Extra foliation of growth promoting substances to mulberry silk worm for enhancing cocoon yield
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This document discusses the effects of providing growth promoting substances to silkworms to enhance cocoon yield. It describes how botanical extracts, protein and carbohydrate supplements, and other additives like vitamins, minerals, and honey byproducts have been shown to improve various silkworm rearing parameters like larval weight, cocoon weight, shell weight, silk filament length, and yield. Studies demonstrating the positive effects of supplements from plants like spirulina, aloe vera, and various medicinal herbs are summarized along with tables showing their impacts on cocoon characteristics.
![• The highest protein content - recorded on supplementation of soya
flour - 2nd instar @ 10g/kg of leaves on 5 hybrids [PM x
CSR2, CSR2 xCSR4, APM1 x APS8, APM2 x APS12 and (CSR6 x
CSR26) x (CSR2 x CSR27)].
• Highest carbohydrate content - body of young silkworm was
recorded on supplementation of corn flour @ 10g / kg of leaves
followed by corn flour 5g / kg of leaves in all the silkworm breeds.
Pallavi et al., 2011
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Extra foliation of growth promoting substances to mulberry silk worm for enhancing cocoon yield
- 1. Welcome 1
- 2. Extra foliation of growth promoting substances to mulberry silk worm for enhancing cocoon yield Muraghendra P. Ibrahimpur. PGS12AGR5769 2
- 3. Contents Introduction Terminologies Effect of growth promoting substances: Botanical extracts Protein and carbohydrate supplements Vitamins and minerals Honey by products, milk and others Summary Conclusion 3
- 5. Systemic classification of mulberry silkworm Kingdom- Animalia Phylum- Arthropoda Class- Insecta Sub Class- Pterygota Order- Lepidoptera Super Family- Bombycoidea Family- Bombycidae Genus- Bombyx Species- mori 5
- 6. Table 1: Nutrient contents in fresh Mulberry leaves (Nutrition Value per 100 g) Principle Energy Carbohydrates Protein Total Fat Cholesterol Dietary Fiber Folates Niacin Pyridoxine Riboflavin Vitamin A Vitamin C Vitamin E Vitamin K Nutrient Value 43 Kcal 9.80 g 1.44 g 0.39 g 0 mg 1.7 g Vitamins 6 mcg 0.620 mg 0.050 mg 0.101 mg 25 IU 36.4 mg 0.87 mg 7.8 mcg Principle Nutrient Value Electrolytes Sodium 10 mg Potassium 194 mg Minerals Calcium 39 mg Copper 60 mcg Iron 1.85 mg Magnesium 18 mg Selenium 0.6 mg Zinc 0.12 mg Tulasi and Buddolla, 2013 6
- 7. Terminologies • Extrafoliation : • Nutrition : • Growth promoting substances : 7
- 8. Effect of growth promoting substances 8
- 9. Botanicals • Any deficit in the quality and quantity of mulberry leaves: • Enrichment of deficit nutrients through botanicals: • Biochemical constituents amino acid, proteins, alkaloids, glucoside, phyllanthine, psoralem, betasitos terol - phagostimulants and attractants. • Administration - plants extracts to larvae increases phagostimulant activity. 9
- 10. • Botanicals - immense ability to influence the metabolic activities. • Many attempts - fortify mulberry leaf with botanical extracts to improve mulberry leaf quality and feed efficiency of silkworm increase cocoon production and silk quality. • Many studies - plant extracts on various metabolic activities resulting acceleration of most of economical parameters viz., spinning, increase in larval, cocoon & shell weight, silk gland weight, improvement in reeling parameters, increase in silk content, silk filament length and weight. 10
- 11. Supplementations of botanicals • Administration of mulberry leaves treated with aqueous leaf extracts of Adhatoda vasica, Phyllanthus niruri and Terminalia arjuna to first instar larvae of PM x CSR2 hybrid resulted in positive response with respect to rearing parameters. • Highest larval weight in all instars, high silk productivity, increased filament length and reduced denier was noticed in P. niruri followed by A. vesica and T. arjuna. Saritha Kumari et al., 2011 11
- 12. Table 2: Effect of botanical extracts on cocoon parameters of PMxCSR2 Botanical extracts Silk productivity (cg/day) Filament length (m) Denier Adhatoda vasica 3.84 898.93 2.36 Phyllanthus 3.94 912.51 2.31 Terminalia arjuna 3.57 887.97 2.41 Control 3.54 874.95 2.41 F test * * * SEm 0.024 3.066 0.012 CD at 5% 0.072 9.193 0.035 * : Significant at 5% Saritha Kumari et al., 2011 12
- 13. Spirulina- 18 amino acids and vital vitamins - biotin, tocopherol, thiamine, riboflavin, niacin, folic acid, pyrodozoic acid, betacarotene and vitamin B12. Supplememtation - Spirulina at 300ppm was found significant increase in all the quantitative cocoon characters- single cocoon weight, single shell weight, pupal weight and silk filament except shell percentage compared to control, 100ppm and 200ppm. Venkatesh Kumar, 2009 13
- 14. Table-3: Mean value of quantitative cocoon characters of silkworm under different concentrations of blue green algae (spirulina). S. No 1 2 3 4 F Test CD @ 5% CD @ 1% Treatments Concentration (ppm) Cocoon weight (gm) 100 0.905* 22.250* 0.645* 25.250 664.575 200 0.935* 22.250* 0.675* 24.615 682.203* 300 1.083** 24.500** 0.828** 22.640 866.605** Control 0.805 20.500 0.590 25.975 661.943 HS HS NS HS 1.585 0.081 - 14.192 2.208 0.113 - 19.770 HS 0.080 0.112 Shell weight Pupal weight Shell (cgm) (gm) percentage Silk filament length (m) Note: HS-Highly Significant (p = 001); NS-Not Significant **-Significant at 1% level *-Significant at 5% level Venkatesh Kumar, 2009 14
- 15. The administration of mulberry leaves fortified with medicinal botanical extracts of Withania somnifera, Terminalia arjuna and Tinospora cordifolia to silkworm (CSR2 x CSR4) and (PM X CSR2) recorded highest cocoon weight, shell weight, shell ratio, silk filament length, silk filament weight and finer denier compared to control. Sridevi, 2003 15
- 16. Table 4: Effect of meditional extract treated mulberry leaves on 5th instar larval duration, mature larval weight and effective rate of rearing (%) of silkworm, Bombyx mori L.(CSR2 XCSR4) Treatments 5th instar larval duration(hrs) Concentration (%) 0.1 0.5 T1: Sauropus androgynus 144.00 144.00 T2 : Phyllanthus niruri 141.66 T3: Withania somnifera T4 :Tagetes errecta Mean Mature larval weight Concentration (%) 0.1 2.07 1.98 143.00 142.33 2.15 140.00 140.00 140.00 143.00 143.00 T5 : Tinospora cordifolia 141.00 T6: Leptadenia reticulata Mean 0.5 144.00 Effective rate of rearing Concentration (%) Mean 0.1 0.5 2.02 82.55 76.77 79.66 2.04 2.09 82.33 79.33 80.83 2.48 2.34 2.41 92.66 90.99 91.82 143.00 2.25 2.11 2.18 82.00 80.00 81.00 141.00 141.00 2.39 2.24 2.31 87.00 83.67 85.34 142.00 142.00 142.00 2.38 2.18 2.28 84.67 82.00 83.34 T7: Terminalia arjuna 141.00 141.00 141.00 2.43 2.21 2.35 90.34 88.00 89.16 T8: Adathoda viscica 143.00 143.00 143.00 2.34 2.13 2.23 83.34 81.67 82.50 T9: Control 144.00 144.00 144.00 1.96 1.89 1.92 68.54 64.78 66.66 Mean 142.18 142.33 142.33 2.27 2.13 84.03 80.69 F-Test SE CD (0.05%) F-Test SE CD (0.05%) F-Test SE CD (0.05%) NS - - * 0.0051 0.0137 * 0.845 1.730 Treatments * 0.761 2.0594 * 0.0108 0.0291 * 1.580 3.237 Interaction NS - - * 0.0152 0.412 NS - 16 Concentrations Sridevi, 2003
- 17. Table 5: Overall performance of the silkworm B. mori in response to the influence of Aloe vera tonic during final instar Experimental Rearing (%) Manimuthu, et al., 2010 17
- 18. • The A. vera @ 2.0 % - higher larval growth and increased the weight of cocoon. • The larval weight, relative growth rate, effective rearing rate, larval consumption index of the final instar larvae of silk worm, increased with the supplementation of A. vera tonic. Maximum shell weight and shell ratio - noticed. Rajkumar and Vitthalrao , 2013 18
- 19. Rajesh, 2011 19
- 20. • Ethanol extract of 20 botanicals in 3, 2.5%, 5% and 10% concentrations were evaluated for their efficacy to improve performance of mulberry silkworm through feeding botanical enriched mulberry leaves. Pratheesh Kumar et al., 2007 20
- 21. Five botanicals viz., Asparagus recemosus, Achyranthes aspera, Tribulus terrestris, Withania somnifera, and Parthenium histerophorus ranked first were evaluated at 8%, 5% and 3% concentrations to confirm their effectiveness and standardize effective concentration. Among the rearing parameters, mature larval weight, shell ratio and number of cocoons/kg were not significantly influenced by the treatments. 21
- 22. • Fifth instar larvae of mulberry silkworm (PM x CSR2) fed by mulberry leaves smeared with aqueous extracts Azolla, significantly increased the mature larval weight, cocoon weight, shell weight, and pupal weight but non significant in shell per cent over the control. The silkworm (PM x CSR2) fed by mulberry leaves smeared with extracts of Azolla Patil , 2011 22
- 23. • Supplementation of mango leaf water extract ( 30-40%) improved most of the economic traits especially larval weight, pupal weight, shell weight, shell ratio, filament length and filament weight by improving ERR. • The extract of Azadirachta indica and Vitex negundo supplemented to mulberry feeding of silkworm there was significant improvement in shell ratio and filament length at 2.5 % of neem extract and 5.0% concentration of Vitex negundo leaf extract. Patil et al., 2005 Sujatha et al., 2003 23
- 24. • Silk worm supplemented - potato leaf extract recorded the highest larval weight and lower larval duration. Krishnaprasad et al. , 2001 24
- 25. • Improvement in cocoon weight, shell weight, shell ratio, silk productivity, filament length, filament weight, denier due to spraying of Tridax procumbens, Tribulus terrestris and Parthenium hysterophorus at 0.4 % concentration. Murugesh, 2002 • Silkworm fed on mulberry leaf supplemented with Coffee arabica leaf extract at 1:25 concentration resulted significantly higher cocoon weight, pupal weight and shell %. Jeypul et al. 2003 25
- 26. • The Pure mysore - most responsive to 5% dust formulation of Lantana camara and Clerodendron inermae. • Larvae - PM, NB18 and PM x NB18 grew vigorously and had maximum larval weight, cocoon weight as compared to control Santhosh Kumar, 1997 26
- 27. Proteins and carbohydrate supplements 27
- 28. The fifth instar larvae of mulberry silkworm hybrids PM x CSR2 and CSR2 x CSR4 fed on mulberry leaves supplemented with flours (cereals and pulses) at two ratios (1:10) (1:20) (Flour: leaf) shows significantly higher filament length, finer denier, more fibroin percentage and lower sericin content of cocoons - reared on flour supplemented leaf over the control Rekha and Neelu, 2010 28
- 29. Table 7: Influence of feed additives on filament length (m) of mulberry silkworm hybrids Treatments H1 T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 T9 T10 Feed additive Ragi Rice Wheat Sorghum Soybean Horsegram Greengram Cowpea Bengalgram control Mean F-Test, S.Em , CD @ 5% Hybrid H1 - PM X CSR2 H2 -CSR2 X CSR4 Feed additive mean 929 921 911 857 981 965 945 903 879 836 Hybrid X Feed additive Ratio X Feed additive H2 D1 D2 Hybrid X Feed additive X Ratio H1 H2 D1 D2 D1 D2 851 849 842 809 890 875 856 841 819 786 842 1007 994 980 905 1072 1055 1035 966 940 886 984 932 923 913 854 984 96 947 907 822 841 915 927 919 908 859 978 964 943 900 877 831 911 852 850 84 810 892 877 858 842 820 788 843 849 848 807 807 888 874 854 840 817 785 840 1011 997 983 898 1077 1055 1037 971 943 894 987 * 2.260 * 3.196 NS 1.429 NS 3.169 6.357 8.990 - 1044 991 977 911 1067 1054 1033 961 936 878 981 - Ratio D1-1:10 (Flour: Leaf) D2 – 1:20 (Flour: Leaf) Rekha and Neelu, 2010 29
- 30. • Cocoon weight - maximum - larval feeding was supplemented with soya flour 10g / kg of leaves among all the hybrids as compare to control. • The highest shell weight of 0.513g and 0.383g was recorded in (CSR6 x CSR26) x (CSR2 x CSR27) and CSR2 x CSR4 on soya flour 10g / kg of leaves followed by PM x CSR2, APM2 x APS12 and APM1 x APS8 (0.332, 0.278g and 0.274 g). • It also improved the shell ratio in all hybrids. Pallavi and Muthuswami, 2012 30
- 31. Table 8: Cocoon weight (g) of silkworm B. mori reared on feed additives Cocoon weight (g) in silkworm hybrids Treatments PM x CSR2 CSR2 x CSR4 APM1 x APS8 APM2 x APS12 (CSR6 x CSR26) x (CSR2 x CSR27) Soya flour 10g / kg of leaves 1.770a 1.800a 1.395b 1.293b 2.053a Soya flour 5g /kg of leaves 1.730b 1.743b 1.372c 1.278c 1.977c Corn flour 10g / kg of leaves 1.703c 1.690c 1.331d 1.266d 1.903d Corn flour 5g /kg of leaves 1.670d 1.660d 1.327e 1.252e 1.880d Horse gram flour 10g / kg ofleaves 1.620e 1.591e 1.301f 1.245f 1.840e Horse gram flour 5g /kg of leaves 1.530f 1.583e 1.288g 1.239f 1.810f Control 1.527f 1.579e 1.283h 1.157g 1.777g SEd 0.0080 0.0063 0.0017 0.0080 0.0114 CD (0.05) 0.0169 0.0133 0.0036 0.0170 0.0242 Figures followed by similar letters are not different statistically at 5% level 31 Pallavi and Muthuswami, 2012
- 32. • The highest protein content - recorded on supplementation of soya flour - 2nd instar @ 10g/kg of leaves on 5 hybrids [PM x CSR2, CSR2 xCSR4, APM1 x APS8, APM2 x APS12 and (CSR6 x CSR26) x (CSR2 x CSR27)]. • Highest carbohydrate content - body of young silkworm was recorded on supplementation of corn flour @ 10g / kg of leaves followed by corn flour 5g / kg of leaves in all the silkworm breeds. Pallavi et al., 2011 32
- 33. Table 9: Protein content (mg) in young age silkworm B. mori reared on feed additives Treatments PM x CSR2 Soya flour10g / kg of leaves Soya flour 5g /kg of leaves Corn flour10g / kg of leaves Corn flour 5g /kg of leaves Horse gram flour10g / kg of leaves Horse gram flour 5g /kg of leaves Protein content (mg) in silkworm CSR2 x CSR4 APM1 x APS8 APM2 x APS12 (CSR6 x CSR26) x (CSR2 x CSR27) 24.03a 19.91a 21.44a 19.83a 19.71a 19.61c 21.19c 19.53b 19.43b 23.75c 19.19d 19.18d 19.08c 19.00c 23.45d 19.01e 19.03e 18.96d 18.87d 23.09e 18.07f 18.57f 18.05e 17.92e 22.86f 17.92g 18.25g 17.89f 17.81f 22.76g Artificial diet 19.86b 21.36b 19.83a 19.72a 23.86b Control SEd CD (0.05) 17.63h 0.0258 0.0547 18.02h 0.0280 0.0593 17.58g 0.0331 0.0702 17.51g 0.0149 0.0316 22.72h 0.0142 0.0302 Figures followed by similar letters are not different statistically at 5% level Pallavi et al., 2011 33
- 34. Fig: 1 Protein content (mg) in young age silkworm B. mori reared on feed additives 34
- 35. • Supplementation - 50, 100 and 150 μg/ml arginine - silkworm larvae - significant increase - larval weight, cocooning percentage, cocoon weight, cocoon shell weight, cocoon shell ratio, filament length. • Silk gland weight and denier in only 150 μg/ml • The dietary supplementation - 50, 100 and 150 μg/ml histidine significant increase- larval weight, silk gland weight survival rate, cocoon weight, shell weight and shell ratio, filament length and weight and denier in all the treated groups but cocoon shell weight only in 150 μg/ml fed groups. Chakrabarty and Kaliwal 2012 35
- 36. • The oral supplementation - 100 and 150 μg/ml mixture of arginine and histidine to the silkworm larvae resulted in a significant increase in the larval weight, silk gland weight, survival rate, cocoon weight, shell weight and it’s ratio, male cocoon weight, cocoon shell weight and shell ratio and denier were significantly increased in all the treated groups, but filament length was increased only in 100 and 150 μg/ml treated groups. Chakrabarty and Kaliwal 2012 36
- 37. Vitamins and minerals • Vitamins - required - their function - cofactors of enzymes and needed -appropriate catalytic activity. • B- complex vitamins - biotin, cholin, incitol, niacin, pyridoxine, riboflavin, and thiamine. • Mulberry leaves - rich in vitamin B complex, except for vitamin B12. Vitamin B-12 does not occur in in mulberry leaves, but a considerable amount of this vitamin is present in the silkworm larva and pupa. • Ascorbic acid - posses gustatory stimulating activity. β- carotene gustatory stimulating activity. 37
- 38. Table 10: Amount of minerals present in mulberry leaves and requirement by silkworms Vitamins Biotin(B8) Choline Inositol Nicotinic acid(B3) Pantothenic acid(B5) Pyridoxine(B6) Riboflavin(B2) Thiamine(B1) Minimum amount required mg/g of dry diet 1 750 1000 20 20 5 5 0.5 Amount in mulberry leaves mg/g of dry matter 0.2-0.8 930-1550 4000 69-99 16-35 43-50 13-21 6.7 Ito, 1978 38
- 39. Table 11: Amount of minerals present in mulberry leaves and requirement by silkworms Inorganic elements Minimum amount required mg/g of dry diet Amount in mulberry leaves mg/g of dry matter Potassium 9.0 25-33 Phosphorous 2-3 1.6-3.4 Magnesium 1.0 2.0-4.9 zinc 0.02 0.021 Horie et al., 1967 39
- 40. The feed efficacy and growth rate of silkworm larvae (V instar), enhanced by 0.2% Vitamin C treated group than control and other Vitamin C treated groups (0.1%, 0.4% and 0.8%) Balasundaram, et al., 2013 40
- 41. Table. 12: Morphometric growth rate of V instar larvae of Bombyx mori fed with control and different concentrations of Vitamin C treated MR2 mulberry leaves Table. 13: Morphometric data of control and different concentrations of Vitamin C treated MR2 mulberry leaves fed Bombyx mori larvae produced cocoon Values are Mean ± Standard Deviation of six observations. Values in the same column with different superscript letters (a, b & c) differs significantly at P<0.05 (DMRT). Balasundaram, et al., 2013 41
- 42. Supplementation of vitamin C at 0.5% and 1% in the last larval stages in the bivoltine hybrid NB4D2 X SH6 of silkworm exerted significant improvement in the larval weight, cocoon weight, shell weight, shell % over the control. Amardev and Shamim, 2012 42
- 43. Fig 2: Supplementation effect of synthetic Vit C on larval weight, single cocoon weight, shell % and single shell weight a) On 10 larval weight (g). c) On shell %. b) On single shell weight (g). d) On single cocoon weight (g). 43
- 44. Spraying of 100ppm Folic acid solution on mulberry leaf and feeding to silkworm significantly improved larval weight, silk gland weight and growth rate, cocoon weight, shell weight and shell ratio. Rahmathulla, 2007 44
- 45. • Zinc chloride, pyridoxine, methoprene at 2 μg/ml and with mixed dose (Zn+B6+H) 2 μg/ml each on alternate days in 4th and 5th instar significantly elevated economic parameters of the cocoons. Lakshmi Devi and Yellamma, 2013 • The supplementation of 0.01 mg/lit FeCl3 significantly increases larval weight and economic parameters such as cocoon weight, shell weight and shell ratio. Shrivastava Sudha, 2013 45
- 46. Honey bee by products, milk and others 46
- 47. • Some honey bee products and their mixtures as food additives to 5th instar larvae increased weights of mature larvae, pupae, fresh cocoons and cocoon shells in two strains Chinese F1 (SN 1 x Iva 1) and (SA105) • Larvae fed on mulberry leaves treated with royal jelly (RJ) (10mg/ml) - significant increase- weights of mature larvae, pupae, fresh cocoons and cocoon shells followed by honey (H) (1g/100ml) and pollen (P) in the broad strain. While in the local strain, RJ gave the maximum weights followed by P (50mg/100ml) and then H. Abir , 2013 47
- 48. Table14: Effect of honey bee products on some biological parameters of B. mori Chinese F1 (SN 1 x Iva 1) Abir , 2013 48
- 49. Bovine milk The larvae gained 82.5% more weight by the end of fifth instar larval of CSR2 xCSR4 when fed with mulberry leaves dipped in milk than when fed with fresh mulberry leaves without milk. Konala et al., 2013 49
- 50. Figure 1. Relationship between weight of the larvae during different days of the fifth instar when fed with fresh mulberry (M) and mulberry leaves dipped in milk. Figure 2. The larvae fed with milk treated leaves gained 310% weight from day 1 to day 7 of the fifth instar, while the larvae fed with fresh leaves (M) gained 153% weight during th same period. Figure 3. The relationship between the weights of the cocoons at the end of the fifth instar when larvae were fed with fresh mulberry (M) and mulberry leaves dipped in milk. Konala et al., 2013 50
- 51. Table 15: The effects of various nitrogenous compounds on cocoon parameters of silkworm. ns: Not Significant Kayvan Etebari et al., 2007 51
- 52. • Nutritive additive of 1% “greenleaf” as a foliar applicant on V1 mulberry resulted a maximum increase in the macromolecule content during rainy season. • The bivoltine hybrid CSR2 xCSR4 and poly - bivoltine crossbreed PM x CSR2 fed on 1% treated leaves showed an increased enzyme activity and nutritive components in their midgut and haemolymph tissues. • The enzyme activity and conversion efficiency of mulberry nutrients was found to be significantly higher in CSR2 xCSR4, (bivoltine hybrid) than the PM x CSR2. Which intern showed significant increase in economic parameters except shell percentage. Anandakumar and Sandhya, 2012 52
- 53. The fortification of mulberry leaves with alfalfa tonic and its inorganic ingradients results in increased 5th instar larval weight. Laskar and Dutta, 2000 Topical application of indol 3- acetic acid to the bivoltine breed (NB18) of B. mori resulted in significant increase in silk gland, cocoon and shell weight, filament length and egg productivity. Hugar and kaliwal, 1997 53
- 54. Summary 54
- 55. Summary Mulbery silkworm is a monophagous insect it is neessary to supply nutrients through fortification on mulberry leaves. Administration - plants extracts to larvae increases phagostimulant activity. Supplementation of locally available botanicles like Adhatoda vasica, Phyllanthus niruri, Terminalia arjuna, Withania somnifera, Terminalia arjuna and Tinospora cordifolia increases economic parameters. Supplementation of protein rich sources like soybean enhance cocoon yield. Supplementation of arginine and histidine @ 100 and 150 μg/ml increases economic parameters of silkworm. 55
- 56. Supplementation of vitamin C at 0.5% to the bivoltine hybrid NB4D2 X SH6 in 5th instar of silkworm gives higher larval weight, cocoon weight, shell weight, shell % over the control. Zinc chloride, pyridoxine, methoprene at 2 μg/ml and 0.01 mg/lit FeCl3 on alternate days in 4th and 5th instar significantly elevated economic parameters of the cocoons. Some honey bee products and their mixtures as food additives at 5th instar increased weights of mature larvae, pupae, fresh cocoons and cocoon shells. The larvae gained 82.5% more weight by the end of fifth instar larval when fed with mulberry leaves dipped in milk than when fed with fresh mulberry leaves without milk. 56
- 57. Conclusion 57
- 58. 58