Final keyword in java

Jul 2, 2017Download as PPT, PDF1 like3,944 views

The final keyword in Java can be applied to variables, methods, and classes. It restricts changes to final entities. Final variables must be initialized after declaration and their values cannot be changed. Final methods cannot be overridden in subclasses. Final classes cannot be subclassed. Blank final variables are not initialized in their declaration and can only be initialized in a constructor or static block.

• The final keyword in java is used to restrict
the user. The java final keyword can be used
in many context. Final can be:
• variable
• method
• class

• The final keyword can be applied with the
variables, a final variable that have no value it
is called blank final variable or uninitialized
final variable. It can be initialized in the
constructor only. The blank final variable can
be static also which will be initialized in the
static block only.
• Let's first learn the basics of final keyword.

Java final variable
• If you make any variable as final, you cannot
change the value of final variable(It will be
constant).

Example of final variable
• There is a final variable speedlimit, we are
going to change the value of this variable, but
It can't be changed because final variable once
assigned a value can never be changed.

• class Bike9{
• final int speedlimit=90;//final variable
• void run(){
•   speedlimit=400;
• }
• public static void main(String args[]){
• Bike9 obj=new  Bike9();
• obj.run();
• }
• }//end of class

Java final method
• If you make any method as final, you cannot
override it.

class Bike{
  final void run(){System.out.println("running");
}  }
class Honda extends Bike{
   void run()
{System.out.println("running safely with 100km
ph");}
   public static void main(String args[]){
   Honda honda= new Honda();
   honda.run();
   }  }

Java final class
• If you make any class as final, you cannot
extend it.

final class Bike{}

class Honda1 extends Bike
{
  void run()
{System.out.println("running safely with 100kmph")
;
}
  public static void main(String args[]){
  Honda1 honda= new Honda();
  honda.run();
  }
}

Is final method inherited?
• Yes, final method is inherited but you cannot
override it.

• class Bike
• {
• final void run()
{System.out.println("running...");}
• }
• class Honda2 extends Bike{
• public static void main(String args[]){
• new Honda2().run();
• }
• }

What is blank or uninitialized final
variable?
• A final variable that is not initialized at the
time of declaration is known as blank final
variable.
• If you want to create a variable that is
initialized at the time of creating object and
once initialized may not be changed, it is
useful. For example PAN CARD number of an
employee.
• It can be initialized only in constructor.

Can we initialize blank final variable?
• Yes, but only in constructor.

• class Bike10{
• final int speedlimit;//blank final variable
•
• Bike10(){
• speedlimit=70;
• System.out.println(speedlimit);
• }
•
• public static void main(String args[]){
• new Bike10();
• }
• }

static blank final variable
• A static final variable that is not initialized at
the time of declaration is known as static
blank final variable. It can be initialized only in
static block.

class A
{
static final int data;//static blank final variable
static
{
data=50;
}
public static void main(String args[]){
System.out.println(A.data);
}
}

What is final parameter?
• If you declare any parameter as final, you
cannot change the value of it.

• class Bike11{
• int cube(final int n)
• {
• n=n+2;//can't be changed as n is final
• n*n*n;
• }
• public static void main(String args[]){
• Bike11 b=new Bike11();
• b.cube(5);
• } }

Can we declare a constructor final?
• No, because constructor is never inherited.

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Number System is a method of representing Numbers on the Number Line with the help of a set of Symbols and rules. These symbols range from 0-9 and are termed as digits. Number System is used to perform mathematical computations ranging from great scientific calculations to calculations like counting the number of Toys for a Kid or Number chocolates remaining in the box. Number Systems comprise of multiple types based on the base value for its digits. What is the Number Line? A Number line is a representation of Numbers with a fixed interval in between on a straight line. A Number line contains all the types of numbers like natural numbers, rationals, Integers, etc. Numbers on the number line increase while moving Left to Right and decrease while moving from right to left. Ends of a number line are not defined i.e., numbers on a number line range from infinity on the left side of the zero to infinity on the right side of the zero. Positive Numbers: Numbers that are represented on the right side of the zero are termed as Positive Numbers. The value of these numbers increases on moving towards the right. Positive numbers are used for Addition between numbers. Example: 1, 2, 3, 4, … Negative Numbers: Numbers that are represented on the left side of the zero are termed as Negative Numbers. The value of these numbers decreases on moving towards the left. Negative numbers are used for Subtraction between numbers. Example: -1, -2, -3, -4, … Number and Its Types A number is a value created by the combination of digits with the help of certain rules. These numbers are used to represent arithmetical quantities. A digit is a symbol from a set 10 symbols ranging from 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9. Any combination of digits represents a Number. The size of a Number depends on the count of digits that are used for its creation. For Example: 123, 124, 0.345, -16, 73, 9, etc. Types of Numbers Numbers are of various types depending upon the patterns of digits that are used for their creation. Various symbols and rules are also applied on Numbers which classifies them into a variety of different types: Number and Its Types 1. Natural Numbers: Natural Numbers are the most basic type of Numbers that range from 1 to infinity. These numbers are also called Positive Numbers or Counting Numbers. Natural Numbers are represented by the symbol N. Example: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, and so on. 2. Whole Numbers: Whole Numbers are basically the Natural Numbers, but they also include ‘zero’. Whole numbers are represented by the symbol W. Example: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, and so on. 3. Integers: Integers are the collection of Whole Numbers plus the negative values of the Natural Numbers. Integers do not include fraction numbers i.e. they can’t be written in a/b form. The range of Integers is from the Infinity at the Negative end and Infinity at the Positive end, including zero. Integers are represented by the symbol Z. Example: ...,-4, -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4,...

Programming Language.pptLovely Professional University

Programming Language As we know, to communicate with a person, we need a specific language, similarly to communicate with computers, programmers also need a language is called Programming language. Before learning the programming language, let's understand what is language? What is Language? Language is a mode of communication that is used to share ideas, opinions with each other. For example, if we want to teach someone, we need a language that is understandable by both communicators. What is a Programming Language? A programming language is a computer language that is used by programmers (developers) to communicate with computers. It is a set of instructions written in any specific language ( C, C++, Java, Python) to perform a specific task. A programming language is mainly used to develop desktop applications, websites, and mobile applications. Types of programming language 1. Low-level programming language Low-level language is machine-dependent (0s and 1s) programming language. The processor runs low- level programs directly without the need of a compiler or interpreter, so the programs written in low-level language can be run very fast. Low-level language is further divided into two parts - i. Machine Language Machine language is a type of low-level programming language. It is also called as machine code or object code. Machine language is easier to read because it is normally displayed in binary or hexadecimal form (base 16) form. It does not require a translator to convert the programs because computers directly understand the machine language programs. The advantage of machine language is that it helps the programmer to execute the programs faster than the high-level programming language. ii. Assembly Language Assembly language (ASM) is also a type of low-level programming language that is designed for specific processors. It represents the set of instructions in a symbolic and human-understandable form. It uses an assembler to convert the assembly language to machine language.

Information System.pptxLovely Professional University

information system, an integrated set of components for collecting, storing, and processing data and for providing information, knowledge, and digital products. Business firms and other organizations rely on information systems to carry out and manage their operations, interact with their customers and suppliers, and compete in the marketplace. Information systems are used to run inter-organizational supply chains and electronic markets. For instance, corporations use information systems to process financial accounts, manage their human resources, and to reach their potential customers with online promotions. Many major companies are built entirely around information systems. These include eBay, a large auction marketplace; Amazon, an expanding electronic mall and provider of cloud computing services; Alibaba, a business-to-business e-marketplace; and Google, a search engine company that derives most of its revenue from keyword advertising on Internet searches. Governments deploy information systems to provide services cost-effectively to citizens. Digital goods—such as electronic books, video products, and software—and online services, such as gaming and social networking, are delivered with information systems. Individuals rely on information systems, generally Internet-based, for conducting much of their personal lives: for socializing, study, shopping, banking, and entertainment. As major new technologies for recording and processing information were invented over the millennia, new capabilities appeared, and people became empowered. The invention of the printing press by Johannes Gutenberg in the mid-15th century and the invention of a mechanical calculator by Blaise Pascal in the 17th century are but two examples. These inventions led to a profound revolution in the ability to record, process, disseminate, and reach for information and knowledge. This led, in turn, to even deeper changes in individual lives, business organization, and human governance. The first large-scale mechanical information system was Herman Hollerith’s census tabulator. Invented in time to process the 1890 U.S. census, Hollerith’s machine represented a major step in automation, as well as an inspiration to develop computerized information systems. One of the first computers used for such information processing was the UNIVAC I, installed at the U.S. Bureau of the Census in 1951 for administrative use and at General Electric in 1954 for commercial use. Beginning in the late 1970s, personal computers brought some of the advantages of information systems to small businesses and to individuals. Early in the same decade, the Internet began its expansion as a global network of networks. In 1991 the World Wide Web, invented by Tim Berners-Lee as a means to access the interlinked information stored in the globally dispersed computers connected by the Internet, began operation and became the principal service delivered on the network. The global penetration of the...

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Applications of Computer Science in Pharmacy Computer is mandatory in this advanced era and pharmacy and related subjects are not exception to it. This review mainly focuses on the various applications, software’s and use of computers in pharmacy. Computer science and technology is deeply utilized in pharmacy field everywhere like in pharmacy colleges, pharmaceutical industries, research centers, hospital pharmacy and many more. Computer significantly reduces the time, expenditure, and manpower required for any kind of work. Development of various softwares makes it trouble-free to handle huge data. In short, computers are playing critical role in pharmacy field, without computers pharmacy research will be long-lasting andexpensive. Pharmacy field plays a crucial role in patient health care. It is a huge field which is present worldwide. To run pharmacy field professionally and efficiently, it requires huge management and manpower. But nowadays use of computers in pharmacy field reduced the manpower and time. Computers are almost related to every corner of pharmacy field. These are utilized in the drug design technique, retail pharmacy shop, clinical research centers, crude drug identification,drug storage and business management, hospital and clinical pharmacy, in pharmacy colleges for computer-assisted learning. The Internet is a huge collection of data. It is available with just one click. Various search engines like Google, Yahoo, Rediff, and Bing help in searching online data related to the pharmacy field just one has to enter his or her area of interest in the search engine. In the Pharmacy field, effective use of computers started in 1980. Since then there is a great demand for computers in the pharmacy field. Computers are having their own advantages like reduction in time, accuracy, and reduction in manpower, speed, multitasking, non-fatigued, high memory, data storage and many more.

Application of Computers in Pharmacy.pptxLovely Professional University

Computers in pharmacy are used for the information of drug data, records and files, drug management (creating, modifying, adding and deleting data in patient files to generate reports), business details. Applications of Computer Science in Pharmacy Computer is mandatory in this advanced era and pharmacy and related subjects are not exception to it. This review mainly focuses on the various applications, software’s and use of computers in pharmacy. Computer science and technology is deeply utilized in pharmacy field everywhere like in pharmacy colleges, pharmaceutical industries, research centers, hospital pharmacy and many more. Computer significantly reduces the time, expenditure, and manpower required for any kind of work. Development of various softwares makes it trouble-free to handle huge data. In short, computers are playing critical role in pharmacy field, without computers pharmacy research will be long-lasting andexpensive. Pharmacy field plays a crucial role in patient health care. It is a huge field which is present worldwide. To run pharmacy field professionally and efficiently, it requires huge management and manpower. But nowadays use of computers in pharmacy field reduced the manpower and time. Computers are almost related to every corner of pharmacy field. These are utilized in the drug design technique, retail pharmacy shop, clinical research centers, crude drug identification,drug storage and business management, hospital and clinical pharmacy, in pharmacy colleges for computer assistedlearning. Internet is huge collection of data. It is available in just one click. Various search engines like Google, Yahoo, Rediff, Bing help in searching online data related to pharmacy field just one have to enter his or her area of interest in search engine. In Pharmacy field, effective use of computers started from 1980. Since then there is great demand of computers in pharmacy field. Computers are having their own advantages like reduction in time, accuracy, and reduction in man power, speed, multitasking, non-fatiguness, high memory, data storage and many more. USE OF INTERNET IN PHARMACY Internet is collection of huge data. And this data is available for us in just a one click. Internet is useful tool in literature survey. Books are also available on the internet. Various research journals can be easily accessed via internet. There are number of web-sites which are related to pharmacy field. Some of these web sites are as follows; www.phrma.org Organization representing America's pharmaceutical research companies provides details of drug development, industry news, and health guides. www.healthcareforums.com Created to facilitate interaction among healthcare professionals on specific topics which include discussion of cases, research and other relevant issues. www.astra.com This is the official web-site of ASTRA pharmaceuticals which produces medications for respiratory tract, cardiovascular and gastrointestinal diseases, and for pain

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Final keyword in java

1. Final Keyword In Java

2. • The final keyword in java is used to restrict the user. The java final keyword can be used in many context. Final can be: • variable • method • class

3. • The final keyword can be applied with the variables, a final variable that have no value it is called blank final variable or uninitialized final variable. It can be initialized in the constructor only. The blank final variable can be static also which will be initialized in the static block only. • Let's first learn the basics of final keyword.

4. Java final variable • If you make any variable as final, you cannot change the value of final variable(It will be constant).

5. Example of final variable • There is a final variable speedlimit, we are going to change the value of this variable, but It can't be changed because final variable once assigned a value can never be changed.

6. • class Bike9{ • final int speedlimit=90;//final variable • void run(){ • speedlimit=400; • } • public static void main(String args[]){ • Bike9 obj=new Bike9(); • obj.run(); • } • }//end of class

7. Java final method • If you make any method as final, you cannot override it.

8. class Bike{ final void run(){System.out.println("running"); } } class Honda extends Bike{ void run() {System.out.println("running safely with 100km ph");} public static void main(String args[]){ Honda honda= new Honda(); honda.run(); } }

9. Java final class • If you make any class as final, you cannot extend it.

10. final class Bike{} class Honda1 extends Bike { void run() {System.out.println("running safely with 100kmph") ; } public static void main(String args[]){ Honda1 honda= new Honda(); honda.run(); } }

11. Is final method inherited? • Yes, final method is inherited but you cannot override it.

12. • class Bike • { • final void run() {System.out.println("running...");} • } • class Honda2 extends Bike{ • public static void main(String args[]){ • new Honda2().run(); • } • }

13. What is blank or uninitialized final variable? • A final variable that is not initialized at the time of declaration is known as blank final variable. • If you want to create a variable that is initialized at the time of creating object and once initialized may not be changed, it is useful. For example PAN CARD number of an employee. • It can be initialized only in constructor.

14. Can we initialize blank final variable? • Yes, but only in constructor.

15. • class Bike10{ • final int speedlimit;//blank final variable • • Bike10(){ • speedlimit=70; • System.out.println(speedlimit); • } • • public static void main(String args[]){ • new Bike10(); • } • }

16. static blank final variable • A static final variable that is not initialized at the time of declaration is known as static blank final variable. It can be initialized only in static block.

17. class A { static final int data;//static blank final variable static { data=50; } public static void main(String args[]){ System.out.println(A.data); } }

18. What is final parameter? • If you declare any parameter as final, you cannot change the value of it.

19. • class Bike11{ • int cube(final int n) • { • n=n+2;//can't be changed as n is final • n*n*n; • } • public static void main(String args[]){ • Bike11 b=new Bike11(); • b.cube(5); • } }

20. Can we declare a constructor final? • No, because constructor is never inherited.

Final keyword in java

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