment and penetration testing. It defines vulnerability assessment as a systematic approach to finding security issues in a network or system through manual and automated scanning. Penetration testing involves exploring and exploiting any vulnerabilities that are found to confirm their existence and potential damage. The document outlines the types of testing as blackbox, graybox, and whitebox. It also lists some common tools used for testing like Nmap, ZAP, Nikto, WPScan, and HostedScan. Finally, it provides examples of specific vulnerabilities found and their solutions, such as outdated themes/plugins, backup files being accessible, and SQL injection issues.
Phishing involves attempting to acquire sensitive information like usernames, passwords, and credit card details by masquerading as a trustworthy entity. Common phishing techniques include email spoofing and creating fake websites that look identical to legitimate ones. Phishing can be prevented by being wary of unsolicited requests for information, verifying website URLs, using security software, and reporting any suspicious activity.
The document discusses penetration testing and related security concepts. It covers topics like vulnerability assessment, security audits, the differences between penetration testing and other assessments, common penetration testing methodologies, and the standard phases of information gathering, network mapping, vulnerability identification, exploitation, privilege escalation, maintaining access and covering tracks.
Cyber crime involves illegal activities using computers and the internet. It can include hacking, fraud, stalking, and identity theft. The first recorded cyber crimes occurred in the 1820s, but cyber crime grew with the rise of email in 1976 and computer viruses in 1982. There are many types of cyber crimes, and they are committed by insiders, hackers, virus writers, foreign intelligence, and terrorists. Cyber security works to prevent cyber crimes by keeping software updated, using strong passwords, firewalls, and antivirus software. The cyber laws of India address both traditional crimes that use computers as well as new crimes defined in the Information Technology Act of 2000. Cyber crime will likely continue to evolve, so cyber security remains important.
Social engineering is manipulating people into revealing sensitive information or performing actions, rather than using technical hacking methods. It involves gaining people's trust and obtaining information that seems harmless but can be combined to compromise security. Famous social engineer Kevin Mitnick used only social engineering to access private networks. Common social engineering attacks include phishing scams, impersonating help desk staff, stealing documents, and installing malware under false pretenses. The weakest link is often human rather than technical, as people are more vulnerable to manipulation. Training employees, testing defenses with ethical hackers, and verifying unsolicited contacts can help prevent social engineering attacks.
When Cyber Security Meets Machine LearningLior Rokach
This document discusses machine learning approaches for cyber security, specifically malware detection. It begins with an introduction to cyber security and machine learning. It then discusses using machine learning for malware detection, including analyzing files through static and dynamic analysis. The document outlines extracting features from files and using text categorization approaches. It evaluates various machine learning classifiers and features for malware detection. Finally, it discusses applying these techniques on Android devices for abnormal state detection.
This document discusses ethical hacking and penetration testing. It begins by defining ethical hacking as using the same tools and techniques as hackers, but legally in order to test an organization's security. It then covers the history of ethical hacking. The rest of the document outlines the methodology of hacking including reconnaissance, scanning, gaining access, maintaining access, and clearing tracks. It discusses the types of hackers and tools used in ethical hacking. The document concludes by discussing the advantages and disadvantages of ethical hacking.
-The project "Strengthening European Network Centres of Excellence in Cybercrime" (SENTER
project, Reference No HOME/2014/ISFP/AG/7170) is funded by the European Commission under
Internal Security Fund-Police 2014-2020 (ISFP). The main goal of the project is to create a single
point of Reference for EU national Cybercrime Centres of Excellence (CoE) and develop further the
Network of national CoE into well-defined and well-functioning community. More details here: http://www.senter-project.eu/
Social engineering is manipulating people into revealing confidential information through deception rather than technical hacking methods. It includes techniques like quid pro quo, phishing, baiting, pretexting, and diversion theft. Famous social engineer Kevin Mitnick emphasized that people inherently want to be helpful and trustworthy, making them vulnerable. Training and policies can help prevent social engineering by raising awareness of common tactics and restricting disclosure of private information. The human element remains the weakest link despite strong technical security defenses.
These slides guides you through the tools and techniques one can use for footprinting websites or people.You will find amazing tools and techniques have a look
in this presentation we have discussed about different methodology in password cracking. Password bruteforce, social engineering attack , phishing attack, windows login cracking, web login cracking, application password cracking, Gmail password and facebook password extracting
The document describes various stages of a cyber attack lifecycle including reconnaissance, initial infection, gaining control, privilege escalation, lateral movement, persistence, and malicious activities. It also discusses social engineering techniques, vulnerabilities and exploitation, and provides an example penetration test scenario.
In this presentation, I am trying to explain why and how email security should be implemented.
> Intro to Email
> Basic steps in emailing
> Intro to Email Security
> Common email threats
> How emailsecurity works
> Security requirements (CIA)
> Secure transmission of email: PGP
> PGP: Operation description (All 5 services)
> Secure transmission of email: S/MIME (With its functions)
This presentation was presented by me in the final year of my M.Sc. in Computer science.
Hope you like this presentation. Thank you!
The document discusses various techniques for cracking passwords, including dictionary attacks, brute force attacks, and exploiting weaknesses in password hashing algorithms. Default passwords, social engineering through phishing emails, and the use of tools like Cain and Abel, John the Ripper, and THC Hydra are also covered as effective cracking methods. Common password mistakes that can enable cracking are also listed.
Social Engineering - Human aspects of grey and black competitive intelligence. What is social engineering? How it is used in the context of competitive intelligence and industrial espionage? How to recognize HUMINT / social engineering attacks? Which governments are known to use it?
The document discusses ethical hacking, which involves legally testing a system's security vulnerabilities to improve security. It outlines the ethical hacking process of preparation, footprinting, enumeration and fingerprinting, vulnerability identification, and controlled attacks to exploit vulnerabilities. The goal is to identify weaknesses without causing harm and then help organizations strengthen their defenses.
The document discusses ethical hacking, which involves legally testing a system's security vulnerabilities to improve security. It outlines the ethical hacking process of preparation, footprinting, enumeration and fingerprinting, vulnerability identification, and controlled attacks to exploit vulnerabilities. The goal is to identify weaknesses without causing harm and then help organizations strengthen their defenses.
The document discusses ethical hacking, which involves legally testing a system's security vulnerabilities to improve security. It outlines the ethical hacking process, including preparation, footprinting, enumeration and fingerprinting, vulnerability identification, and exploiting vulnerabilities. The goal is to find weaknesses without causing harm in order to help organizations strengthen their defenses.
The document discusses ethical hacking, which involves legally testing a system's security vulnerabilities to improve security. It outlines the ethical hacking process, including preparation, footprinting, enumeration and fingerprinting, vulnerability identification, and exploiting vulnerabilities. The goal is to find weaknesses without causing harm in order to help organizations strengthen their defenses.
The document discusses ethical hacking and related concepts. It defines hacking, ethical hacking, and different types of hackers such as white hat and black hat hackers. It outlines the steps of an ethical hack including footprinting, scanning, enumeration, and attacks such as SQL injection. It also discusses wireless hacking techniques and strategies for securing Wi-Fi networks.
The document discusses ethical hacking and related concepts. It defines hacking, ethical hacking, and different types of hackers such as white hat and black hat hackers. It outlines the steps of an ethical hack including footprinting, scanning, enumeration, and attacks such as SQL injection. It also discusses wireless hacking techniques and ways to improve Wi-Fi network security.
This document summarizes a seminar presentation on ethical hacking. It discusses what ethical hacking is, why it is done, the process involved, and some key highlights. Ethical hacking involves legally testing a system's security vulnerabilities to help protect it from attacks. It is done with permission and does not cause harm. The process involves preparation, footprinting, enumeration and fingerprinting to identify targets and services, vulnerability identification, and then controlled attacks to exploit any vulnerabilities found. Tools like nmap and vulnerability scanners are used. Careers in ethical hacking and certifications from organizations like EC-Council are also mentioned. The presentation concludes that ethical hackers play an important role in detection and prevention of security breaches.
External Penetration Testing What You Need to Know.pdfTeceze Ltd
External penetration testing involves a simulated attack by ethical hackers or security professionals who attempt to exploit vulnerabilities in the organization's internet-facing assets, such as web applications, servers, firewalls, and network devices. The goal is to uncover weaknesses that could be exploited by hackers to gain unauthorized access, steal sensitive information, or disrupt business operations.
This document provides an overview of network security fundamentals. It discusses why security is needed given how the internet has evolved beyond its original design. It covers security concepts like access control, authentication, authorization, risks, threats and vulnerabilities. It also describes different types of attacks, sources of attacks, and strategies for risk analysis and management.
This document provides an overview of network security fundamentals. It discusses why security is needed given how the internet has evolved beyond its original design. It covers security concepts like access control, authentication, authorization, integrity, and risk analysis. It also examines threats, vulnerabilities, and different types of attacks sources. The goal is to help network administrators understand security on different layers and how to implement mitigation techniques.
This document summarizes an ethical hacking seminar that was presented. It discusses the following key points:
- Ethical hacking involves using the same tools and techniques as hackers but in a legal manner to test security vulnerabilities.
- The hacking process involves footprinting, scanning, gaining access, and maintaining access. Footprinting gathers information, scanning finds open ports and services, and gaining access exploits vulnerabilities.
- Ethical hackers are independent security professionals who evaluate systems without damaging them or stealing data. They find vulnerabilities and report them to owners.
- Skills needed for ethical hacking include knowledge of operating systems, firewalls, networking protocols, and project management. Understanding how hackers think is important to catch security
This document provides an introduction to certified ethical hacking (CEH). It explains that CEHs locate and repair security vulnerabilities to prevent exploitation by hackers. The document then outlines the typical steps for a penetration test: preparation, footprinting, enumeration and fingerprinting, identifying vulnerabilities, attacking by exploiting vulnerabilities, covering tracks, and reporting. It provides details on techniques used at each step like port scanning, banner grabbing, brute force password attacks, and using tools like Nmap and Metasploit. The document concludes with an overview of additional important hacking techniques like social engineering, denial of service attacks, and cryptography.
Here in this slide i describe the BASIC ... For the Beginners...some general idea & topics i have covered here...My next slide can give more information about hacking... this is the general & only for the beginners.Hope my slide help you to get the thing you want for.
Ethical hacking involves using the same tools and techniques as criminal hackers but with authorization to find vulnerabilities. It involves preparation, footprinting, enumeration and fingerprinting, vulnerability identification, and controlled attacks. Ethical hackers are trusted security professionals who apply hacking skills defensively under contract. They have strong technical skills and keep knowledge updated to detect and prevent real attacks. Certification is available to validate ethical hackers' qualifications. The process helps organizations strengthen security by finding weaknesses before criminals can exploit them.
The document discusses ethical hacking, which involves legally testing a system's security vulnerabilities to help strengthen security. It describes the process of ethical hacking, including preparation, footprinting, enumeration and fingerprinting, identifying vulnerabilities, and attacking to exploit vulnerabilities. The goal is to help organizations identify and remedy security flaws by emulating real attacks but in a controlled, non-destructive manner.
This document provides an overview of computer hacking and ethical hacking. It discusses the history of hacking, different types of hackers (e.g. white hat, black hat), why people hack, and the hacking process. The hacking process involves preparation, footprinting, enumeration/fingerprinting, identifying vulnerabilities, exploiting vulnerabilities to gain access, escalating privileges, covering tracks, and creating backdoors. It also discusses how to protect systems from hackers through actions like patching security holes, encrypting data, using firewalls and IDS systems. The document emphasizes that ethical hacking involves legally testing systems with permission to identify vulnerabilities.
The document discusses ethical hacking and penetration testing. It defines ethical hacking as legal attempts to hack into a company's network to find vulnerabilities with the goal of improving security. It outlines the steps an ethical hacker may take including footprinting, scanning, enumeration, and penetration testing. The roles of both ethical and non-ethical hackers are contrasted.
This document provides an overview of IP Security (IPSec) including its architecture, protocols, and concepts. IPSec provides authentication, confidentiality, and key management for IP packets across local area networks, private and public wide area networks, and the Internet. It operates below the transport layer, making it transparent to applications. IPSec uses security associations, security policy databases, and authentication header and encapsulating security payload protocols to secure IP traffic. While useful, it has some challenges with network address translation devices.
Routing protocols allow routers to exchange information and dynamically calculate the optimal data pathways between any two points on a network. Interior routing protocols operate within an autonomous system, while exterior protocols route between autonomous systems. Common interior protocols include RIP, OSPF, IGRP, and EIGRP, while exterior protocols include EGP and BGP. Routing metrics like hop count, bandwidth, load, and reliability help routers determine the best routes. Dynamic routing enables automatic path selection and updating in response to topology changes. [/SUMMARY]
Cyber crime broadly describes criminal activity where computers or networks are used as tools, targets, or places for criminal activity. Common cyber crimes include unauthorized access to computer systems and data. According to reports, India lost $8 billion to cyber crime in 2011, with 14,392 Indian websites hacked in 2012. 80% of Indian businesses reported data theft through online hacking. However, the Indian government is working to combat cyber crime by establishing cyber cells in various states. Well-known cyber security organizations and hardware manufacturers can still fall victim to hacks, demonstrating that no network is completely secure.
Basic ip traffic management with access control listsSourabh Badve
The document discusses basic concepts of access control lists (ACLs) including the types of ACLs, how they are configured and used, and how traffic is processed when ACLs are applied. It provides details on standard and extended ACLs, how they can be used to filter traffic by source/destination IP addresses, protocols, ports and ICMP message types. The document also covers best practices for verifying, monitoring and placing ACLs on network interfaces.
Encrypt header and content separately. Encrypt header with weak encryption to hide traffic pattern. Encrypt content with strong encryption to ensure data security.
The document discusses several routing protocols: IGRP is a distance-vector protocol that uses a composite metric and supports unequal cost load balancing. EIGRP is an advanced protocol that converges faster and has less overhead than IGRP. OSPF is a link-state protocol that uses the SPF algorithm to determine the shortest routes; it divides networks into hierarchical areas and routes to improve scalability.
The document discusses cybersecurity threats and how to protect data, computer systems, and reputation. It identifies the major dangers as running malicious code due to vulnerabilities, bringing infected devices onsite, and social engineering attacks. It also lists specific attack types such as input validation, sniffing, email, privacy, and distributing fake emails. The document emphasizes the need for cybersecurity protections.
This presentation discusses cyber laws in India. It introduces the growth of cyber space and the internet, and the need for cyber laws to tackle cyber crimes and protect intellectual property rights. The key cyber law in India is the Information Technology Act of 2000, which legalized digital signatures and e-commerce. The presentation outlines various cyber crimes like viruses, hacking, and distributing obscene content online. It also discusses amendments made to existing laws like the Indian Penal Code to address offenses in cyber space. In conclusion, the presentation emphasizes that cyber laws are essential in today's internet-driven world to achieve global peace and harmony.
How to Manage Opening & Closing Controls in Odoo 17 POSCeline George
In Odoo 17 Point of Sale, the opening and closing controls are key for cash management. At the start of a shift, cashiers log in and enter the starting cash amount, marking the beginning of financial tracking. Throughout the shift, every transaction is recorded, creating an audit trail.
Understanding P–N Junction Semiconductors: A Beginner’s GuideGS Virdi
Dive into the fundamentals of P–N junctions, the heart of every diode and semiconductor device. In this concise presentation, Dr. G.S. Virdi (Former Chief Scientist, CSIR-CEERI Pilani) covers:
What Is a P–N Junction? Learn how P-type and N-type materials join to create a diode.
Depletion Region & Biasing: See how forward and reverse bias shape the voltage–current behavior.
V–I Characteristics: Understand the curve that defines diode operation.
Real-World Uses: Discover common applications in rectifiers, signal clipping, and more.
Ideal for electronics students, hobbyists, and engineers seeking a clear, practical introduction to P–N junction semiconductors.
A measles outbreak originating in West Texas has been linked to confirmed cases in New Mexico, with additional cases reported in Oklahoma and Kansas. The current case count is 795 from Texas, New Mexico, Oklahoma, and Kansas. 95 individuals have required hospitalization, and 3 deaths, 2 children in Texas and one adult in New Mexico. These fatalities mark the first measles-related deaths in the United States since 2015 and the first pediatric measles death since 2003.
The YSPH Virtual Medical Operations Center Briefs (VMOC) were created as a service-learning project by faculty and graduate students at the Yale School of Public Health in response to the 2010 Haiti Earthquake. Each year, the VMOC Briefs are produced by students enrolled in Environmental Health Science Course 581 - Public Health Emergencies: Disaster Planning and Response. These briefs compile diverse information sources – including status reports, maps, news articles, and web content– into a single, easily digestible document that can be widely shared and used interactively. Key features of this report include:
- Comprehensive Overview: Provides situation updates, maps, relevant news, and web resources.
- Accessibility: Designed for easy reading, wide distribution, and interactive use.
- Collaboration: The “unlocked" format enables other responders to share, copy, and adapt seamlessly. The students learn by doing, quickly discovering how and where to find critical information and presenting it in an easily understood manner.
Odoo Inventory Rules and Routes v17 - Odoo SlidesCeline George
Odoo's inventory management system is highly flexible and powerful, allowing businesses to efficiently manage their stock operations through the use of Rules and Routes.
How to track Cost and Revenue using Analytic Accounts in odoo Accounting, App...Celine George
Analytic accounts are used to track and manage financial transactions related to specific projects, departments, or business units. They provide detailed insights into costs and revenues at a granular level, independent of the main accounting system. This helps to better understand profitability, performance, and resource allocation, making it easier to make informed financial decisions and strategic planning.
GDGLSPGCOER - Git and GitHub Workshop.pptxazeenhodekar
This presentation covers the fundamentals of Git and version control in a practical, beginner-friendly way. Learn key commands, the Git data model, commit workflows, and how to collaborate effectively using Git — all explained with visuals, examples, and relatable humor.
A measles outbreak originating in West Texas has been linked to confirmed cases in New Mexico, with additional cases reported in Oklahoma and Kansas. The current case count is 817 from Texas, New Mexico, Oklahoma, and Kansas. 97 individuals have required hospitalization, and 3 deaths, 2 children in Texas and one adult in New Mexico. These fatalities mark the first measles-related deaths in the United States since 2015 and the first pediatric measles death since 2003.
The YSPH Virtual Medical Operations Center Briefs (VMOC) were created as a service-learning project by faculty and graduate students at the Yale School of Public Health in response to the 2010 Haiti Earthquake. Each year, the VMOC Briefs are produced by students enrolled in Environmental Health Science Course 581 - Public Health Emergencies: Disaster Planning and Response. These briefs compile diverse information sources – including status reports, maps, news articles, and web content– into a single, easily digestible document that can be widely shared and used interactively. Key features of this report include:
- Comprehensive Overview: Provides situation updates, maps, relevant news, and web resources.
- Accessibility: Designed for easy reading, wide distribution, and interactive use.
- Collaboration: The “unlocked" format enables other responders to share, copy, and adapt seamlessly. The students learn by doing, quickly discovering how and where to find critical information and presenting it in an easily understood manner.
CURRENT CASE COUNT: 817 (As of 05/3/2025)
• Texas: 688 (+20)(62% of these cases are in Gaines County).
• New Mexico: 67 (+1 )(92.4% of the cases are from Eddy County)
• Oklahoma: 16 (+1)
• Kansas: 46 (32% of the cases are from Gray County)
HOSPITALIZATIONS: 97 (+2)
• Texas: 89 (+2) - This is 13.02% of all TX cases.
• New Mexico: 7 - This is 10.6% of all NM cases.
• Kansas: 1 - This is 2.7% of all KS cases.
DEATHS: 3
• Texas: 2 – This is 0.31% of all cases
• New Mexico: 1 – This is 1.54% of all cases
US NATIONAL CASE COUNT: 967 (Confirmed and suspected):
INTERNATIONAL SPREAD (As of 4/2/2025)
• Mexico – 865 (+58)
‒Chihuahua, Mexico: 844 (+58) cases, 3 hospitalizations, 1 fatality
• Canada: 1531 (+270) (This reflects Ontario's Outbreak, which began 11/24)
‒Ontario, Canada – 1243 (+223) cases, 84 hospitalizations.
• Europe: 6,814
Geography Sem II Unit 1C Correlation of Geography with other school subjectsProfDrShaikhImran
The correlation of school subjects refers to the interconnectedness and mutual reinforcement between different academic disciplines. This concept highlights how knowledge and skills in one subject can support, enhance, or overlap with learning in another. Recognizing these correlations helps in creating a more holistic and meaningful educational experience.
Multi-currency in odoo accounting and Update exchange rates automatically in ...Celine George
Most business transactions use the currencies of several countries for financial operations. For global transactions, multi-currency management is essential for enabling international trade.
This chapter provides an in-depth overview of the viscosity of macromolecules, an essential concept in biophysics and medical sciences, especially in understanding fluid behavior like blood flow in the human body.
Key concepts covered include:
✅ Definition and Types of Viscosity: Dynamic vs. Kinematic viscosity, cohesion, and adhesion.
⚙️ Methods of Measuring Viscosity:
Rotary Viscometer
Vibrational Viscometer
Falling Object Method
Capillary Viscometer
🌡️ Factors Affecting Viscosity: Temperature, composition, flow rate.
🩺 Clinical Relevance: Impact of blood viscosity in cardiovascular health.
🌊 Fluid Dynamics: Laminar vs. turbulent flow, Reynolds number.
🔬 Extension Techniques:
Chromatography (adsorption, partition, TLC, etc.)
Electrophoresis (protein/DNA separation)
Sedimentation and Centrifugation methods.
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3. TYPES OF HACKERS
White hat hacker
Black hat hacker
Gray hat hacker
Ghost hacker
Script kiddies
4. What is “Ethical Hacking” ?
Penetration Testing
Security Testing
5. Steps involved in Ethical Hacking :
Signing of Contract
Footprinting OR Reconnaisance
Enumeration & Fingerprinting (Scanning)
Identification of vulnerabilities
Attack – Exploit the vulnerabilities
Reporting
6. Signing of contract
• A contract between the tester i.e.
ethical hacker and organization i.e.
client
• specifies certain conditions and
terms of test being conducted
• signed by both the parties.
7. Footprinting OR Reconnaissance
Collecting as much information about the
target.
Tools used –
nslookup, traceroute, whois etc.
8. Enumeration & Fingerprinting (scanning)
• Determining the target.
• Identification of services and open ports.
• Enumerating operating system.
Tools used-
Nmap, SNMP scanner, netcat, telnet etc.
9. Identification of vulnerabilities
• Insecure configuration
• Weak passwords
• Unpatched vulnerabilities in services, operating
system and application
• Possible vulnerabilities in services, operating
system and applications
• Insecure programming
• Weak Access control
• Tools and Techniques used-
Vulnerability scanners like Nessus, Listening to
traffic, Password crackers, Default passwords, Brute
force, Social engineering, SQL injection,
vulnerability information website e.g.
http://cve.mitre.org,
http://www.securityfocus.com
10. Attack – Exploit the vulnerabilities
• Obtain information(trophies) from the target system
• Gaining normal access
• Escalating privileges
• Obtain access to other connected systems
• Operating system attacks
• Tools used-
Nessus, Metasploit, Framework,